This document provides an overview of rural marketing. It begins by defining rural marketing and discussing the evolution and nature of rural markets. Key points include that rural markets are large but geographically scattered, agriculture-dependent, and exhibit regional differences. The document then covers rural consumer behavior, segmentation factors, myths about rural consumers, and how their behavior is changing. It discusses approaches to rural market research including primary and secondary data collection methods and challenges. Finally, it outlines rural marketing strategies regarding product, price, place and promotion mix considerations.
Consumer behavior in rural markets is influenced by various social and cultural factors. Market segmentation in rural areas considers characteristics like family size, social status, and the influence of opinion leaders. Understanding the rural consumer lifestyle requires examining psychology, sociology, and economic factors. There are several myths about rural consumers, such as that they only buy cheap products. However, rural consumers now desire new products and brands and are influenced by demonstration and retailers. Rural market research uses both primary and secondary data collection methods to systematically study rural consumer behavior and identify opportunities.
The document discusses rural marketing. It defines rural marketing as selling rural and agricultural products in rural and urban areas, as well as agricultural inputs in rural markets. Rural markets have specific characteristics including income being seasonal and dependent on crop production, geographic dispersion, linguistic/cultural diversity and economic disparities, and low purchasing power. A rural marketing model includes research, segmentation, defining needs, target markets, and implementing the marketing mix. Rural and urban marketing differ in environmental factors, social relations, exposure to marketing, dependence on nature, employment/incomes, and how marketers must understand, respect, and engage rural consumers.
Ramesh Chembath is the AVP of Sales and Marketing at Godrej Appliances. The document discusses key issues and challenges in rural marketing, including a large and diverse rural market, infrastructure challenges, and standard of living issues. It also outlines effective rural marketing strategies like utilizing rural media and distribution channels like local markets. The role of IT in retail is described, including tools for inventory management, forecasting, and point-of-sale systems. Record management processes like creation, maintenance, and disposition are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of a study on rural marketing in India. It includes an introduction describing India's predominantly rural population and economy. It then lists the objectives, problems and scope of studying rural markets. It outlines the research methodology as descriptive and based on secondary data sources. It discusses the importance of the study and provides suggestions for improving rural marketing strategies. Finally, it concludes that rural markets in India offer great potential opportunities for marketers but also challenges that require understanding rural consumer dynamics and tailored marketing approaches.
The document discusses rural marketing in India. It covers key topics such as the definition of rural marketing, characteristics of rural markets, segmentation and targeting approaches, and the 4Ps of marketing - product, price, place, and promotion strategies in rural contexts. Specific challenges of rural marketing are highlighted, such as transportation and distribution difficulties in dispersed rural areas. Examples are provided of segmentation models and companies that have successfully targeted rural consumers.
The document discusses rural marketing strategies and differences between rural and urban markets. It notes that rural markets are large and scattered, with heterogeneous populations. Infrastructure, income sources, lifestyles, and socio-cultural backgrounds differ significantly from urban areas. Effective rural marketing requires customizing strategies to understand rural consumer needs and behaviors.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Consumer behavior in rural markets is influenced by various social and cultural factors. Market segmentation in rural areas considers characteristics like family size, social status, and the influence of opinion leaders. Understanding the rural consumer lifestyle requires examining psychology, sociology, and economic factors. There are several myths about rural consumers, such as that they only buy cheap products. However, rural consumers now desire new products and brands and are influenced by demonstration and retailers. Rural market research uses both primary and secondary data collection methods to systematically study rural consumer behavior and identify opportunities.
The document discusses rural marketing. It defines rural marketing as selling rural and agricultural products in rural and urban areas, as well as agricultural inputs in rural markets. Rural markets have specific characteristics including income being seasonal and dependent on crop production, geographic dispersion, linguistic/cultural diversity and economic disparities, and low purchasing power. A rural marketing model includes research, segmentation, defining needs, target markets, and implementing the marketing mix. Rural and urban marketing differ in environmental factors, social relations, exposure to marketing, dependence on nature, employment/incomes, and how marketers must understand, respect, and engage rural consumers.
Ramesh Chembath is the AVP of Sales and Marketing at Godrej Appliances. The document discusses key issues and challenges in rural marketing, including a large and diverse rural market, infrastructure challenges, and standard of living issues. It also outlines effective rural marketing strategies like utilizing rural media and distribution channels like local markets. The role of IT in retail is described, including tools for inventory management, forecasting, and point-of-sale systems. Record management processes like creation, maintenance, and disposition are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of a study on rural marketing in India. It includes an introduction describing India's predominantly rural population and economy. It then lists the objectives, problems and scope of studying rural markets. It outlines the research methodology as descriptive and based on secondary data sources. It discusses the importance of the study and provides suggestions for improving rural marketing strategies. Finally, it concludes that rural markets in India offer great potential opportunities for marketers but also challenges that require understanding rural consumer dynamics and tailored marketing approaches.
The document discusses rural marketing in India. It covers key topics such as the definition of rural marketing, characteristics of rural markets, segmentation and targeting approaches, and the 4Ps of marketing - product, price, place, and promotion strategies in rural contexts. Specific challenges of rural marketing are highlighted, such as transportation and distribution difficulties in dispersed rural areas. Examples are provided of segmentation models and companies that have successfully targeted rural consumers.
The document discusses rural marketing strategies and differences between rural and urban markets. It notes that rural markets are large and scattered, with heterogeneous populations. Infrastructure, income sources, lifestyles, and socio-cultural backgrounds differ significantly from urban areas. Effective rural marketing requires customizing strategies to understand rural consumer needs and behaviors.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document provides an introduction and background to a study on retail marketing strategies for fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) in Thanjavur District, India. It discusses the scope and need for the study, which aims to identify effective retail marketing strategies for rural segments. The study will examine factors affecting the FMCG retail market, opportunities, challenges, and success factors for retailers. It will also analyze marketing strategies preferred by consumers and factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Primary data will be collected through questionnaires administered to consumers and retailers in selected taluks of Thanjavur District.
