The benefits and harmful effects of micro organisms.

1. BENEFICIAL AND
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF
MICROORGANISMS
BY: DAVID OSAS ENOMA
17PCP01631
1

2. Soil beneficial bacteria and their role in
plant growth promotion: a review
Rifat Hayat, Safdar Ali, Ummay Amara,
Rabia Khalid & Iftikhar Ahmed
Ann Microbiol (2010) 60:579–598
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3. SOIL BENEFICIAL BACTERIA AND
PLANT GROWTH.
 Soil bacteria are very important in
biogeochemical cycles and have been
used for crop production for
decades.(Hayat et al., 2010).
 Free-living soil
bacteria beneficial to plant growth,
usually referred to as plant
growth promoting rhizobacteria
(PGPR).
3

4. 4Figure 1. Below ground Chemical Communication of Plants
with other Organisms.(van Dam & Bouwmeester)

5. PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING
RHIZOBACTERIA
 According to their relationship with the plants,
PGPR can be divided into two groups: symbiotic
bacteria and free-living rhizobacteria.
 PGPR benefit the growth and development of
plants directly and indirectly through several
mechanisms.
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6. BENEFITS OF SOIL BACTERIA
 The production of secondary metabolites, i.e.
plant growth substances, changes root
morphology resulting in greater root surface area
for the uptake of nutrients.
 Siderophores production.
 Antagonism to soil-borne root pathogens.
 Phosphate solubilisation.
 Di-nitrogen (N2) fixation (Hayat et al., 2010). 6

7. 7Table 1. Biological control by PGPR against diseases, pathogens and insects in
different crops (Hayat et al., 2010).

8. Characterization of Hydrocarbon-
Degrading Microorganisms Isolated from
Crude Oil Contaminated Soil and
Remediation of the Soil by Enhanced
Natural Attenuation.
A.K. Onifade and F.A. Abubakar
Research Journal of Microbiology
Year: 2007 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 2 | Page
No.: 149-155
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9. RELEVANCE OF OIL POPULATION
 Petroleum is at present, Nigeria’s and indeed, the
world’s most important derived energy source.
 The growth and activities of petroleum and
petroleum associated industries in Nigeria and in
other parts of the world has led to the increased oil
pollution in our environment that damages our
ecosystem.
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10. BIOREMEDIATION OF THE SOIL BY
ENHANCED NATURAL ATTENUATION.
 The principle by which a mixture of
microorganisms act together to bring about
oxidation of complex compounds is known as co-
metabolism.
 This principle is employed by oil companies in
Nigeria to remediate oil polluted sites in a
process known as Remediation by Enhanced
Natural Attenuation (RENA) (Onifade &
Abubakar, 2007).
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11. ENHANCED NATURAL ATTENUATION
 RENA was employed to remediate an oil
contaminated site in the Gokana Local
Government Area of Rivers State between
January and September 2006 (Onifade &
Abubakar, 2007).
 Mineral salt medium to which crude oil was used
as a sole source of carbon and energy to isolate
hydrocarbon utilizers from the sample collected
from different plots of the contaminated site. 11

12. HYDROCARBON-DEGRADING
MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM SOIL
 This study shows that there is residual crude oil in the
soil after 18 weeks of investigation.
 The active crude oil utilizing microorganisms
identified were specied of Pseudomonas,
Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Lactobacter, and
Articulosporium (Onifade & Abubakar, 2007).
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13. BIOREMEDIATION OF THE SOIL BY
MICROORGANISMS
 Two fungi, Articulosporium inflata and Zoopage
mitospora; as well as five genera of bacteria,
Lactobacter, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas
and Micrococcus were isolated and identified.
 Finally, the study has shown that Remediation by
Enhanced Natural Attenuation is effective in the
clean up of polluted sites in the Niger Delta.
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14. BIOREMEDIATION OF SOIL WITH BACTERIA
 A combination of treatments, consisting of the
application of fertilizers and oxygen exposure,
was evaluated in situ during a period of six
weeks.
 The results of this study indicate that the
application of increased concentrations of
nutrients lead to greater rates of
biodegradation of petroleum-polluted
agricultural soils from Port harcourt
(Ayotamuno et al., 2006)
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15. The challenge of emerging and re-
emerging infectious diseases
David M. Morens, Gregory K. Folkers &
Anthony S. Fauci
Nature 430, 242–249 (08 July 2004)
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16. 16Figure 2. Leading causes of death worldwide. About 15
million (>25%) of 57 million annual deaths worldwide
(Morens et al., 2004)

17. 17Figure 3. Global examples of emerging and re-emerging
infectious diseases. (Morens et al., 2004)

18. INFECTIOUS DISEASES
 Infectious diseases have for centuries ranked with wars
and famine as major challenges to human progress and
survival.
 Emerging infections (EIs) can be defined as “infections
that have newly appeared in a population or have existed
previously but are rapidly increasing in incidence or
geographic range.
 EIs have shaped the course of human history and have
caused incalculable misery and death.
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19. MICROORGANISMS AND EMERGING
INFECTIONS
 Newly emerging infections are
those that have not previously been recognized in man.
HIV has so far infected more than 60 million people
worldwide.
 Examples include the associations of hepatitis
B and C with chronic liver damage and hepatocellular
carcinoma.
 Human Papilloma Virus with cancer of the uterine cervix, of
Epstein–Barr virus with Burkitt’s lymphoma (largely in
Africa).
 Nasopharyngeal carcinomand a (in China), of human
herpes virus 8 with Kaposi sarcoma.
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20. THE CHALLENGE OF EMERGING AND RE-
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
 Re-emerging and resurging infections are those that existed in the
past but are now rapidly increasing either in incidence or in geographical
or human host range.
 Example, Malaria, Tuberculosis, Drug resistant microbes, Re-emerging
zoonotic and vector-borne diseases and Influenza A virus.
 Deliberately emerging microbes are those that have been developed
by man, usually for nefarious use.
 Example, anthrax
and bioengineered microorganisms such as those created by the
insertion of genetic virulence factors that produce or exacerbate
disease.
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21. REFERENCES
 van Dam, N. M., & Bouwmeester, H. J. Metabolomics in the Rhizosphere:
Tapping into Belowground Chemical Communication. Trends in plant
science, 21(3): 256-265. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.01.008
 Ayotamuno, M. J., Kogbara, R. B., Ogaji, S. O. T., & Probert, S. D. (2006).
Bioremediation of a crude-oil polluted agricultural-soil at Port Harcourt,
Nigeria. Applied Energy, 83(11): 1249-1257. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2006.01.003
 Hayat, R., Ali, S., Amara, U., Khalid, R., & Ahmed, I. (2010). Soil beneficial
bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion: a review. Annals of
Microbiology, 60(4): 579-598. doi: 10.1007/s13213-010-0117-1
 Onifade, A. K., & Abubakar, F. A. (2007). Characterization of hydrocarbon-
degrading microorganisms isolated from crude oil contaminated soil and
remediation of the soil by enhanced natural attenuation. Research Journal
of Microbiology, 2(2): 149-155. doi: 10.3923/jm.2007.149.155
 Morens, D. M., Folkers, G. K., & Fauci, A. S. (2004). The challenge of
emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Nature, 430: 242. doi:
10.1038/nature02759
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