Chapter 11GlobalCapitalRW .ppt
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The document discusses the growth of the global capital market and its attractions for borrowers through increased supply of funds and lower costs of capital. It notes the rapid growth in cross-border bank loans, bonds, and equity offerings between 1990 and 2006. However, it also discusses the recurring issues of "manias" like the dotcom boom, followed by crashes as problems emerge. It specifically outlines the mid-2000s mania in lending and investing fueled by deregulation and excess savings, leading to the subprime mortgage crisis and Crash of 2008, forcing government intervention through lending to banks and bank takeovers.
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https://app.box.com/s/tacvl9ekroe9hqupdnjruiypvm9rdaneChapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
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Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
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The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
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Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Chapter 11GlobalCapitalRW .ppt
- 1. The Global Capital Market Hill, Chapter 11
- 2. Functions Of A Generic Capital Market Figure 11.1: The Main Players in a Generic Capital Market
- 3. Attractions Of The Global Capital Market Borrowers benefit from: the additional supply of funds global capital markets provide the associated lower cost of capital (the price of borrowing money or the rate of return that borrowers pay investors) The cost of capital is lower in international markets because the pool of investors is much larger than in the domestic capital market
- 4. Attractions Of The Global Capital Market Figure 11.3: Risk Reduction through Portfolio Diversification
- 5. Growth Of The Global Capital Market Global capital markets have been growing at a rapid pace In 1990, the stock of cross-border bank loans was just $3,600 billion By 2006, the stock of cross border bank loans was $17,875 billion The international bond market shows a similar pattern with $3,515 billion in outstanding international bonds in 1997, and $17, 561 billion in 2006 International equity offerings were $18 billion in 1997 and $377 billion in 2006
- 6. Manias and Crashes Unfortunately, the world economy since the time of the Holy Roman Empire (800 years ago!!!) has been plagued by Manias – periods when everyone believes they can make money doing something that turns out not to be so great after all Example – the dotcom boom of the early 2000s. Crashes – periods when the economy has huge problems as the problems of the mania period unravel Kindelberger, Manias, Panics, and Crashes, 1998
- 7. Mid 2000s: The world had a lending & investing mania Deregulation Excess savings in developing countries (China, Taiwan) and Japan It’s hard to spend money in a fast-growing economy “Easy money” in the developed countries U.S. government allowed money supply to grow
- 8. Banks, most of all in U.S., issued ‘sub-prime’ mortgages Banks did not want to own them, but packaged pieces of many mortgages into bonds Banks said the mortgages underlying the bonds wouldn’t all default at once Rating agencies (firms resembling Consumer Reports) agreed Developing country & Japan investors bought Eventually the pile got so bad people saw the problems
- 10. The Crash of 2008 Many banks have so many hard-to-evaluate investments that no one knows if their assets are worth more than their liabilities Would you invest in your bank if your deposits weren’t government guaranteed?
- 11. Governments… Lent huge amounts of money to banks Took over dying banks Launched huge stimulus packages (deficit spending)
- 12. So what do we do? Do we increase regulation? If so, how? What do we do about dying banks?