Study of market potential of Cremica in the rural areas of LudhianaRohan Adya
The document is a report submitted by Rohan Adya for his Post Graduate Diploma in Management on a study of the market potential of Cremcia biscuits in rural areas of Ludhiana district in Punjab. It includes an introduction, literature review, company and industry overview, research objectives and methodology, data analysis and findings, and recommendations. The study assessed factors affecting consumer buying behavior in rural markets and the satisfaction with and market share of Cremcia biscuits compared to competitors.
Rural marketing involves assessing, stimulating, and converting rural consumers' purchasing power into effective demand for specific products and services. It is a two-way process involving both urban to rural and rural to urban transactions.
Rural markets are characterized by a large population, agriculture-based occupations, low income and literacy, traditional outlook, and inadequate infrastructure. Key factors affecting rural consumer behavior include psychological, personal, situational, economic, and socio-cultural influences.
The marketing mix, or 4Ps, refers to product, price, promotion, and place strategies used by companies to market brands in rural areas. Products go through different life cycle stages from introduction to growth, maturity, saturation, and decline. Rural
This document discusses consumer behavior in rural Indian markets. It begins by defining consumer behavior and noting that it blends elements from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics to understand decision making. It then discusses some myths about rural consumers, including that they don't buy brands or seek value. The document also notes that rural markets account for a large portion of India's population and economy. It aims to develop a framework to study rural consumer behavior and provide recommendations for marketing to rural consumers. Key aspects of changing rural consumer behavior discussed include a better quality of life, brand awareness, a desire for new products, less desire to save, influence through demonstration, the role of retailers, and pricing and distribution strategies.
Presentation talks about the consumer of rural India, facts and figure of rural India, their buying behavior, and also factors affecting decision making process and many more.
There are several myths about rural consumers that marketers should avoid:
1) Rural consumers are not homogeneous and have diverse tastes and preferences.
2) They seek value for money and quality, not just low prices.
3) They are aware of brands and can differentiate products, due to increased literacy and media access.
Some marketers may exploit rural consumers by charging undue high prices, selling fake products, or providing misleading information. Effective rural marketing requires understanding key differences from urban areas, including diverse consumer bases, product usage, and appropriate communication strategies.
There are several myths about rural consumers that marketers should avoid:
1) Rural consumers are not homogeneous and have diverse tastes and preferences.
2) They seek value for money and quality, not just low prices.
3) They are aware of brands and can differentiate products, due to increased literacy and media access.
Some marketers may exploit rural consumers by charging undue high prices, selling fake products, or providing misleading information. Effective rural marketing requires understanding key differences from urban areas, including culture, media consumption, and economic conditions.
Rural markets in developing countries like India and Nepal present both challenges and opportunities for marketers. While rural areas have large populations with significant purchasing power, reaching rural customers is difficult due to issues like low incomes, lack of infrastructure, high distribution costs, and cultural and educational barriers. Understanding diverse rural customer needs, behaviors, and preferences is key to success. Marketers must consider appropriate pricing, product attributes, and promotional strategies tailored for each local rural context. Developing effective rural distribution and managing competition are also important strategic challenges for companies operating in rural emerging markets.
The document discusses various approaches to rural marketing in India. It first describes the trickle down approach where companies focus on urban areas and assume rural sales will follow. It also discusses the undifferentiated approach where companies use similar strategies for rural and urban with minor modifications. However, the differentiated and bottom-of-the-pyramid approaches recognize the unique needs of rural consumers. The differentiated approach designs separate rural programs with market research, while bottom-of-the-pyramid aims to develop rural people as entrepreneurs through partnerships. The MARK framework is also described which emphasizes making products affordable, acceptable, available and raising knowledge in rural areas.
Impact of Cultural Differences in Marketing on Buying BehaviourDr. Amarjeet Singh
Culture and differences in culture across the globe form an important aspect of marketing. One of the biggest factors that is taken into consideration by both marketing analysts and consumers is culture. Cultural Marketing, therefore, has gained importance as a way of marketing and market research. Especially when it comes to international trade and global marketing. The volatile nature of cultures as a concept makes it very difficult to predict the success or failure of a product or service. Cultural differences in marketing, therefore form the fundamental decision-making factors in the international marketing arena. This paper studies the consumers’ perception towards marketing strategies that align with their culture and the subsequent decisions they are likely to take based on these factions. Understanding this psychology is crucial to ensuring that a company can get a good return on its market investments while still generating a profit. Hence understanding the culture of a particular region before entering it is crucial and can play a huge role in the success of the company in that region.
Consumer behaviour is the study of how individual customers, groups or organizations select, buy, use, and dispose ideas, goods, and services to satisfy their needs and wants
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Consumer behavior is the study of how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption-related items. It looks at numerous factors that influence purchasing decisions including demographic, economic, social, cultural, psychological, and personal factors. The consumer decision process involves need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, and post-purchase behavior. Studying consumer behavior is important for consumers, scientists, and producers to adapt to market changes and better understand purchasing motivations.
The document provides an introduction to consumer behaviour, including definitions of key concepts and the 5-stage consumer decision process. It discusses the nature and scope of studying consumer behaviour, including understanding consumer needs, influences on them, and patterns of shopping behaviour. It also outlines some major worldwide trends in consumer behaviour, such as demographic shifts like an aging population and women in the workforce. Technological trends discussed include an increasingly interconnected world and more tech-savvy customers. The implications of these trends on the 3 roles of consumers are also mentioned.
This document discusses a branding and promotion plan for tourism in Bandarban, Bangladesh. It begins with an analysis of the industry which finds strengths in natural beauty but weaknesses in security, transportation and accommodations. Two target groups are identified: local youth seeking novelty, and local families. The marketing mix proposes improving infrastructure and security, promoting local culture and agriculture, and using various promotional methods like social media. A three-phase branding strategy is outlined to first build foundations, then bridge connections, and finally rediscover Bandarban as a tourist destination.
The document discusses rural marketing and provides an overview of key topics including:
- Defining rural markets and how definitions have changed over time.
