Chapter 3 - Test Techniques

Test Techniques
1 Testing Process 2 Test Management 3 Test Techniques
Software Testing
ISTQB Advance Test Analyst Exam Preparation
Chapter 3
Neeraj Kumar Singh
4 Testing Quality
Characteristics
5 Reviews
6 Defect
Management
7 Test Tools

Test Techniques
Contents
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Specification Based Techniques
3.3 Defect Based Techniques
3.4 Experience Based Techniques
Neeraj Kumar Singh

Test Techniques
Introduction
The test design techniques considered in this chapter are divided into the following categories:
 Specification-based (or behavior-based or black box)
 Defect-based
 Experience-based
These techniques are complementary and may be used as appropriate for any given test activity,
regardless of which level of testing is being performed.
Neeraj Kumar Singh

Test Techniques
Specification Based Techniques
Specification-based techniques are applied to the test conditions to derive test cases based on an
analysis of the test basis for a component or system without reference to its internal structure.
Common features of specification-based techniques include:
 Models, e.g., state transition diagrams and decision tables, are created during test design according
to the test technique
 Test conditions are derived systematically from these models
Specification-based tests are usually based on the system requirements documents.
Neeraj Kumar Singh

Test Techniques
Specification Based Techniques
There are a number of specification-based testing techniques. These techniques target different types
of software and scenarios.
 Equivalence Partitioning
 Boundary Value Analysis
 Cause Effect Graphing
 State Transition Testing
 Decision Table Testing
 Combinatorial Testing Techniques
 Use Case Testing
 User Story Testing
 Domain Analysis
Neeraj Kumar Singh

Test Techniques
Equivalence Partitioning
Neeraj Kumar Singh
 It divides inputs into ranges(partition or class) where all the elements of a particular range are
expected to behave same.
 As per EP we take just 1 test case from each range.

Test Techniques
Neeraj Kumar Singh
A company has set up an employee wellness program and combined it with the premium for health insurance:
The full standard premium for a health insurance policy is $400.
The program has the following rules:
1) Employees who make a pledge — on the honor system — that they don't smoke, or that they take a stop-
smoking class, and have a BMI below 30, get 10% off their contribution toward the full standard insurance
premium.
2) Employees who fill in a "health risk assessment" with more health details will be rewarded with a $25
reduction in premium.
3) Employees who participate in a yearly health control at the company a) receive a $50 reduction in their
premium for having a BMI of 27.5 or less, and a $25 reduction for having a BMI below 30. And b) if they are
non-smokers, they receive an additional $50 reduction in their premium, and those that have joined a
stop-smoking class receive a $25 reduction. Smokers pay an additional premium of $75.
How many test cases are needed to achieve 100% test coverage of equivalence partitions of the input
parameters, when testing this specification by applying the equivalence partitioning test design technique and
what will be the maximum and minimum resulting premium?

Test Techniques
Neeraj Kumar Singh
1) Employees who make a pledge — on the honor system — that they don't smoke, or that they take a stop-
smoking class, and have a BMI below 30, get 10% off their contribution toward the full standard insurance
premium.
2) Employees who fill in a "health risk assessment" with more health details will be rewarded with a $25
reduction in premium.
3) Employees who participate in a yearly health control at the company a) receive a $50 reduction in their
premium for having a BMI of 27.5 or less, and a $25 reduction for having a BMI below 30. And b) if they are
non-smokers, they receive an additional $50 reduction in their premium, and those that have joined a
stop-smoking class receive a $25 reduction. Smokers pay an additional premium of $75.
Parameter 1) and 2) getting the 10 % reduction for signing pledge of honor and filling out a detailed
assessment and both have 2 partitions either the do it or they don’t. Parameters 3) The smoking and the BMI
parameter each have 3 partitions, so 3 test cases will be sufficient to hit all of the partitions.
As for the maximum premium: An employee not signing the pledge of honor, and not filling out the detailed
assessment being a smoker and having a BMI of 30 or more will have to pay the full standard premium + extra
$75. On the other hand, an employee, signing the pledge of honor filling out the detailed assessment, being a
nonsmoker and having a low BMI of less than 27.5 will get deductions of: 40 + 25 + 50 + 50 = 165 leaving $235
in premium.

