MARASHTRA STATE BOARD
CLASS XII
PHYSICS
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
CONTENT
Density and pressure.
Buoyant force and Archimedes' principle.
Fluid dynamics.
Viscosity.
Surface tension.
Rotational dynamics as per class 12 Maharashtra State Board syllabusRutticka Kedare
This ppt is as per class 12 Maharashtra State Board's new syllabus w.e.f. 2020. Images are taken from Google public sources and Maharashtra state board textbook of physics. Gif(videos) from Giphy.com. Only intention behind uploading these ppts is to help state board's class 12 students understand physics concepts.
Rotational motion. The motion of a rigid body which takes place in such a way that all of its particles move in circles about an axis with a common angular velocity; also, the rotation of a particle about a fixed point in space.
Rotational dynamics as per class 12 Maharashtra State Board syllabusRutticka Kedare
This ppt is as per class 12 Maharashtra State Board's new syllabus w.e.f. 2020. Images are taken from Google public sources and Maharashtra state board textbook of physics. Gif(videos) from Giphy.com. Only intention behind uploading these ppts is to help state board's class 12 students understand physics concepts.
Rotational motion. The motion of a rigid body which takes place in such a way that all of its particles move in circles about an axis with a common angular velocity; also, the rotation of a particle about a fixed point in space.
this is class 12 Maharashtra board physics subject content. this is complete content with notes with easily explaination.
for buying or neet attractive ppt in any subject contact me 8879919898. go to my site akchem.tk
blog akchem.blogspot.com
This ppt is as per class 12 Maharashtra State Board's new syllabus w.e.f. 2020. Images are taken from Google public sources and Maharashtra state board textbook of physics. Gif(videos) from Giphy.com. Only intention behind uploading these ppts is to help state board's class 12 students understand physics concepts.
This is the NCERT CBSE syllabus ppt on the topic Gravitation. It will be helpful for students studying in that class and will enable them to understand better.
This ppt is as per class 12 Maharashtra State Board's new syllabus w.e.f. 2020. Images are taken from Google public sources and Maharashtra state board textbook of physics. Gif(videos) from Giphy.com. Only intention behind uploading these ppts is to help state board's class 12 students understand physics concepts.
this is about center of mass, center of mass for complicated shapes, center of mass of hemisphere, center of mass of many particles, center of mass of solids, center of mass of uniform cylinder, center of mass of uniform rod
this is class 12 Maharashtra board physics subject content. this is complete content with notes with easily explaination.
for buying or neet attractive ppt in any subject contact me 8879919898. go to my site akchem.tk
blog akchem.blogspot.com
This ppt is as per class 12 Maharashtra State Board's new syllabus w.e.f. 2020. Images are taken from Google public sources and Maharashtra state board textbook of physics. Gif(videos) from Giphy.com. Only intention behind uploading these ppts is to help state board's class 12 students understand physics concepts.
This is the NCERT CBSE syllabus ppt on the topic Gravitation. It will be helpful for students studying in that class and will enable them to understand better.
This ppt is as per class 12 Maharashtra State Board's new syllabus w.e.f. 2020. Images are taken from Google public sources and Maharashtra state board textbook of physics. Gif(videos) from Giphy.com. Only intention behind uploading these ppts is to help state board's class 12 students understand physics concepts.
this is about center of mass, center of mass for complicated shapes, center of mass of hemisphere, center of mass of many particles, center of mass of solids, center of mass of uniform cylinder, center of mass of uniform rod
FLUID IN MOTION
HYDRODYNAMICS
Hydrodynamics is the branch of physics which deals with the study of properties of fluids in motion.
Viscosity of the fluid
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
CLASS XI
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
UNITS AND MEASUREMENT
Introduction
The international system of
units
Measurement of length
Measurement of mass
Measurement of time
Accuracy, precision of
instruments and errors in
measurement
Significant figures
Dimensions of physical
quantities
Dimensional formulae and
dimensional equations
Dimensional analysis and its
applications
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
CLASS XI AND XII
CHAPTER 4
THERMODYNAMICS
CONTENT
Introduction
Thermal equilibrium
Zeroth law of
Thermodynamics
Heat, internal energy and
work
First law of
thermodynamics
Specific heat capacity
Thermodynamic state
variables and equation of
state
Thermodynamic processes
Heat engines
Refrigerators and heat
pumps
Second law of
thermodynamics
Reversible and irreversible
processes
Carnot engine
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
CLASS XI AND XII
CHAPTER 5
OSCILLATIONS
CONTENT
Introduction
Periodic and oscillatory
motions
Simple harmonic motion
Simple harmonic motion
and uniform circular
motion
Velocity and acceleration
in simple harmonic motion
Force law for simple
harmonic motion
Energy in simple harmonic
motion
Some systems executing
simple harmonic motion
Damped simple harmonic
motion
Forced oscillations and
resonance
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
CLASS XI and XII
CHAPTER 6
SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES
CONTENT:
Introduction
Transverse and
longitudinal waves
Displacement relation in a
progressive wave
The speed of a travelling
wave
The principle of
superposition of waves
Reflection of waves
Beats
Doppler effect
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
CLASS XI AND XII
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 7
WAVE OPTICS
CONTENT:
Huygen's principle.