- Reasons for companies to target rural markets such as size, untapped potential, and rising incomes.
- Characteristics of rural consumers including diversity, literacy levels, media habits, and consumer classification.
- Tools and challenges for conducting rural market research.
- Methods of segmenting, targeting, and positioning for rural markets based on factors like geography, demographics, and psychographics.
Culture plays an important role in shaping consumer behavior. The elements of culture, such as beliefs, traditions, language and symbols, influence consumers' perceptions, preferences and purchase decisions. For marketers, it is essential to understand the cultural factors and their impact on behavior in both domestic and global markets. Failing to account for cultural differences can lead to ineffective marketing strategies. Learning about a culture allows marketers to develop communications and position products in a way that addresses local needs and is acceptable to target consumers.
This document provides an overview of a course on shopper behavior. It discusses learning objectives to explore concepts and theories of shopper behavior at individual, group, and organizational levels. The course contents cover topics like consumer demographics and lifestyles, consumer profiles, lifestyle marketing, consumer buying behavior, market segmentation, customer profiles, and consumer lifestyle and values. Various segmentation methods like geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral segmentation are also described.
MART Research team (Dellhi based Rural Marketing Research & Consulting Firm)MART Knowledge Center
MART is a leading consultancy firm in emerging markets that provides end-to-end solutions through innovative research and partnerships. It has 50 professionals across India and works in sectors like healthcare, agriculture, and financial services. MART uses a user-centric research approach including participatory rural appraisal and ethnography to gain an in-depth understanding of consumer behavior and ecosystems. It has conducted various research projects for organizations to identify opportunities, assess needs, evaluate programs, and develop marketing strategies in rural emerging markets.
The document outlines key concepts in marketing including understanding market processes and consumer behavior, developing products and pricing, distributing products, and promoting products. It discusses developing a marketing mix through the four P's of product, price, place, and promotion. It also covers market segmentation, market research, influences on consumer behavior, organizational buying behavior, and applying the marketing mix in international and small business contexts.
Arbitrage pricing theory (APT) is an equilibrium factor model of security returns based on the principle of arbitrage. It assumes capital markets are perfectly competitive, investors prefer more wealth, and prices are generated by a factor model. APT states that a security's expected return is equal to the risk-free rate plus risk premiums based on the security's sensitivity to multiple factors.
The document provides information about weeks 7 and 8 of the course ECW2731, which cover competition, market structures, and business decisions. It includes the following:
- An examination structure with 5 questions and a duration of 120 minutes
- Descriptions of different market structures like perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition
- Details on profit maximization and supply curves in perfect competition and monopoly markets
- Examples and characteristics of different market structures
This document provides an introduction and background to a study on retail marketing strategies for fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) in Thanjavur District, India. It discusses the scope and need for the study, which aims to identify effective retail marketing strategies for rural segments. The study will examine factors affecting the FMCG retail market, opportunities, challenges, and success factors for retailers. It will also analyze marketing strategies preferred by consumers and factors influencing consumer buying behavior. Primary data will be collected through questionnaires administered to consumers and retailers in selected taluks of Thanjavur District.
Study of market potential of Cremica in the rural areas of LudhianaRohan Adya
The document is a report submitted by Rohan Adya for his Post Graduate Diploma in Management on a study of the market potential of Cremcia biscuits in rural areas of Ludhiana district in Punjab. It includes an introduction, literature review, company and industry overview, research objectives and methodology, data analysis and findings, and recommendations. The study assessed factors affecting consumer buying behavior in rural markets and the satisfaction with and market share of Cremcia biscuits compared to competitors.
Rural marketing involves assessing, stimulating, and converting rural consumers' purchasing power into effective demand for specific products and services. It is a two-way process involving both urban to rural and rural to urban transactions.
Rural markets are characterized by a large population, agriculture-based occupations, low income and literacy, traditional outlook, and inadequate infrastructure. Key factors affecting rural consumer behavior include psychological, personal, situational, economic, and socio-cultural influences.
The marketing mix, or 4Ps, refers to product, price, promotion, and place strategies used by companies to market brands in rural areas. Products go through different life cycle stages from introduction to growth, maturity, saturation, and decline. Rural
This document discusses consumer behavior in rural Indian markets. It begins by defining consumer behavior and noting that it blends elements from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics to understand decision making. It then discusses some myths about rural consumers, including that they don't buy brands or seek value. The document also notes that rural markets account for a large portion of India's population and economy. It aims to develop a framework to study rural consumer behavior and provide recommendations for marketing to rural consumers. Key aspects of changing rural consumer behavior discussed include a better quality of life, brand awareness, a desire for new products, less desire to save, influence through demonstration, the role of retailers, and pricing and distribution strategies.
Presentation talks about the consumer of rural India, facts and figure of rural India, their buying behavior, and also factors affecting decision making process and many more.
There are several myths about rural consumers that marketers should avoid:
1) Rural consumers are not homogeneous and have diverse tastes and preferences.
2) They seek value for money and quality, not just low prices.
3) They are aware of brands and can differentiate products, due to increased literacy and media access.
Some marketers may exploit rural consumers by charging undue high prices, selling fake products, or providing misleading information. Effective rural marketing requires understanding key differences from urban areas, including diverse consumer bases, product usage, and appropriate communication strategies.
There are several myths about rural consumers that marketers should avoid:
1) Rural consumers are not homogeneous and have diverse tastes and preferences.
2) They seek value for money and quality, not just low prices.
3) They are aware of brands and can differentiate products, due to increased literacy and media access.
Some marketers may exploit rural consumers by charging undue high prices, selling fake products, or providing misleading information. Effective rural marketing requires understanding key differences from urban areas, including culture, media consumption, and economic conditions.
Rural markets in developing countries like India and Nepal present both challenges and opportunities for marketers. While rural areas have large populations with significant purchasing power, reaching rural customers is difficult due to issues like low incomes, lack of infrastructure, high distribution costs, and cultural and educational barriers. Understanding diverse rural customer needs, behaviors, and preferences is key to success. Marketers must consider appropriate pricing, product attributes, and promotional strategies tailored for each local rural context. Developing effective rural distribution and managing competition are also important strategic challenges for companies operating in rural emerging markets.
