II SEM BCOM

1. NATURAL
RESOURCES:
RENEWABLE AND
NON-RENEWABLE
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2. LAND RESOURCES
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3. Land and land resources refer to a delineable area of the earth’s terrestrial surface, encompassing all
attributes of the biosphere immediately above or below this surface.
Land use is characterized by the arrangements, activities and inputs by people to produce change or
maintain a certain land cover type.
Land cover is the observed(bio) physical cover on the earth’s surface.
Land use change is the process by which human activities transform the natural landscape, referring to how
land has been used, usually emphasizing the functional role of land for economic activities.
FUNCTIONS OF LAND RESOURCES:
 Store of wealth
 Production of biotic and organic materials for human use.
 Provision of biological habitats for plants, animals and micro-organisms.
 Co-determinant in the global energy balance and the global hydrological cycle
 Regulation of the storage and flow of surface water and groundwater.
 Storehouse of minerals and raw materials for human use
 Buffer, Filter or modifier for chemical pollutants
 Provision of physical place
 Storage and protection of evidence from the historical or pre-historical record
 Enabling or hampering movement of animals, plants and people between one area and another.
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4. WORLD LAND USE PATTERN
32%
26%
20%
11%
9% 2%
Sales
FOREST RANGE LAND AND PASTURE DESERT CROPLAND TUNDRA AND WET LAND URBAN AREAS
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5. TYPES OF LAND USE IN INDIA
• Forest Area
• Land not available for cultivation
• Cultivable waste land
• Fallow land
• Net area sown
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6. LAND DEGRADATION, SOIL EROSION AND
DESERTIFICATION.
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7. LAND DEGRADATION
The process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of
human-induced processes acting upon the land.
Causes
•Deforestation
•Overgrazing
•Agricultural Practices
•Industrialization
•Urbanization
Effects
•144 hectares affected
by wind or water
erosion
•Destruction of 4
million hectares of
forests in Asia and
the Pacific
•Destruction of
grasslands
•Hydrological
conditions are
altered
Control
•Strip farming
•Crop rotation
•Ridge and Furrow
Formation
•Construction of dams
•Contour farming
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8. SOIL EROSION
These include agricultural activities which leave the soil bare during times of heavy rain or strong
winds, overgrazing, deforestation and improper construction activity
Causes
•Wind
•Water
•Overgrazing
•Deforestation
Effects
•Effect on human
and other
organisms
•Effect on Plant
growth
•Soil Fertility
Control
•Afforestation
•Crop Rotation
•Terrace farming
•Building dams
•Shelterbelts
•Embankments
•Van Mahotsav
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9. DESERTIFICATION
A type of land degradation in which a relatively dry area of land becomes increasingly arid,
typically losing its of bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife.
Causes
•Deforestation
•Overgrazing
•Farming
Practices
•Industrializatio
n and other
types of land
development
•Climate Change
•Stripping the
land of
resources
•Natural
disasters
Effects
•Farming
becomes next
to impossible
•Hunger
•Flooding
•Poor water
quality
•Overpopulation
•Poverty
Control
•Land and water
management
•Protection of
vegetable cover
•Alternative
Farming and
Industrial
Techniques
•Establish
economic
opportunities
outside
drylands
•Great Green
Wall
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10. DEFORESTATION
The permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other
uses. It is considered to be one of the contributing factors to global climate change.
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DEFORESTATION
The permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other
uses. It is considered to be one of the contributing factors to global climate change.

11. Causes
• Agricultural Activities
• Logging
• Urbanization
• Desertification of land
• Mining
• Forest Fires
Effects
• Climate Imbalance
• Increase in Global Warming
• Soil Erosion
• Floods
• Wildlife Extinction
Control
• Curb felling of trees
• Clear cutting of forests must
be banned
• Afforestation
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12. IMPACT OF MINING
ON ENVIRONMENT
 EFFECTS ON HABITAT AND
WILDLIFE
INCREASE IN THE GLOBAL
DEMAND OF VARIOUS
MINERALS AND METALS
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13. IMPACT OF DAM BUILDING
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14. IMPACT ON
ENVIRONMENT
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 Many dams do not allow fish to pass through
 Flooding and the destruction of surrounding habitat
 Dams produce greenhouse gases
 Sediment builds up behind the dam
 Downstream sediment erosion
 Negative impacts on local fish populations
 Production of methylmercury

15. IMPACT ON TRIBAL
POPULATION
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 Poorly-managed involuntary displacement and loss of
livelihood
 Many of the displaced people were not properly identified and
therefore were not resettled or compensated
 Higher incidences of waterborne diseases, particularly among
vulnerable communities.
 Some 80-100 million people have been physically displaced by
dams worldwide.