Test Techniques
Boundary Value Analysis
Neeraj Kumar Singh
 Allows a scenario to be tested strictly on boundaries with valid and invalid inputs.
 It is stronger technique than equivalence partitioning
 Has two type two point and three point boundary value analysis

Test Techniques
Neeraj Kumar Singh
A speed control and reporting system has the following characteristics:
If you drive 50 km/h or less, nothing will happen. If you drive faster than 50 km/h, but 55 km/h or less, you
will be warned. If you drive faster than 55 km/h but not more than 60 km/h, you will be fined. If you drive
faster than 60 km/h, your driving license will be suspended.
The speed in km/h is available to the system as an integer value.
Which would be the most likely set of values (km/h) identified by applying the boundary value analysis, where
only the boundary values on the boundaries of the equivalence classes are relevant?
a) 0, 49, 50, 54, 59, 60.
b) 50, 55, 60.
c) 49, 50, 54, 55, 60, 62.
d) 50, 51, 55, 56, 60, 61.
Select ONE option.

Test Techniques
Neeraj Kumar Singh
A speed control and reporting system has the following characteristics:
If you drive 50 km/h or less, nothing will happen. If you drive faster than 50 km/h, but 55 km/h or less, you
will be warned. If you drive faster than 55 km/h but not more than 60 km/h, you will be fined. If you drive
faster than 60 km/h, your driving license will be suspended.
The speed in km/h is available to the system as an integer value.
Which would be the most likely set of values (km/h) identified by applying the boundary value analysis, where
only the boundary values on the boundaries of the equivalence classes are relevant?
a) 0, 49, 50, 54, 59, 60.
b) 50, 55, 60.
c) 49, 50, 54, 55, 60, 62.
d) 50, 51, 55, 56, 60, 61.
Select ONE option.
≤ 50 51 - 55 56 - 60 61 ≤

Test Techniques
Neeraj Kumar Singh
A system is being specified for use by automotive dealers. The system will provide the ability to configure a
vehicle’s optional characteristics (e.g. engine size, external trim, color), visualize the configured vehicle and
generate the retail price of the vehicle. An existing system can provide a visual model of any single
configuration, but it does not enable the user to modify the configuration in the same session. This system is
being used as a development prototype from which it is expected that the required functionality can be
generated more quickly than working from scratch, and time scales have been adjusted for a rapid delivery.
Which of the following test case design techniques would together give the best chance of achieving
acceptable test coverage in the available time frame?
a) State Transition Testing
b) Classification Tree
c) Boundary Value Analysis
d) Use Story Testing
e) Equivalence Partitioning
Select TWO options.

Test Techniques
Decision Table Testing
Neeraj Kumar Singh
 Decision table testing is specification based techniques used to derive various possible combinations of
given conditions and their respective outputs.
 Each combination is a test in this technique
 In advance level its further divided into two types
 Collapsed Decision Table
 Non Collapsed Decision Table

Test Techniques
Neeraj Kumar Singh
The insurance company GoodHealth has launched a new health insurance product - for all customers both new
and existing - with the following specification:
Standard premium fee is $500.
A bonus program offers customers buying the health insurance product with a $25 discount to the standard
premium fee to accept participating in the medical tests even if they are not participating.
The customers get a $25 discount to the standard premium for each one of four medical tests (BMI, blood
pressure, glucose, and cholesterol) that they take as part of the yearly medical test plus an extra $75 if they
take all the tests.
How many test cases are needed when using a collapsed decision table? How many test cases are needed when
using a non-collapsed decision table but with the limitation to test customers who do not accept to participate
in any medical tests, only with one test case?
a) 4 tests are needed for a collapsed decision table.
b) 5 tests are needed for a collapsed decision table.
c) 6 tests are needed for a collapsed decision table.
d) 16 are needed for the not-collapsed decision table.
e) 17 are needed for the not-collapsed decision table.
Select TWO options.