The document discusses various approaches to rural marketing in India. It first describes the trickle down approach where companies focus on urban areas and assume rural sales will follow. It also discusses the undifferentiated approach where companies use similar strategies for rural and urban with minor modifications. However, the differentiated and bottom-of-the-pyramid approaches recognize the unique needs of rural consumers. The differentiated approach designs separate rural programs with market research, while bottom-of-the-pyramid aims to develop rural people as entrepreneurs through partnerships. The MARK framework is also described which emphasizes making products affordable, acceptable, available and raising knowledge in rural areas.
Impact of Cultural Differences in Marketing on Buying BehaviourDr. Amarjeet Singh
Culture and differences in culture across the globe form an important aspect of marketing. One of the biggest factors that is taken into consideration by both marketing analysts and consumers is culture. Cultural Marketing, therefore, has gained importance as a way of marketing and market research. Especially when it comes to international trade and global marketing. The volatile nature of cultures as a concept makes it very difficult to predict the success or failure of a product or service. Cultural differences in marketing, therefore form the fundamental decision-making factors in the international marketing arena. This paper studies the consumers’ perception towards marketing strategies that align with their culture and the subsequent decisions they are likely to take based on these factions. Understanding this psychology is crucial to ensuring that a company can get a good return on its market investments while still generating a profit. Hence understanding the culture of a particular region before entering it is crucial and can play a huge role in the success of the company in that region.
Consumer behaviour is the study of how individual customers, groups or organizations select, buy, use, and dispose ideas, goods, and services to satisfy their needs and wants
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Consumer behavior is the study of how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption-related items. It looks at numerous factors that influence purchasing decisions including demographic, economic, social, cultural, psychological, and personal factors. The consumer decision process involves need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, and post-purchase behavior. Studying consumer behavior is important for consumers, scientists, and producers to adapt to market changes and better understand purchasing motivations.
The document provides an introduction to consumer behaviour, including definitions of key concepts and the 5-stage consumer decision process. It discusses the nature and scope of studying consumer behaviour, including understanding consumer needs, influences on them, and patterns of shopping behaviour. It also outlines some major worldwide trends in consumer behaviour, such as demographic shifts like an aging population and women in the workforce. Technological trends discussed include an increasingly interconnected world and more tech-savvy customers. The implications of these trends on the 3 roles of consumers are also mentioned.
This document discusses a branding and promotion plan for tourism in Bandarban, Bangladesh. It begins with an analysis of the industry which finds strengths in natural beauty but weaknesses in security, transportation and accommodations. Two target groups are identified: local youth seeking novelty, and local families. The marketing mix proposes improving infrastructure and security, promoting local culture and agriculture, and using various promotional methods like social media. A three-phase branding strategy is outlined to first build foundations, then bridge connections, and finally rediscover Bandarban as a tourist destination.
The document discusses rural marketing and provides an overview of key topics including:
- Defining rural markets and how definitions have changed over time.
- Reasons for companies to target rural markets such as size, untapped potential, and rising incomes.
- Characteristics of rural consumers including diversity, literacy levels, media habits, and consumer classification.
- Tools and challenges for conducting rural market research.
- Methods of segmenting, targeting, and positioning for rural markets based on factors like geography, demographics, and psychographics.
Culture plays an important role in shaping consumer behavior. The elements of culture, such as beliefs, traditions, language and symbols, influence consumers' perceptions, preferences and purchase decisions. For marketers, it is essential to understand the cultural factors and their impact on behavior in both domestic and global markets. Failing to account for cultural differences can lead to ineffective marketing strategies. Learning about a culture allows marketers to develop communications and position products in a way that addresses local needs and is acceptable to target consumers.
This document provides an overview of a course on shopper behavior. It discusses learning objectives to explore concepts and theories of shopper behavior at individual, group, and organizational levels. The course contents cover topics like consumer demographics and lifestyles, consumer profiles, lifestyle marketing, consumer buying behavior, market segmentation, customer profiles, and consumer lifestyle and values. Various segmentation methods like geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral segmentation are also described.
MART Research team (Dellhi based Rural Marketing Research & Consulting Firm)MART Knowledge Center
MART is a leading consultancy firm in emerging markets that provides end-to-end solutions through innovative research and partnerships. It has 50 professionals across India and works in sectors like healthcare, agriculture, and financial services. MART uses a user-centric research approach including participatory rural appraisal and ethnography to gain an in-depth understanding of consumer behavior and ecosystems. It has conducted various research projects for organizations to identify opportunities, assess needs, evaluate programs, and develop marketing strategies in rural emerging markets.
The document outlines key concepts in marketing including understanding market processes and consumer behavior, developing products and pricing, distributing products, and promoting products. It discusses developing a marketing mix through the four P's of product, price, place, and promotion. It also covers market segmentation, market research, influences on consumer behavior, organizational buying behavior, and applying the marketing mix in international and small business contexts.
Arbitrage pricing theory (APT) is an equilibrium factor model of security returns based on the principle of arbitrage. It assumes capital markets are perfectly competitive, investors prefer more wealth, and prices are generated by a factor model. APT states that a security's expected return is equal to the risk-free rate plus risk premiums based on the security's sensitivity to multiple factors.
The document provides information about weeks 7 and 8 of the course ECW2731, which cover competition, market structures, and business decisions. It includes the following:
- An examination structure with 5 questions and a duration of 120 minutes
- Descriptions of different market structures like perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition
- Details on profit maximization and supply curves in perfect competition and monopoly markets
- Examples and characteristics of different market structures
This document discusses different types of warehouses and their functions. It begins by explaining that warehouses serve as switching facilities rather than just storage. It then describes various warehouse strategies like consolidation, break bulk, and processing/postponement warehouses. The document outlines key principles for warehouse design, operations, and strategies. Private warehouses are owned by a single company while public warehouses offer storage and logistics services to multiple clients.