16. IMPACT ON BIODIVERSITY
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 Submergence of forests
 Change in the natural hydrograph of a river
 Reducing sediment discharge in rivers
 Affecting groundwater recharge
 Increasing salinity
 Increasing pollution concentration.

17. WATER RESOURCES
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18. ANJANA BASTIN 18
 Most abundant, inexhaustible renewable resource
 70% of earth in the form of ocean, rivers, lakes, etc.
o 3% is available as freshwater
o 2% is frozen in polar icecaps
o 1% as drinking water
o 90% used for agricultural purpose.
 Surface Water and Ground water(uses):
a) Domestic Purpose(Drinking, bathing, cooking, washing, etc)
b) Commercial establishments(hotels, theatres, educational
institutions, offices, etc)
c) Agricultural purposes
d) Industrial operations( refineries, iron and steel industries,
paper and pulp industries, etc)
e) Sculpting the earth’s surface, moderating climate and diluting
pollutants.

19. OVER-UTILIZATION OF SURFACE AND GROUND
WATER
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 Increased use of surface water resources because of increased growth of
population and industries.
 Increased extraction of groundwater in excess of natural recharge.
 Erratic and inadequate rainfall cause reduction in storage of water.
 Building, construction activities reduce the area for percolation of
rainwater, thereby increasing surface runoff.
 Land subsidence if withdrawal rate is greater than recharge rate.
 Over-utilisation for agricultural purpose in arid and semi-arid regions
disturb the balance of the reservoir.
 Intrusion of salt water in groundwater in coastal areas.
 Decrease in groundwater level may lead to earthquake, landslides and
famine.
 Drying-up of dug wells as well as bore wells.
 Fertiliser borne water that was used for agricultural purpose will pollute
the land.

20. FLOODS
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 Flooding usually take place when the river channels are
unable to contain the discharge.
 Factors which cause flooding:
• Climatologically(Rain)
• Loss of vegetation and forest cover
• Part Climatologically(coastal storm surges,
estuarine interactions between stream flow and
tidal conditions)
• Other factors(failure of dams and other control
works, excessive release form dams)
 Control Measures:
o Structural Methods- dams, reservoirs and retarding
basins, channel management and embankments.
o Water control methods- flood proofing and catchment
modification
o Non-Structural Methods- Schemes of drainage and flood
protection, flood forecasting, flood warning and
emergency preparedness systems, flood insurance, public
information and education, and flood relief.

21. DROUGHTS
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 Lack or insufficiency of rain for an extended period that causes
considerable hydrologic imbalances and consequent water
shortages, stream flow reductions and depletion of groundwater
levels and soil moisture.
 Affects the largest number of people in the world.
 Agricultural downfall, lack of drinking water are some of the basic
outcomes of drought.
 Control measures:
• Infiltration wells
• Underground dams
• Small watersheds
• Cloud seeding
• Artificial Rains

22. CONFLICT OVER WATER
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 A term used for describing a conflict between countries, states
or groups over an access to water resources.
 Reasons for Water Wars:
 Territorial Disputes
 Fight for resources
 Strategic advantage
 Can happen at Intrastate and Interstate levels

23. NATIONAL RIVER WATER DISPUTES
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 Krishna River Water Dispute
 Cauvery River Water Dispute
 Sutlej Yamuna Link Canal Issue
 Yamuna Water Dispute
 Son-Rihand Water dispute
 Mahi Water dispute
 Narmada Project
 Ravi-Beas Dispute

24. INTERNATIONAL RIVER WATER DISPUTES
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 India-Bangladesh Dispute on River Ganga Water
 Mahakali River Dispute
 Indus Valley Treaty
 Tulbul Navigation Project Dispute
 China-India: The Brahmaputra River
 Ethiopia-Egypt: Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and
the Nile River
 Turkey-Iraq: Ilisu Dam and the Tigris River.