Test Techniques
Neeraj Kumar Singh
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Accepting to
Participate
N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
BMI N/A Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N N
Blood Pressure N/A Y Y Y Y N N N N Y Y Y N N N Y N
Glucose N/A Y Y N N Y N Y N Y N Y Y N Y N N
Cholesterol N/A Y N Y N Y Y N N Y N N N Y Y Y N
Discount N/A 175 75 75 50 75 50 50 25 75 25 50 25 25 50 50 25
2^4 = 2*2*2*2 = 16

Test Techniques
Cause Effect Graphing
Neeraj Kumar Singh
 Cause-effect graphs may be generated from any source which describes the functional logic (i.e., the
"rules") of a program, such as user stories or flow charts. They can be useful to gain a graphical overview
of a program's logical structure and are typically used as the basis for creating decision tables.
 In particular, a cause-effect graph shows condition combinations that cause results (causality), condition
combinations that exclude results (not), multiple conditions that must be true to cause a result (and) and
alternative conditions that can be true to cause a particular result (or). These relationships can be easier
to see in a cause-effect graph than in a narrative description.
 Cause-effect graphing requires additional time and effort to learn compared to other test design
techniques. It also requires tool support. Cause-effect graphs have a particular notation that must be
understood by the creator and reader of the graph.
 Each possible cause to effect line must be tested, including the combination conditions, to achieve
minimum coverage. Cause-effect graphs include a means to define constraints on the data and constraints
on the flow of logic.

Test Techniques
Neeraj Kumar Singh
 Circumstances - under which Cause-Effect Diagram used
 To Identify the possible root causes, the reasons for a specific effect, problem, or outcome.
 To Relate the interactions of the system among the factors affecting a particular process or effect.
 To Analyze the existing problems so that corrective action can be taken at the earliest.
 Benefits :
 It Helps us to determine the root causes of a problem or quality using a structured approach.
 It Uses an orderly, easy-to-read format to diagram cause-and-effect relationships.
 It Indicates possible causes of variation in a process.
 It Identifies areas, where data should be collected for further study.
 It Encourages team participation and utilizes the team knowledge of the process.
 It Increases knowledge of the process by helping everyone to learn more about the factors at work and how they
relate.

Test Techniques
Neeraj Kumar Singh
 Steps for drawing Cause-Effect Diagram:
 Step 1 : Identify and Define the Effect
 Step 2 : Fill in the Effect Box and Draw the Spine
 Step 3: Identify the main causes contributing to the effect being studied.
 Step 4 : For each major branch, identify other specific factors which may be the causes of the EFFECT.
 Step 5 : Categorize relative causes and provide detailed levels of causes.

Test Techniques
Neeraj Kumar Singh
Which of the following statements about cause-effect graphing is NOT true?
a) Cause-effect graphs can show only one type of relationship (and, or, is, is not) in the diagram at a time.
b) Cause-effect graphs are often created to support the creation of decision tables, but they can easily
become too large to be practical.
c) Cause-effect graphing can be more time-consuming and challenging to learn than other techniques, since
they require the use of notation that has been agreed upon with all the parties involved.
d) Cause-effect graphs are used to show the functional logic of the test object visually.
Select ONE option.

Test Techniques
State Transition Testing
Neeraj Kumar Singh
 State transition testing exhibits the various states of scenario/system and possible transition between
them.
 This representation is called as State Transition Diagram(STD).
 A STD shows all Valid Transitions.
 In advance level we will understand further about this technique.
S1 S2 S3
A
D C
B

Test Techniques
Neeraj Kumar Singh
Requested
Accepted
Activated
Closed
Removed
Disputed
When an employee requests payment of a claim from his/her health
insurance, this request follows the sequences of states shown in the diagram
from being requested until it is closed and removed.
If information is missing or changed, the claim may be moved back to an
earlier state to prevent payment. There are the following restrictions: If a
claim in state Accepted has been Closed it can only be restored to the same
state Accepted. If a claim in state Activated has been Closed it can only be
restored to state Activated.
Starting from Activated, what is the number of 0-switch transitions and what
is the number of allowed 1switch?
a) 3 0-switch transitions
b) 4 0-switch transitions
c) 5 0-switch transitions
d) 8 1-switch transitions
e) 9 1-switch transitions
Select TWO options

Test Techniques
Neeraj Kumar Singh
Requested
Accepted
Activated
Closed
Removed
Disputed

Test Techniques
1 Testing Process 2 Test Management 3 Test Techniques
Software Testing
ISTQB Advance Test Analyst 2019 Exam Preparation
Chapter 3
Neeraj Kumar Singh
4 Testing Quality
Characteristics
5 Reviews 6 Test Tools

Test Techniques
Contents
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Specification Based Techniques
3.3 Experience Based Techniques
3.4 Applying Appropriate Techniques
Neeraj Kumar Singh