The document describes 7 quality control tools: affinity diagram, relations diagram, tree diagram, matrix diagram, arrow diagram, and plan decision program chart. It provides details on how each tool is used, including examples, and discusses when each tool should be applied based on the type of problem or data being analyzed. The tools are designed to help organize information, identify relationships, schedule processes, and anticipate potential problems.
This document discusses various topics related to international product planning and marketing, including:
1. It defines what a product is and distinguishes between national, local, and international products. It also notes that a product is not the same as a brand.
2. It describes the new product development process and identifies sources for new product ideas such as customers, competitors, and employees. It also discusses establishing an international new product department.
3. It covers topics like product segmentation, positioning, adoption, and standardization for international markets. It also discusses differences between standardizing and modifying products for international markets.
4. The document concludes with sections on marketing services internationally, factors that influence transfer pricing between subsidiaries
Ch 13 (Promotional Management and Advertising).pptneeru.s
This document discusses various aspects of promotional management and advertising for international markets. It covers topics such as the purpose of promotion, the communication process, elements of the promotional mix like advertising and sales promotion, and considerations for selecting an advertising strategy in foreign markets. The document also examines different promotional tools such as public relations, personal selling, and direct marketing.
This document discusses different methods of measuring attitudes, specifically the Thurstone and Likert scales. It explains that an attitude scale aims to provide a valid measure of an individual's social attitudes. The Thurstone scale requires judges to sort statements into categories representing different degrees of favorability, and then computes median values to assign scale weights. The Likert scale presents statements with rating options like agree/disagree and sums responses. The document outlines the development process for each type of scale.
Ch 14 (International Marketing Research).pptxneeru.s
This document discusses international marketing research and management information systems. It provides definitions and overviews of international marketing research, its purpose and activities. It also discusses the market research process, sources of information, and the role of various trade organizations. Additionally, it covers management information systems, defining key terms and concepts, and outlining the information processing cycle and desirable characteristics of MIS.
The document summarizes several theories of international trade from mercantilism to contemporary theories like Porter's national competitive advantage theory. It discusses key concepts like absolute advantage, comparative advantage, factor proportions theory, product life cycle theory, and new trade theory. Porter's diamond framework identifies factor conditions, demand conditions, related industries, and firm strategy/rivalry as determinants of a nation's competitive advantage in a given industry. The document aims to help understand why and how international trade improves welfare according to different trade theories.
International trade theory seeks to explain why trade occurs between countries. Classical theories cite comparative advantages from differences in resources and productivity. New theories incorporate increasing returns to scale, network effects, and first-mover advantages that can create barriers to entry. A country's competitive advantages are determined not just by resource endowments but also by demand conditions, supporting industries, and the competitive environment shaped by firms and government policy.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in global marketing. It discusses how the international trade system and economic, political, legal, and cultural environments influence international marketing decisions. It describes three major approaches to entering foreign markets: exporting, joint ventures, and direct investment. It also explains how companies may standardize or adapt their marketing mixes, such as products, promotion, and pricing, for different international markets. Finally, it identifies three forms of international marketing organization: export departments, international divisions, and global organizations.
The document discusses the growth of the global capital market and its attractions for borrowers through increased supply of funds and lower costs of capital. It notes the rapid growth in cross-border bank loans, bonds, and equity offerings between 1990 and 2006. However, it also discusses the recurring issues of "manias" like the dotcom boom, followed by crashes as problems emerge. It specifically outlines the mid-2000s mania in lending and investing fueled by deregulation and excess savings, leading to the subprime mortgage crisis and Crash of 2008, forcing government intervention through lending to banks and bank takeovers.
students Sales Management Analysis and Decision Making.pdfneeru.s
This document provides an overview and summary of the key features of the 6th edition of the textbook "Sales Management: Analysis and Decision Making."
The textbook continues to use a modular format organized around a sales management model. It blends current sales research with real-world best practices. New features for the 6th edition include opening vignettes for each module, expanded coverage of topics like CRM and outsourcing, and new role-playing exercises. Instructors are supported by an online resource center with materials like PowerPoint slides, test questions, and online student quizzes. The textbook aims to help students develop skills in analyzing sales management situations and making effective decisions.
The document discusses bills of exchange and different cases related to bills of exchange such as when a bill is retained till maturity, discounted, endorsed, or sent to a bank for collection. It also discusses actions taken when a bill is dishonored such as getting the dishonor noted by a notary public. An example transaction is provided where A draws a bill on B for Rs. 5,000 that is accepted but later dishonored, with C paying noting charges as the endorsee.
1) The document describes several training games to be used at a workshop, including Push the Wall, Don't Alaap Apna Raag, Sky is the Limit, Ruk Jana Nahin, The Missing Link, and 4 Squares.
2) The games aim to teach participants lessons about focusing on areas of influence, the importance of standardization, realizing potential, problem solving, punctuality, and thinking outside the box.
3) The document also provides tips for presentations, such as hooking participants in the first minute, not presenting for more than 20 minutes, treating participants as people, beginning with the end in mind, stopping when attention lags, and ensuring good delivery overcomes sub
The Marketing Club at IMS Noida organized an Explorative Marketing event on April 22, 2022. The event was open to all BBA students and aimed to help them understand products and develop selling skills through activities like acting, reacting, and selling an assigned product. Teams of 4 students had to advertise and sell a product of their choice. Winners were chosen based on their presentation, confidence, speaking abilities, and how well they showcased the product attributes. The top 3 winning teams were Team ICE COOL, Team Anti Suicidal Fan, and Aditya Vyas with Firebolt watches. The objective was to help students learn various marketing and sales concepts and skills for future jobs.
Methods of Calculating National Income Class 12 Notes.PDFneeru.s
National income accounting involves measuring the total value of goods and services produced within an economy. There are several key concepts:
1) Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total market value of all final goods and services produced domestically in a given year. GDP can be measured at market prices or factor costs.
