Be prepared and gain a deeper understanding of Arizona civil lawsuits with this simple to understand guide. An in depth explanation of civil lawsuits in Arizona, including the stages of a lawsuit, and common terminology.
Be prepared and gain a deeper understanding of Arizona civil lawsuits with this simple to understand guide. An in depth explanation of civil lawsuits in Arizona, including the stages of a lawsuit, and common terminology.
Corporate Law and Family Law at the Crossroads: Spouses as Shareholders in Canada 2012
Small and medium sized businesses are the engines which drive the North American economy. Increasingly, people go in to their own business. Often spouses and other family members are in business together. Because of mutual trust and sharing which exists at the start of these arrangements, spouses tend not to make agrements about what will happen if the marriage breaks down.
When spouses who are in business together divorce, there are also consequences for the business. Who will keep the business? What will the spouses be able to work together? How much is the business worth? Who should buy the business? How will a buyout be funded? These questions are just the tip of the iceberg.
In this PowerPoint slide presentation, we provide useful information about the legal problems confronting separating or divorcing couples who are in business together. By reviewing these slides you will gain important insights about the issues lawyers have to deal with in these situations. What law applies? What other kinds of experts do you need? What legal advice will you need to find a workable resolution? What evidence will you need if the case has to go to trial? What procedure must be followed? If you are in business with your spouse or life partner, the information in these slides provides a few pointers about Ontario law even if the relationship is continuing. Sometimes, a unanimous shareholders’ agreement or some strategic advice can help avoid expensive litigation down the road.
These slides were part of a presentation at a lawyers conference conducted by Osgoode Professional Development in Toronto on March 27, 2012. They are intended as information only and not legal advice.
The authors are experienced litigation and arbitration lawyers in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, who act on complex shareholder disputes, typically involving closely-held corporations.
These slides are regarding Ratio decidendi, a topic from judicial process.What is ratio. Ratio decidendi. Definitions. Hierarchy of English court. Difference between ratio decidendi and obiter dicta. Shades of meaning to the expression ratio decidendi.
The Role of Ratio Decidendi in Judicial Precedent. Rules of ratio decidendi. When precedent has multiple reasons. Where there are multiple judges. Determination of ratio decidendi. Ratio decidendi in Indian Scenario. Stare decisis and Article 141 Overruling Conclusion.
The doctrine of judicial precedent developed in common-law legal system centered on the notion of ratio decidenti of a case. According to the preliminary statement of the English rules of precedent, every court is bound to follow any case decided by a court above it in the hierarchy and appellate courts(other than House of Lords) are bound by their previous decisions. The decision or judgement of a judge may fall into two parts: The ratio decidendi (reason for the decision) Obiter dictum(something said which is not part of the judgement or said by the way).
What is ratio? • Meaning of ratio is the measure of a quantity in terms of another and decidendi means decision. • Ratio is a ruling on a point of law and the decision on a point of law depends on facts of a case. Culling out / obtaining ratio from a judgment is difficult. • A thorough reading of an entire judgment is required to identify a ratio. • Essence of the decision is the ratio. Every observation found in a judgement is not the ratio.
RATIO DECIDENDI Ratio decidendi is a legal rule derived from, and consistent with, those parts of legal reasoning within a judgment on which the outcome of the case depends. The ratio decidendi is "the point in a case that determines the judgment" or "the principle that the case establishes“. Ratio decidendi is a Latin phrase meaning "the reason" or "the rationale for the decision".
7. DEFINITION • According to Salmond “the ratio decidendi may be described roughly as the rule of law applied by and acted on by the court, or the rule which the court regarded as governing the case." • Sir Rupert Cross defined the ratio decidendi as ”any rule of law expressly or impliedly treated by the judge as a necessary step in reaching his conclusion, having regard to the line of reasoning adopted by him”(Precedent in English Law).
Ratio decidendi • Ratio decidendi ordinarily means the reason for deciding the case . The reason here is not; The fact of the case. The law that the case applies. The order of the case.