25. ENERGY RESOURCES
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26. ENERGY RESOURCES
The opportunities an area offers to generate electricity based on its natural conditions and
circumstances.
These are naturally occurring materials. They are useful for us in many ways, and we keep
developing new ways to use them or convert them into useful things.
The broadest classification of resources is done on the basis of their replenishing ability:
 Renewable Resources
 Non-renewable Resources
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27. RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Resources that can be replenished or renewed naturally over time.
Examples are:
a) Solar energy
b) Hydro-energy
c) Wind energy
d) Biogas
e) Wood
f) Hydrogen
g) Air
h) Water
i) Soil
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28. NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY
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Resources that cannot be renewed or replenished in short duration. They are
available in limited quantity.
Examples are:
a) Coal
b) Fossil Fuels
c) Natural gas
d) Petroleum
e) Nuclear energy

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ALTERNATIVE
SOURCES OF ENERGY

30. SOLAR ENERGY
• Solar power represents an abundant source
of clean and renewable energy that is
produced by the Sun, and can be used here
on Earth to cover our energy needs without
releasing harmful greenhouse gases.
• Solar energy is used as an alternative energy
source today because it produces free heat,
and free electricity without producing any
kind of CO2 emissions.
• The power of the Sun is also used by plants
and other living organisms in the process
called photosynthesis, which helps the plants
to produce their own food.
• Solar energy is used by mankind in many
ways, to produce heat, clean electricity, to
turn saltwater into drinkable water, in
agriculture and horticulture and so on.
• Solar energy is also used in space as the main
energy source because the International
Space Station (ISS) and many other space
missions are using solar panels to gather the
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31. WIND ENERGY
• Wind power is considered an alternative
source of energy because the wind is also
produced by the Sun and today, this clean
energy source is harvested offshore and
onshore by large wind turbines.
• A broad development of the wind power
generation capacity in the world will help
mankind to diminish the use of fossil fuels
like coal, gas and oil in the following
decades.
• There are also a few issues caused by wind
turbines because in some places, the rapid
rotation of the turbines can kill birds and bats
that fly in the area.
• Beside killing birds, some wind turbines are
generating noise that can affect the people
that live close to wind farms.
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32. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• Geothermal energy is the alternative
energy source generated by the Earth’s
heat.
• The underground heat is produced by the
presence of the molten rock called
magma. The underground water is
heated up by the heated rocks and the
steam released is harvested by
geothermal heat pumps.
• Hot water located near the surface of the
Earth can be used directly for heating.
• This is an alternative energy source that
can be used to heat buildings, to grow
plants in greenhouses, to dry crops, in
fish farms, and in several industrial
processes like milk pasteurizing.
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33. HYDRO-ELECTRIC ENERGY
Hydroelectric power, electricity
produced from generators driven by
turbines that convert the potential
energy of falling or fast-flowing water
into mechanical energy.
Hydro plant facilities can be categorized
into three sizes: large (>30 MW), small
(100 kW - 30 MW), or micro (<100 kW)
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34. BIOMASS ENERGY
• Biomass represents the green fuel
obtained from organic materials like
wood, certain crops, green algae, manure
and organic waste.
• Biomass is considered a renewable
energy source because trees regrow and
waste will always exist as long as we live
here on Earth.
• A power station that uses biomass to
generate clean electricity will consume at
least 75 tons of biomass every hour to
generate about 50 MW of green energy.
• The power station will consume in an
entire year, almost 500,000 tons of
biomass, but will generate more than
200,000 MW of clean electricity.
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35. OCEAN ENERGY
Oceans cover 70 percent of the earth’s
surface and represent an enormous
amount of energy in the form of wave,
tidal, marine current and thermal
gradient.
Ocean energy is mostly exploited by just
a few technologies: Wave, Tidal, Current
Energy and Ocean Thermal Energy.
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36. HYDROGEN ENERGY
• Hydrogen is a clean fuel that, when consumed
in a fuel cell, produces only water. Hydrogen
can be produced from a variety of domestic
resources, such as natural gas, nuclear power,
biomass, and renewable power like solar and
wind.
• It can be used in cars, in houses, for portable
power, and in many more applications.
• Hydrogen is an energy carrier that can be
used to store, move, and deliver energy
produced from other sources.
• Today, hydrogen fuel can be produced
through several methods. The most common
methods today are natural gas reforming (a
thermal process), and electrolysis. Other
methods include solar-driven and biological
processes.
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