Test Techniques
Classification Tree
Neeraj Kumar Singh
 Classification trees support certain black-box test techniques by enabling a graphical representation of the
data space to be created which applies to the test object. The data is organized into classifications and
classes as follows:
 Classifications: These represent parameters within the data space for the test object. These can be input
parameters, which can further contain environment states and pre-conditions, as well as output
parameters.
 For example, if an application can be configured many different ways, the classifications might include client,
browser, language, and operating system.
 Classes: Each classification can have any number of classes and sub-classes describing the occurrence of
the parameter. Each class, or equivalence partition, is a specific value within a classification.
 In the above example, the language classification might include equivalence classes for English, French and Spanish.
 Classification trees allow the Test Analyst to enter combinations as they see fit. This includes, for
example, pairwise combinations, three-wise combinations, and single-wise.

Test Techniques
Classification Tree
Neeraj Kumar Singh

Test Techniques
Pairwise Testing
Neeraj Kumar Singh
 Pairwise testing is used when testing software in which several input parameters, each with several
possible values, must be tested in combination, giving rise to more combinations than are feasible to test
in the time allowed.
 Pairwise testing uses combinatorial arithmetic to ensure that each parameter-value pair gets tested once
against each parameter-value pair of each other parameter (i.e., 'all pairs' of parameter-value pairs get
tested), while avoiding testing all combinations of parameter-value pairs.
 Classification trees are often used in conjunction with pairwise testing. Classification tree design is
supported by tools and enables combinations of parameters and their values to be visualized (some tools
offer a pairwise enhancement).
 There are different combinations which are used under pairwise testing technique.
 1-wise coverage
 2-wise coverage
 3-wise coverage….

Test Techniques
Pairwise Testing
Neeraj Kumar Singh
 For example Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Classification 1 A B C
Classification 2 L M N
Classification 3 X Y Z
1-Wise Coverage (3 x 1)
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
A M Y
B L Z
C N X
2-Wise Coverage (3 x 3)
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
A L X
A M Y
A N Z
B L Y
B M Z
B N X
C L Z
C M X
C N Y

Test Techniques
Pairwise Testing
Neeraj Kumar Singh
A company offering house insurance policies has several policy options. They depend on the following factors:
Building type: house, semi-detached, apartment building, cottage
Material: wood, concrete, brick, mixed
Location: city, suburb, countryside, wilderness
You are testing the system and using the pairwise technique for creating test cases.
Using the pairwise technique, how many test cases are required to achieve 2-wise coverage?
a) 16
b) 12
c) 256
d) 4
Select ONE option.

Test Techniques
Use Case Testing
Neeraj Kumar Singh
 Use case testing provides transactional, scenario-based tests that should emulate intended use of the
component or system specified by the use case. Use cases are defined in terms of interactions between
the actors and a component or system that accomplishes some goal. Actors can be human users, external
hardware, or other components or systems.
 Use cases describe interaction between actor and system.
 It is helpful for deriving test cases for the Integration testing, system testing and acceptance testing.

Test Techniques
Use Case Testing
Neeraj Kumar Singh
Easytravel is a card which is used for paying journeys on buses and
undergrounds. The user can store credit to the card at the Easytravel
Loading Machines and the system automatically deducts the fee of the
journey while the user shows the card to the card reader on a bus or at
the underground station.
You are working on an Easytravel system maintenance project and the
following use case has been given to you for reviewing.
USE CASE: ADD TO EASYTRAVEL BALANCE FROM CREDIT CARD Use case
ID: UC-201201 Purpose: User is increasing the balance on their
Easytravel card. Actors: user, system
Pre-conditions: User has a valid Easytravel card and a credit card.
End-result: User’s Easytravel card balance has been increased with the
selected amount and the equal amount has been charged to the credit
card.
How many test cases are required to achieve the minimum coverage
for this use case?
a) 2
b) 1
c) 9
d) 6
Main Scenario
Exception

Test Techniques
Combining Techniques
Neeraj Kumar Singh
 Sometimes techniques are combined to create test cases. For example, the conditions identified in a
decision table might be subjected to equivalence partitioning to discover multiple ways in which a
condition might be satisfied.
 Test cases would then cover not only every combination of conditions, but also, for those conditions which
were partitioned, additional test cases would be generated to cover the equivalence partitions. When
selecting the particular technique to be applied, the Test Analyst should consider the applicability of the
technique, the limitations and difficulties, and the goals of the testing in terms of coverage and defects to
be detected.
 These aspects are described for the individual techniques covered in this chapter. There may not be a
single “best” technique for a situation. Combined techniques will often provide the most complete
coverage assuming there is sufficient time and skill to correctly apply the techniques.