2) National income accounts also measure domestic and national aggregates that exclude depreciation or include only factor incomes.
3) GDP and national income can be measured at current or constant prices to account for inflation. Converting nominal GDP to real GDP using a price deflator allows analysis of changes in physical output.
4) While GDP measures total output, welfare depends on additional economic and
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The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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3. EVOLUTION
Marketing may aptly be described as the process
of defining, anticipating and knowing customer
needs, and organizing all the resources of the
company to satisfy them.
In fact, satisfaction of customer’s needs and wants
provides the rationale for the firm’s existence.
Knowledge of consumer behaviour, therefore, is
vital for a firm to achieve its marketing goals.
The consumer’s behaviour comprises the acts,
processes and social relationships exhibited by
individuals, groups and organizations in searching,
obtainment, use of, and consequent experience
with products and services.
4. MEANING AND DEFINITION OF
RURAL MARKETING
Rural marketing referred to selling of rural
products in rural and urban areas and
agricultural inputs in rural markets. It was
treated as synonymous to ‘agricultural
marketing’.
Agricultural produces like food grains and
industrial inputs like cotton, oil seeds, sugarcane
etc. occupied the central place of discussion
during this period.
The supply-chain activities of firms supplying
agricultural inputs and of artisans in rural areas
received secondary attention.
5. NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
RURAL MARKET
Agriculture is main source of income.
The income is seasonal in nature. It is fluctuating also
as it depends on crop production.
Though large, the rural market is geographically
scattered.
It shows linguistic, religious and cultural diversities
and economic disparities.
The market is undeveloped, as the people who
constitute it still lack adequate purchasing power.
It is largely agricultural oriented, with poor standard
of living, low-per capital income, and socio-cultural
backwardness.
6. It exhibits sharper and varied regional preferences
with distinct predilections, habit patterns and
behavioral characteristics.
Rural marketing process is both a catalyst as well as
an outcome of the general rural development process.
Initiation and management of social and economic
change in the rural sector is the core of the rural
marketing process. It becomes in this process both
benefactor and beneficiary.
11. MARKETING DIFFERENCES
B. Philosophy
C. Consumer Behaviour
D. Marketing Research
E. Segmentation
F. Product Strategy
G. Price Strategy
H. Distribution
I. Promotion
13. FACTORS INFLUENCING RURAL CUSTOMERS
DURING PURCHASE OF PRODUCT
Social Activities
Cultural Background
Family Size
Influence of Opinion Leader
Status in the area
Purchasing Power
14. CONSUMER LIFE STYLE APPROACHES
Consumer behaviour is the study of
individuals, groups, or organizations and the
processes they use to select, secure, and dispose
of products, services, experiences, or ideas to
satisfy needs and the impacts that these
processes have on the consumer and society.
It blends elements from
Psychology
Sociology
Social anthropology and
Economics
15. SEVERAL MYTHS ABOUT RURAL SECTOR
It attempts to understand the decision-making processes
of buyers, both individually and in groups.
It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as
demographics and behavioral variables in an attempt to
understand people's wants. It also tries to assess
influences on the consumer from groups such as family,
friends, reference groups, and society in general.
Cast play a key role in behavior of community. In rural
India, the upper cast and lower cast differences still
continue and are considered an important facet of
everyday life.
There is a clear demarcation in the villages for house
making, two areas , including natural resources such as
drinking water and grazing land for cattle.
16. In urban limited physical space and pressure on
limited available natural resources , interaction
based on economic status and vocations rather than
on basis of caste leads to an absence of such
division
The belief that rural people do not buy brands.
The belief that the rural consumer buy cheap
products. In reality they seek value for money.
The belief that the rural market is homogenous
mass. In fact it is fascinatingly heterogeneous.
An urban individual is free to take independent
purchase decision. In a village, because of strong
social structure, including caste consideration and
low literacy level, community decision making is
quite common
17. CHANGING BEHAVIOUR OF RURAL
CONSUMER
Better Quality Of Life
Brand Awareness
Desire for New Products & Fashion
Consciousness
No Desire To Save
Influence Through Demonstration
Role Of The Retailers
Pricing Strategies
Distribution Strategies
18. RURAL MARKET RESEARCH
The systematic design , collection, analysis and
reporting of data and findings relevant to a
specific marketing situation facing by the
company in rural market.
“The systematic planning, gathering, recording
and analyzing data about problems related to
marketing of goods and services.”
19. RURAL MARKET RESEARCH PROCESS
Marketing research involves a sequence of steps-
Step-I Defining a research problem
Step-II Finalizing a research design
Step-III Developing a research hypothesis
Step-IV Planning the research methodology
Step-V Data collection
Step-V Data analysis
Step-VI Conclusion and Recommendations
20. SOURCES AND METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION IN MARKETING RESEARCH
Data Collection in Marketing Research is a detailed
process in which a planned search for all relevant data
is made by researcher.
Types of Data
Primary Data- Primary data is the data which is
collected first hand specially for the purpose of study. It
is collected for addressing the problem at hand. Thus,
primary data is original data collected by researcher
first hand.
Secondary data- Secondary data is the data that have
been already collected by and readily available from
other sources. Such data are cheaper and more quickly
obtainable than the primary data and also may be
available when primary data can not be obtained at all.
21. TYPES OF RURAL STUDIES
Quantitative studies
Since penetration and consumption of most
products are low, the market is under
development, hence quantitative studies cannot be
done for most products
Quantitative studies
Since penetration and consumption of most
products are low, the market is under
development, hence quantitative studies cannot be
done for most products
Qualitative studies
4As of Rural marketing – Acceptability,
Affordability, Awareness and Availability
U &A (Usage & Attitudes) or KAP (Knowledge,
Attitude and Practices)
Feasibility
22. SOURCES & METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
Ensuring the support of opinion leader
Behaving in a manner to be liked by rural people
Being at right places:
Village Chou pal
Retail outlet
Fairs
Huts
23. METHODS
Secondary Data –
Census of India,NCAER, CSO, DRDA,
Panchayat office
Primary data
In-depth interview,
focus group discussion,
social research (PRA),
Questionnaire,
Sampling
24. Primary Data
PRA technique
Is a set of approaches and methods to enable
rural people to share, enhance and analyze
their knowledge of life and conditions, to plan
and to act.
