Chapter 37

Chapter 37 Communities and Ecosystems 0

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Apanteles glomeratus A cabbage white butterfly ( pieris rapae )

[object Object],[object Object],0 A chalcid wasp An ichneumon wasp

[object Object],[object Object],0

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF COMMUNITIES 0 Figure 37.1

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0

[object Object],[object Object],0 Chthamalus Balanus High tide Chthamalus realized niche Balanus realized niche Low tide Ocean Figure 37.2A

[object Object],[object Object],0 A. distichus A. aliniger A. etheridgei A. cybotes A. christophei A. ricordii A. insolitus A. insolitus perches on shady branches. A. distichus perches on sunny surfaces. Figure 37.2B

[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 37.3A Figure 37.3B

[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 37.3C Figure 37.3D

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 37.4A

[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 37.4B

[object Object],[object Object],0 Eggs Sugar deposits Figure 37.5

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 37.6A

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 37.6B

[object Object],[object Object],0 Retreating glacier with moraine in the foreground Dryas stage Spruce starting to appear in the alder and cottonwood forest Spruce and hemlock forest Figure 37.7

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],TALKING ABOUT SCIENCE 0 Figure 37.8A

[object Object],0 Figure 37.8B

[object Object],[object Object],0 Quaternary consumers Trophic level Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers Hawk Snake Mouse Grasshopper Plant Phytoplankton Zooplankton Herring Tuna Killer whale Figure 37.9 A terrestrial food chain An aquatic food chain

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 37.10 Quaternary, tertiary, and secondary consumers Tertiary and Secondary consumers Secondary and Primary consumers Producers (plants) Primary consumers

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS 0 Figure 37.11 Chemical cycling Energy flow Light energy Chemical energy Chemical elements Heat energy

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Open ocean Estuary Algal beds and coral reefs Desert and semidesert scrub Tundra Temperate grassland Cultivated land Boreal forest (taiga) Savanna Temperate deciduous forest Tropical rain forest 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Average net primary productivity (g/m 2 /yr) Figure 37.12

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 37.13 Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers 10 kcal 100 kcal 1,000 kcal 10,000 kcal 1,000,000 kcal of sunlight

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],CONNECTION 0 Figure 37.14 Trophic level Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers Human vegetarians Corn Human meat-eaters Cattle Corn

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Consumers Producers Nutrients available to producers Abiotic reservoir Detritivores 3 2 1 4 Figure 37.15

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Transport over land Solar energy Net movement of water vapor by wind Runoff and groundwater Percolation through soil Precipitation over land Evaporation and transpiration from land Precipitation over ocean Figure 37.16 Evaporation from ocean

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 37.17 CO 2 in atmosphere Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Burning of fossil fuels and wood Carbon compounds in water Detritus Primary consumers Higher-level consumers Decomposition

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 37.18 Nitrogen in atmosphere (N 2 ) Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes Detritivores Decomposition Ammonium (NH 4 + ) Nitrates (NO 3 – ) Assimilation by plants Denitrifying bacteria Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Nitrifying bacteria

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 37.19 Weathering of rocks Geologic uplift of rocks Runoff Sedimentation Leaching Soil Plant uptake of PO 4 3 – Consumption Decomposition Rain Plants

[object Object],ECOSYSTEM ALTERATION CONNECTION 0

[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 37.20A—C Nitrate concentration in runoff (mg/L) Completion of tree cutting Control Deforested 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 1965 1966 1967 1968

[object Object],TALKING ABOUT SCIENCE 0 Figure 37.21A

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 37.21B

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Chapter 37