Test Techniques
Experience Based Techniques
Neeraj Kumar Singh
 Experience-based testing utilizes the skill and intuition of the testers, along with their experience with
similar applications or technologies to target testing in order to increase defect detection. These test
techniques range from “quick tests” in which the tester has no formally pre-planned activities to perform,
through pre-planned sessions to scripted sessions.
 Experience-based testing has the following advantages:
 It is effective at finding defects.
 It may be a good alternative to more structured approaches in cases where system documentation is poor.
 It can be applied when testing time is severely restricted.
 It helps the team become familiar with the software as it is produced.
 It is effective when operational failures are analyzed.
 Experience-based testing has the following disadvantages:
 It may be inappropriate in systems requiring detailed test documentation.
 High-levels of repeatability are difficult to achieve.
 The ability to precisely assess test coverage is limited.
 Tests are less suited for subsequent automation.

Test Techniques
Error Guessing
Neeraj Kumar Singh
 When using the error guessing technique, a Test Analyst uses experience to guess the potential errors that
might have been made when the code was being designed and developed. When the expected errors have
been identified, a Test Analyst then determines the best methods to use to uncover the resulting defects.
 For example, if a Test Analyst expects the software will exhibit failures when an invalid password is
entered, tests will be run to enter a variety of different values in the password field to verify if the error
was indeed made and has resulted in a defect that can be seen as a failure when the tests are run.
 In addition to being used as a test technique, error guessing is also useful during risk analysis to identify
potential failure modes.
 The following limitations and difficulties apply to error guessing:
 Coverage is difficult to assess and varies widely with the capability and experience of the Test Analyst.
 It is best used by an experienced tester who is familiar with the types of defects that are commonly introduced in the
type of code being tested.
 It is commonly used, but is frequently not documented and so may be less reproducible than other forms of testing.
 Test cases may be documented but in a way that only the author understands and can reproduce.

Test Techniques
Checklist Based Testing
Neeraj Kumar Singh
 When applying the checklist-based test technique, an experienced Test Analyst uses a high-level,
generalized list of items to be noted, checked, or remembered, or a set of rules or criteria against which
a test object has to be verified. These checklists are built based on a set of standards, experience, and
other considerations. A user interface standard checklist can be employed as the basis for testing an
application and is an example of a checklist-based test. In Agile projects, checklists can be built from the
acceptance criteria for a user story.
 Checklist-based testing is most effective in projects with an experienced test team that is familiar with
the software under test or familiar with the area covered by the checklist (e.g., to successfully apply a
user interface checklist, the Test Analyst may be familiar with user interface testing but not the specific
system under test). Because checklists are high-level and tend to lack the detailed steps commonly found
in test cases and test procedures, the knowledge of the tester is used to fill in the gaps. By removing the
detailed steps, checklists are low maintenance and can be applied to multiple similar releases.
 Checklists are well-suited to projects where software is released and changed quickly. This helps to
reduce both the preparation and maintenance time for test documentation. They can be used for any test
level and are also used for regression testing and smoke testing.

Test Techniques
Exploratory Testing
Neeraj Kumar Singh
 Exploratory testing is characterized by the tester simultaneously learning about the test object and its
defects, planning the testing work to be done, designing and executing the tests, and reporting the
results. The tester dynamically adjusts test goals during execution and prepares only lightweight
documentation.
 Good exploratory testing is planned, interactive, and creative. It requires little documentation about the
system to be tested and is often used in situations where the documentation is not available or is not
adequate for other test techniques. Exploratory testing is often used to add to other test techniques and
to serve as a basis for the development of additional test cases.
 Difficulty with exploratory sessions is to accurately track them in a test management system. This is
sometimes done by creating test cases that are actually exploratory sessions. This allows the time
allocated for the exploratory testing and the planned coverage to be tracked with the other test efforts.
 Since reproducibility may be difficult with exploratory testing, this can also cause problems when needing
to recall the steps to reproduce a failure. Some organizations use the capture/playback capability of a
test automation tool to record the steps taken by an exploratory tester. This provides a complete record
of all activities during the exploratory session (or any experience-based testing session).
 Charters may be designed for specific tasks, objectives, and deliverables. Exploratory sessions are then
planned to achieve those criteria. The charter may also identify where to focus the test effort, what is in
and out of scope of the test session, and what resources should be committed to complete the planned
tests.