PRA Tools
Social mapping : capture house location/ caste
distribution
Resource mapping : availability of resources
Seasonality diagram : information on the basis
of seasons
Venn diagrams : to identify various issues with
relative importance
25. RESEARCH TOOLS FOR RURAL MARKET
Semiotic Analysis -appropriate colors, signs and
symbols to avoid inappropriate ones. Helps
advertising agencies in promotion mix
Customer I.Q -quality, satisfaction and loyalty
which provides information about brand equity
Advanced Tracking Program (ATP) -tracking
brand health and brand equity to analyze
different brands performance
26. LIMITATIONS & CHALLENGES IN RURAL
MARKETING RESEARCH
Nature of Rural Market
Scarcity of Rural Marketing Research Budget
Lack of Uniformity in Secondary Data
Accessibility
Lack of Facilities in Rural Areas
Comprehension of Research Tools
Sensitivity of Rural People
27. DO’S AND DON'TS IN RURAL MARKET
RESEARCH
Wears simple clothes
Familiar with local language or accompany a known
person
Spent time with villagers even though it is not needed
to his research
Purpose and its benefits to villagers should be
explained in order to get correct data's.
Issues sensitive to respondents should be carefully
handled
Male researchers should approach a woman through
her husband or guardian of the woman.
Avoid one- to-one interact as they gather as crowd.
Researcher always carry food, water and first aid kit
to avoid health problems
29. RURAL MARKET STRATEGIES
For rural market, it will be ideal to think of
strategies from the marketing mix point of view,
main strategies are related to
product,
price,
place and
promotion.
30. PRODUCT STRATEGIES
Small unit and low priced packing
New product designs
Sturdy products
Brand name
31. B. PRICING STRATEGIES
Low cost/cheap products
Avoid sophisticated packing
Refill packs/reusable packaging
Application of value engineering
32. C. DISTRIBUTION STRATEGIES
The distribution strategies that are specifically
designed for rural areas are: through
co-operative societies,
public distribution system,
multi-purpose distribution centres,
distribution up to feeder markets/ mandi towns
shanties/hat/ jathras / melas,
agricultural input dealers etc.
33. D. PROMOTION STRATEGIES
Mass media is a powerful medium of
communication. It could be television, cinema,
print media, radio and so on. The other means of
mass media available are hoardings/wall
paintings, shanties/hats/meals, non-price
competition, special campaigns etc. Besides
these, other mass media like hand bills and
booklets, posters, stickers, banners of the
schemes etc
38. STAGES OF THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
The four major stages of the product life cycle are
as follows :-
Introduction,
Growth,
Maturity, and
Decline.
39. NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Idea Generation
The first stage of the New Product Development is
the idea generation. Ideas come from everywhere, can
be of any form, and can be numerous. This stage
involves creating a large pool of ideas from various
sources, which include
Internal sources – many companies give incentives
to their employees to come up with workable ideas.
SWOT analysis – Company may review its strength,
weakness, opportunities and threats and come up
with a good feasible idea.
Market research – Companies constantly reviews
the changing needs, wants, and trends in the market.
Customers – Sometimes reviews and feedbacks from
the customers or even their ideas can help companies
generate new product ideas.
Competition – Competitors SWOT analysis can help
the company generate ideas.
40. Idea Screening
Ideas can be many, but good ideas are few. This
second step of new product development involves
finding those good and feasible ideas and
discarding those which aren’t. Many factors play
a part here, these include –
Company’s strength,
Company’s weakness,
Customer needs,
Ongoing trends,
Expected ROI,
Affordability, etc.
41. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT & TESTING
The third step of the new product development
includes concept development and testing. A
concept is a detailed strategy or blueprint version
of the idea. Basically, when an idea is developed
in every aspect so as to make it presentable, it is
called a concept. All the ideas that pass the
screening stage are turned into concepts for
testing purpose.
42. BUSINESS STRATEGY ANALYSIS &
DEVELOPMENT
The testing results help the business in coming up
with the final concept to be developed into a
product. Now that the business has a finalized
concept, it’s time for it to analyse and decide the
marketing and other business strategies that will
be used. Estimated product profitability is
estimated, marketing mix, and branding strategies
are decided for the product. Other important
analytics includes
Competition of the product
Costs involved
Pricing strategies
Breakeven point, etc.
43. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Once all the strategies are approved, the product
concept is transformed into an actual tangible
product. This development stage of New Product
Development results in building up of a prototype
or a limited production model. All the branding
and other strategies decided previously are tested
and applied in this stage.
44. TEST MARKETING
Unlike concept testing, here the actual prototype
is introduced for research and feedback. Actual
customers feedback are taken and further
changes, if required, are made to the product.
This process is of utmost importance as it
validates the whole concept and makes the
company ready for the launch.
45. COMMERCIALIZATION
The product is ready, so should be the marketing
strategies. The marketing mix is now put to use.
The final decisions are to be made. Markets are
decided for the product to launch in. This stage
involves briefing different departments about the
duties and targets. Every minor and major
decision is made before the final introduction
stage of the New Product Development.
46.
47. UNIT –IV
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN DEVELOPING
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING
48. GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION
It provides an overview of the different forms
of government intervention in markets
Government intervention
49. The main reasons for policy intervention by the
government are:
To correct for market failures
To achieve a more equitable distribution of
income and wealth
To improve the performance of the economy
50. ROLE OF AGENCIES
Council of State agricultural Marketing Boards
Marketing of agricultural produce is gaining
importance all across the world in general and
developing world in particular.
Agricultural marketing policy in India has been
characterized by State participation in production
activities;
State intervention in procurement and distribution of
food grains; directing agricultural economy through
regulatory mechanism such as licensing and control on
movement, storage; creation of facilitating centers in the
form of regulated markets;
Encouraging co-operative marketing; creation of
supporting infrastructure like storage and warehousing;
and construction of link roads, market information
network, marketing extension, etc.
