This document discusses technical analysis, which uses patterns in stock prices and volumes to predict future market movements. It outlines various charting techniques used in technical analysis like bar charts, moving averages, and point and figure charts. It also describes technical indicators that analyze market breadth and sentiment, such as the advance-decline line, short interest ratio, and put/call ratio. Technical analysis aims to identify trends but its effectiveness is controversial.

1. Chapter 17
TECHNICAL ANALYSIS
The Visual Clue

2. OUTLINE
• What Is Technical Analysis
• Charting Techniques
• Technical Indicators
• Testing Technical Trading Rules
• Evaluation of Technical Analysis

3. WHAT IS TECHNICAL ANALYSIS
IN HIS BOOK TECHNICAL ANALYSIS EXPLAINED,
MARTIN J. PRING EXPLAINS:
“THE TECHNICAL APPROACH TO INVESTING IS
ESSENTIALLY A REFLECTION OF THE IDEA THAT
PRICES MOVE IN TRENDS WHICH ARE DETERMINED
BY THECHANGING ATTITUDES OF INVESTORS
TOWARD A VARIETY OF ECONOMIC, MONETARY,
POLITICAL AND PYSHOLOGICAL FORCES. THE ART
OF TECHNICAL ANALYSIS - FOR IT IS AN ART - IS TO
IDENTIFY TREND CHANGES AT AN EARLY STAGE AND
TO MAINTAIN AN INVESTMENT POSTURE UNTIL THE
WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THE
TREND HAS BEEN REVERSED.”

4. BASIC PREMISES OF
TECHNICAL ANALYSIS
• Barring minor deviations, stock prices tend to move in
fairly persistent trends.
• Shifts in demand and supply bring about changes in
trends.
• Irrespective of why they occur, shifts in demand and
supply can be detected in charts.

5. TECHNICAL ANALYSIS VERSUS
FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS
Technical Analysis Fundamental Analysis
• Predicts short-term • Establishes long-term values
price movements
• Focuses on internal market • Focuses on fundamental
data factors
• Appeals to short-term traders • Appeals to long-term
investors

6. CHARTING TECHNIQUES
• THE DOW THEORY
• BAR AND LINE CHARTS
• POINT AND FIGURE CHART
• MOVING AVERAGE ANALYSIS
• RELATIVE STRENGTH ANALYSIS

7. BASIC CONCEPTS UNDERLYING
CHART ANALYSIS
• Prices move in persistent trends
• Volume and trend go hand in hand
• There are resistance and support levels

8. THE DOW THEORY
The market has three movements, all going at the same
time:
• Daily fluctuations : Random day-to-day wiggles
• Secondary movements : Corrections that last for a few
weeks or months
• Primary trends : Representing bull and bear
phases of the market

9. BAR AND LINE CHARTS
• The bar chart depicts the daily price change along with
the closing price.
• A line chart shows the line connecting successive closing
prices.
• Technical analysts believe that certain formations or
patterns observed on the bar chart or line chart have
predictive value. For example, a head and shoulder
pattern represents a bearish development.

10. POINT AND FIGURE CHART
More complex than a bear chart, a point and figure chart
(PFC) condenses the recording of price changes by
eliminating the time scale and small changes.

11. RELATIVE STRENGTH ANALYSIS
The relative strength analysis is based on the assumption
that prices of some securities rise rapidly during the bull
phase but fall slowly during the bear phase in relation to
the market as a whole.

12. THE ADVANCE-DECLINE LINE
The advance-decline line is also referred to as the breadth
of the market. Its measurement involves two steps:
1. Calculate the number of net advances/declines on a
daily basis.
2. Obtain the breadth of the market by cumulating daily
net advances/declines.

13. NEW HIGHS AND LOWS
Technical analysts consider the market as bullish when a
significant number of stocks hit the 52-week high each day.
On the other hand, if market indices rise but few stocks hit
new highs, technical analysts view this as a sign of trouble.

14. VOLUME
Volume analysis is an important part of technical analysis.
Other things being equal, a high trading volume is
considered a bullish sign. If heavy volumes are
accompanied by rising prices, it is considered even more
bullish.

15. SHORT-INTEREST RATIO
The short interest ratio is defined as follows:
Total number of shares sold short
Average daily trading volume
A technical analyst considers a high short-interest ratio as
a sign of bullishness

16. MUTUAL FUND LIQUIDITY
Low mutual fund liquidity is considered a bearish factor
High mutual fund liquidity is considered as a bullish
indication

17. PUT/CALL RATIO
Number of puts purchased
Number of calls purchased
A rise in the put/call ratio is a buy signal
A fall in the put/call ratio is a sell signal

18. TRIN STATISTIC
Volume declining / Number declining
Trin =
Volume advancing / Number advancing
Thus trin measures the ratio of average volume in
declining issues to average volume in advancing issues.
Generally, a trin ratio of more than 1 is deemed bearish as
it means that the declining stocks have higher average
volume compared to advancing stocks, suggesting a net
selling pressure.

19. TESTING TECHNICAL
TRADING RULES
• DOES THE TRADING RULE PRODUCE EXCESS
RETURN AFTER ADJUSTING FOR RISK?
• DOES THE TRADING RULE PRODUCE EXCESS
RETURNS AFTER ADJUSTING FOR TRANSACTION
AND OTHER COSTS (LIKE TAXES)?
• HOW CONSISTENT IS THE PERFORMANCE OF
THE TRADING RULE?
• IS THE TRADING RULE VALID OUTSIDE THE
SAMPLE?

20. SUMMING UP
• Technical analysts believe that trends and patterns persist and
hence analysis of past market data can be used to predict future
price behaviour
• Technical analysts use a variety of charting techniques. The most
popular ones seem to be the Dow theory, bar and line charts, the
point and figure chart, the moving average line, and the relative
strength line.
• Technical analysts use certain indicators – breadth indicators and
market sentiment indicators — to guage the overall market
situation.
• The popular breadth indicators are the short interest ratio, mutual
fund liquidity, put/call ratio, and Trin statistic.
• Technical analysis appears to be a highly controversial approach
to security analysis. It has its ardent votaries as well as severe
critics.