Test Techniques
Applying the Best Technique
Neeraj Kumar Singh
 Defect- and experience-based techniques require the application of knowledge about defects and other
testing experiences to target testing in order to increase defect detection. They range from “quick tests”
in which the tester has no formally pre-planned activities to perform, through pre-planned sessions to
scripted sessions.
 They are almost always useful but have particular value in the following circumstances:
 No specifications are available
 There is poor documentation of the system under test
 Insufficient time is allowed to design and create detailed tests
 Testers are experienced in the domain and/or the technology
 Diversity from scripted testing is a goal to maximize test coverage
 Operational failures are to be analyzed
 Defect- and experience-based techniques are also useful when used in conjunction with specification
based techniques, as they fill the gaps in test coverage that result from systematic weaknesses in these
techniques. As with the specification-based techniques, there is not one perfect technique for all
situations.

Test Techniques
Defect Based Techniques
Neeraj Kumar Singh
 A defect-based test technique is one in which the type of defect sought is used as the basis for test design,
with tests derived systematically from what is known about the type of defect. Unlike blackbox testing
which derives its tests from the test basis, defect-based testing derives tests from lists which focus on
defects. In general, the lists may be organized into defect types, root causes, failure symptoms and other
defect-related data.
 Standard lists apply to multiple types of software and are non-product specific. Using these lists helps to
leverage industry standard knowledge to derive the particular tests.
 Defect-based testing may also use lists of identified risks and risk scenarios as a basis for targeting testing.
This test technique allows a Test Analyst to target a specific type of defect or to work systematically
through a list of known and common defects of a particular type.
 Defect-based testing can be applied at any testing level but is most commonly applied during system
testing.

Test Techniques
Defect Based Techniques
Neeraj Kumar Singh
Which of the following describes typical characteristics of defect-based testing techniques?
a) Defect-based techniques are based on the analysis and classification of previously found defects.
b) Defect-based techniques are mainly used at the component test level.
c) Defect-based techniques concentrate on defects found during the analysis of the documentation of a
system.
d) Defect-based techniques are a sub-category of specification-based techniques.
Select ONE option.

Test Techniques
Sample Questions
1. Which of the following statements BEST explains experience-based testing?
a) If the testers are experienced and have good knowledge of the system under test, experience based
techniques are a viable alternative to more formal techniques if there are problems with the quality
of the documentation or if the project is under a tight schedule.
b) Experience-based techniques should generally be used if there are no suitable formal techniques or
if it takes too much time and effort to use them.
c) Experience-based techniques rely on the tester’s knowledge and experience and can therefore be
used to increase the test coverage as the tester knows which areas need more testing.
d) If checklists are used, experience-based testing can be more systematic and efficient and can
replace specification-based techniques.
Select ONE options
Neeraj Kumar Singh

Test Techniques
Sample Questions
2. You are a Test Analyst on a new project. The requirements documents are on a very high level,
containing little detail about the problem the software should address. As a result, your manager has
decided that exploratory testing will be a primary test technique used for this project. You have
been given the task of specifying, executing, and recording the test sessions.
Which of the options below define what you will need or will use for specifying, executing, and
recording the sessions.
a) Use debriefing sessions with the test manager or a test lead to record the results of the test
sessions.
b) Log defects into the defect management system but do not record a pass/fail for the exploratory
session because duplicating the results could be difficult.
c) Define the test cases to be executed and enter them into the test management tool for tracking.
d) Procure domain knowledge to be applied during the exploratory session.
e) Record the results in email and send the email to the test manager and test lead.
Select TWO options
Neeraj Kumar Singh

Test Techniques
Sample Questions
3. You are testing an application that handles credit card transactions. Because of the nature of the
application, the demands for the quality of the system are high: the system shall work accurately
and in compliance with the regulations regarding the applications dealing with credit cards. In
addition, as there are many systems to which this application is connected to, the interaction
between them is critical and shall be flawless.
Which of the following techniques would be MOST appropriate when testing this application?
a) Error guessing
b) Decision table testing
c) Usability testing
d) State transition testing
e) Exploratory testing
Select TWO options
Neeraj Kumar Singh

Chapter 3 - Test Techniques

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Chapter 3 - Test Techniques