51. CO-OPERATIVE MARKETING IN INDIA
Marketing is a comprehensive term covering a
large number of functions. Recently the concept of
marketing has broadened considerably. It includes
not only purchases and sales of products, but also
the various business activities and process involved
in bringing the products from the producer to the
consumer. So an efficient and organized marketing
is essential for the healthy growth of any
community.
52. IMPORTANCE OF CO-OPERATIVE
MARKETING
To overcome the malpractices.
To reduce the price – spread between the
producer and the consumer.
For large-scale expansion of co-operative credit.
For integration.
To improve the economic conditions of the
producers by strengthening his bargaining
power.
To educate the farmers.
To overcome the problem of unwanted
participation of multi-national companies in
domestic marketing.
53. ROLE OF CO-OPERATIVE MARKETING
Co-operative marketing plays a significant role in the
following areas;
Optimization in resource use and output management.
Widening the markets
Growth of agro-based industries
Generates Employment
Increase in farm income.
54. STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATION
The structure of co-operative marketing societies
in India consists of;
National Agricultural Co-operative Marketing
Federation (NAFED) at the National level.
State Marketing Federation at State level.
District or Regional Marketing Societies at the
intermediate level and
Primary Marketing Societies at grass root level.
55. NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL CO-OPERATIVE
MARKETING FEDERATION (NAFED)
NAFED is the federal organisation of state level apex
cooperative marketing societies in India. It was
established on 2nd October 1958. The objects of
NAFED are to organize, promote and develop
marketing, processing and storage of agricultural
produce, distribution of agricultural machinery
implements and other inputs, undertake inter state,
import and export trade, wholesale or retail as the
case may be and to act and assist for technical advice
in agricultural production for the promotion and the
working of its member and cooperative marketing,
processing and supply societies in India.
57. The main reasons why members do not sell their produce
through these societies are ;
Dealing with the co-operative marketing societies resulted
in much botheration and were serious delays.
Lack of arrangements for lifting the stocks from the
villages and the farmers found it costly to take produce
from their farm to the co- operative marketing societies.
Many members did not have adequate knowledge of the
functioning of the co-operatives, therefore, they did not
know as to what were the advantages in selling to the
societies.
The price offered to the members in the open market is
generally more than offered by the societies.
Members have little confidence in the co-operative societies
and their personnel.
Lack of personal care and contact.
59. TYPES OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS
Firstly, what specifically is a consumer product?
A consumer product is a product bought by final
consumers for personal consumption. But not
every consumer product is the same. There are
four different types of consumer products.
Marketers usually classify consumer products
into these 4 types of consumer products:
Convenience products
Shopping products
Speciality products
Unsought products.
60. SOCIAL MARKETING
Social marketing is an approach used to develop
activities aimed at changing or maintaining
people’s behavior for the benefit of individuals
and society as a whole.
Combining ideas from commercial marketing and
the social sciences, social marketing is a proven
tool for influencing behavior in a sustainable and
cost-effective way.
61. It helps you to decide:
Which people to work with
What behavior to influence
How to go about it
How to measure it
Social marketing is not the same as social media
marketing.
63. BENEFITS PEOPLE AND SOCIETY
This is the value – perceived or actual – as it is
defined by the people who are targeted by a social
marketing intervention. It is not what is assumed
to benefit them by the organisation that is trying
to encourage the behaviour change.
65. Policy: social marketing helps to ensure policy is
based on an understanding of people’s lives,
making policy goals realistic and achievable.
Policy example: water rationing in Jordan
Strategy: social marketing enables you to target
your resources cost-effectively, and select
interventions that have the best impact over
time. Strategy example: lung disease strategy in
England
Implementation and delivery: social
marketing enables you to develop products,
services and communications that fit people’s
needs and motivations. Delivery example: child
car seats in Texas
66. AGRICULTURAL MARKETING
Agricultural marketing techniques are used in
every corner of "agribusiness," including small
farms, corporate farms, and collectives;
distributors; manufacturers of farm equipment,
pesticides, and genetic enhancements for crops
and livestock; feed and seed sellers; and more.
67. Public Relations Specialists, Communications
Managers, and Lobbyists work to inform their target
audience about the virtues and needs of their business, as
well as those of their business’ products.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural
Marketing Service
The USDA maintains several programs to promote (and
control) farm production. Many states also have programs.
Agribusiness Firms
Corporate farms and collectives include Monsanto, Archer
Daniels Midland, Ocean Spray, Land O’Lakes, and more.
Specialty Marketing Firms
Small farms are increasingly contracting their own
marketing services, in order to sell to customers directly
instead of only through distributors.
Government Marketing Boards or NGOs (Non-
Governmental Organizations)
The international demand for agricultural marketing is
high, particularly in countries with large rural areas,
where agriculture is far more dominant than
manufacturing.
68. E-GOVERNANCE IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT
India is a nation of villages. The rural mass in
the nation comprises the core of Indian society
and also represents the real India. According to
the Census Data 2001, there are 638,387 villages
in India that represent more than 72 per cent of
the total population.
Rural Development (External website that opens
in a new window)which is concerned with
economic growth and social justice, improvement
in the living standard of the rural people by
providing adequate and quality social services
and minimum basic needs becomes essential.
69. E-GOVERNANCE IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT
The present strategy of rural development mainly
focuses on
poverty alleviation,
better livelihood opportunities,
provision of basic amenities and
infrastructure facilities through innovative
programmes of wage and self-employment etc.
70. IT FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT
A major handicap in mass application of IT in
rural areas is that the information content is
generally not directly relevant to people for
whom it is developed.
The contents are written or designed by people
who have themselves not lived in rural areas.
As a result, these systems have a heavy urban-
bias. Such systems, therefore, have limited utility
and are commercially unviable.
This problem can be overcome by developing
relevant content in local languages.