Huygen's principles & proof of laws of reflection/refraction.
Condition for construction & destruction of coherent waves.
Young's double slit experiment.
Modified Young's double slit experiment.
Intensity of light in Y.D.S.E.
Diffraction due to single slit.
Polarisation & doppler effect.
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
CLASS XI AND XII
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 8
ELECTROSTATICS
Introduction.
Coulomb's law
Calculating the value of an electric field
Superposition principle
Electric potential
Deriving electric field from potential
Capacitance
Principle of the capacitor
Dielectrics
Polarization, and electric dipole moment
Applications of capacitors.
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
CLASS XI AND XII
CHAPTER 9
CURRENT ELECTRICTY
CONTENT
Electric Cell and its Internal resistance
Potential difference and emf of a cell
Combination of cells in series and in parallel
Kirchhoff's laws and their applications
Wheatstone bridge
Metre bridge
Potentiometer – principle and its applications
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. Std : 12th Year : 2022-23
Subject : PHYSICS
Chapter2: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
CLASSXII
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
2. Can you recall?
1. How important are fluids in our life?
Fluid helps to protect and cushion joints and organs. Fluid helps to prevent
dehydration. Dehydration causes headaches, fatigue, confusion and irritability. Fluid
helps your kidneys work to produce urine and remove waste from the body.
2. What is atmospheric pressure?
Atmospheric pressure, also known as barometric pressure, is the pressure within the
atmosphere of Earth.
3. Do you feel excess pressure while swimming underwater? Why?
You can feel an increase of pressure on your eardrums. This is due to an increase in
hydrostatic pressure, the force per unit area exerted by a liquid on an object. The
deeper you go under the sea, the greater the pressure of the water pushing down on
you
3. 2.1 Introduction
• Among three states of matter, i.e., solid, liquid and gas, a solid
nearly maintains its fixed shape and volume even if a large
force is applied to it.
• Liquids and gases do not have their own shape and they take
the shape of the containing vessel.
• A fluid means a substance that can flow. Therefore, liquids and
gases, collectively, are called fluids.
• A fluid either has no rigidity or its rigidity is very low.
• In our daily life, we often experience the pressure exerted by a
fluid at rest and in motion.
• Viscosity and surface tension play an important role in nature.
4. 2.2 Fluid
• Any substance that can flow is a fluid.
• Fluid is a phase of matter that includes liquids, gases and plasmas
• An ideal fluid has the following properties:
1. It is incompressible: its density is constant.
2. Its flow is irrotational: its flow is smooth, there are no turbulences in the flow.
3. It is nonviscous: there is no internal friction in the flow.
4. Its flow is steady: its velocity at each point is constant in time.
5. 2.2 Fluid
Properties of Fluids:
1. They do not oppose deformation, they get permanently deformed.
2. They have ability to flow.
3. They have ability to take the shape of the container.
2.2.1 Fluids at Rest: The branch of physics which deals with the properties of fluids
at rest is called hydrostatics. In the next few sections we will
consider some of the properties of fluids at rest.
6. 2.4 Surface Tension
A liquid at rest shows a very interesting property called surface tension.
2.4.1 Molecular Theory of Surface Tension:
• Intermolecular force: Any two molecules attract each other. This force between molecules is called
intermolecular force.
There are two types of intermolecular forces –
i) Cohesive force: The force of attraction between the molecules of the same substance is called cohesive
force or force of cohesion.
ii) Adhesive force: The force of attraction between the molecules of different substances is called adhesive
force or force of adhesion.
• Range of molecular force: The maximum distance from a molecule up to which the molecular force is effective is
called the range of molecular force.
• Sphere of influence: An imaginary sphere with a molecule at its center and radius equal to the molecular range is
called the sphere of influence of the molecule.
• Surface film: The surface layer of a liquid with thickness equal to the range of
intermolecular force is called the surface film.
• Free surface of a liquid: It is the surface of a fluid which does not experience any
shear stress.
• Surface tension on the basis of molecular theory: The surface film of a liquid
behaves like a stretched elastic membrane. This tension is known as surface
tension. The force due to surface tension acts tangential to the free surface of a
liquid.
7. 2.4 Surface Tension
2.4.2 Surface Tension and Surface Energy:
a) Surface Tension: Surface tension T is defined as, the
tangential force acting per unit length on both sides of an
imaginary line drawn on the free surface of liquid.
b) Surface Energy: The extra energy of the molecules in the surface layer is called the
surface energy of the liquid.
c) Relation between the surface energy and surface tension: This work done in
stretching the film is stored in the area dA of the film as its potential energy. This energy is
called surface energy.
𝐹 = 𝑇 × 2𝐿
𝑑𝑤 = 𝐹′ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑤 = 𝑇 (2𝐿 𝑑𝑥)
∴ Surface energy = T (dA)
Thus, surface tension is also equal to the surface energy per unit area.
8. 2.4 Surface Tension
2.4.3 Angle of Contact
a) Shape of meniscus:
i) Concave meniscus - acute angle of contact: ii) Convex meniscus - obtuse angle of contact
9. 2.4 Surface Tension
2.4.3 Angle of Contact
a) Shape of meniscus:
iii) Zero angle of contact : iv) Angle of contact 900 and conditions
for convexity and concavity:
b) Shape of liquid drops on a solid surface:
c) Factors affecting the angle of
contact:
i) The nature of the liquid
and the solid in contact.
ii) Impurity
iii)Temperature of the liquid
10. 2.4 Surface Tension
2.4.4 Effect of impurity and temperature on surface tension:
a) Effect of impurities
b) b) Effect of temperature
2.4.5 Excess pressure across the free surface of a liquid:
a) Plane liquid surface:
b) Convex liquid surface:
c) Concave liquid surface
The force itself decides the pressure and the pressure at A
and B is the same.
The pressure on the concave side i.e., inside the liquid is
greater than that on the convex side i.e., outside the
liquid.
The pressure on the concave side i.e., outside the liquid, is
greater than that on the convex side, i.e., inside the liquid.
11. 2.4 Surface Tension
2.4.6 Explanation of formation of drops and bubbles:
𝑑𝐴 = 𝐴2 − 𝐴1 = 8π𝑟∆𝑟
∴ 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑇 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑇 8π𝑟∆𝑟
∴ 𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹 ∆𝑟
Excess force = Excess pressure x Surface area
𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑𝟎 4 𝜋 𝑟2 ∆𝑟 = 𝑇(8𝜋𝑟∆𝑟)
∴ 𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑𝟎 =
𝟐 𝑻
𝒓
…………(Laplace’s law of a spherical membrane.)
For a bubble, 𝑑𝐴 = 2 (8𝜋𝑟∆𝑟)
𝑑𝑊 = 𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑𝟎 4 𝜋 𝑟2 ∆𝑟 = 𝑇 (16𝜋𝑟∆𝑟)
∴ 𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑𝟎 =
𝟒 𝑻
𝒓
12. 2.4 Surface Tension
2.4.7 Capillary Action: The phenomenon of rise or fall of a liquid inside a capillary tube
when it is dipped in the liquid is called capillarity.
Capillarity is in action when, • Oil rises up the wick of a lamp.
• Cloth rag sucks water.
• Water rises up the crevices in rocks.
• Sap and water rise up to the top most leaves in a tree.
• Blotting paper absorbs ink
a) Capillary fall:
b) Capillary rise:
13. Expression for capillary rise or fall:
Method (I): Using pressure difference
b) (Method II): Using forces:
𝑓𝑟 = (surface tension) × (length in contact) = T × 2πr
14. 2.5 Fluids in Motion
Steady flow: Measurable property, such as pressure or velocity of the
fluid at a given point is constant over time.
Flow line: It is the path of an individual particle in a moving fluid as
shown in Fig.
Streamline: It is a curve whose tangent at any point in the flow is in
the direction of the velocity of the flow at that point. Streamlines
and flow lines are identical for a steady flow.
Flow tube: It is an imaginary bundle of flow lines bound by an
imaginary wall. For a steady flow, the fluid cannot cross the walls of a
flow tube. Fluids in adjacent flow tubes cannot mix.
Laminar flow/Streamline flow: It is a steady flow in which adjacent
layers of a fluid move smoothly over each other as shown in Fig. A
steady flow of river can be assumed to be a laminar flow.
Turbulent flow: It is a flow at a very high flow rate so that there is no
steady flow and the flow pattern changes continuously as shown in
Fig.
15.
16. 2.6 Critical Velocity and Reynolds number
2.6.1 Viscosity: When we pour water from a glass, it flows freely and quickly. But when we pour syrup or
honey, it flows slowly and sticks to the container. The difference is due to fluid friction. This friction is both
within the fluid itself and between the fluid and its surroundings. This property of fluids is called viscosity
2.6.2 Coefficient of viscosity:
The velocity beyond which a streamline flow becomes turbulent is called critical velocity.
Velocity gradient: The rate of
change of velocity (dv) with
distance (dx) measured from a
stationary layer is called velocity
gradient (dv/dx)
The coefficient of viscosity can be defined as the viscous force per unit area per unit velocity
gradient.
17. 2.7 Stokes’ Law
The law states that, “The viscous force (𝐹𝑉 ) acting on
a small sphere falling through a viscous medium is
directly proportional to the radius of the sphere (r),
its velocity (v) through the fluid, and the coefficient
of viscosity (η) of the fluid”
∴ 𝐹𝑉 ∝ 𝜂 𝑟 𝑣
∴ 𝐹𝑉 = 6 𝜋 𝜂 𝑟 𝑣
2.7.1 Terminal Velocity:
Total downward force = Total upward force weight of sphere (mg)
= viscous force + by out ant to due to the medium
𝟔𝝅𝜼𝒓𝒗 =
𝟒
𝟑
𝝅 𝒓𝟑𝒈(𝝆 − 𝝈)
𝜼 =
𝟐
𝟗
𝒓𝟐 𝝆 − 𝝈 𝒈
𝒗