HIERARCHY OF ENGLISH COURTS
MAGISTRATES COURTS TRIBUNALS COUNTY COURT HIGH COURT SUPREME COURT (House of Lords) COURT OF APPEAL CROWN COURT CIVIL CRIMINAL DIVISIONAL COURT
Arbitration is emerging as the favored alternative dispute resolution method due to its expeditious procedure, confidentiality and flexibility. With the promulgation of numerous laws in Vietnam to facilitate arbitration and the backlog of cases in the local courts, arbitration has become a sensible option for foreign and domestic enterprises alike. Nevertheless, arbitration procedure in Vietnam is unlike the procedure found in international arbitration as well as in the local courts, and requires adaptation and adjustment of traditional litigation strategies to achieve the best results.
View more here: https://letranlaw.com/insight/losings-point-arbitration-procedures/
Hot Off the Presses: Recent Cases & Decisions (Series: Legal Ethics - Best Pr...Financial Poise
This webinar is for the lawyer -or anyone else- who wants to brush up on the latest issues and strategies to be aware of regarding legal ethics and best practices. The panelists discuss recent and important case law in the area and explain how those decisions can have real-world impact on the situations you may be involved in. Among others, the panel will address the following Model Rules of Professional Conduct: Rule 1.7-Conflict of Interest: Current Clients; Rule 1.8-Conflict of Interest: Current Clients: Specific Rules; Rule 3.8 - Special Responsibilities of a Prosecutor; and Rule 4.4(a) Respect for Rights of Third Persons.
To view the accompanying webinar, go to: https://www.financialpoise.com/financial-poise-webinars/recent-cases-decisions-2021/
The doctrine of stare decisis is best explained by reference to the English translation of the Latin phrase. "Stare decisis" literally translates as "to stand by decided matters". The phrase "stare decisis" is itself an abbreviation of the Latin phrase "stare decisis et non quieta movere" which translates as "to stand by decisions and not to disturb settled matters".
THE ANISMINIC DOCTRINE OF EXTENDED JURISDICTIONAL ERROR IN NEW SOUTH WALES SU...Dr Ian Ellis-Jones
First Published: (2007) 12 LGLJ 164 - All Rights Reserved. Disclaimer: The information contained in this publication does not constitute legal advice of any kind. The author Ian Ellis-Jones does not guarantee or warrant the current accuracy, legal correctness or up-to-dateness of the information contained in the publication.
LLB LAW NOTES ON LAW OF EVIDENCE
FREE AFFIDAVITS AND NOTICES FORMATS
FREE AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS FORMATS
FREE LLB LAW NOTES
FREE CA ICWA NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIRST SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SECOND SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW THIRD SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FOURTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIFTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SIXTH SEM NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FOUNDATION NOTES
FREE CA ICWA INTERMEDIATE NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FINAL NOTES
KANOON KE RAKHWALE INDIA
HIRE LAWYER ONLINE
LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
Corporate Law and Family Law at the Crossroads: Spouses as Shareholders in Canada 2012
Small and medium sized businesses are the engines which drive the North American economy. Increasingly, people go in to their own business. Often spouses and other family members are in business together. Because of mutual trust and sharing which exists at the start of these arrangements, spouses tend not to make agrements about what will happen if the marriage breaks down.
When spouses who are in business together divorce, there are also consequences for the business. Who will keep the business? What will the spouses be able to work together? How much is the business worth? Who should buy the business? How will a buyout be funded? These questions are just the tip of the iceberg.
In this PowerPoint slide presentation, we provide useful information about the legal problems confronting separating or divorcing couples who are in business together. By reviewing these slides you will gain important insights about the issues lawyers have to deal with in these situations. What law applies? What other kinds of experts do you need? What legal advice will you need to find a workable resolution? What evidence will you need if the case has to go to trial? What procedure must be followed? If you are in business with your spouse or life partner, the information in these slides provides a few pointers about Ontario law even if the relationship is continuing. Sometimes, a unanimous shareholders’ agreement or some strategic advice can help avoid expensive litigation down the road.
These slides were part of a presentation at a lawyers conference conducted by Osgoode Professional Development in Toronto on March 27, 2012. They are intended as information only and not legal advice.
The authors are experienced litigation and arbitration lawyers in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, who act on complex shareholder disputes, typically involving closely-held corporations.
These slides are regarding Ratio decidendi, a topic from judicial process.What is ratio. Ratio decidendi. Definitions. Hierarchy of English court. Difference between ratio decidendi and obiter dicta. Shades of meaning to the expression ratio decidendi.
The Role of Ratio Decidendi in Judicial Precedent. Rules of ratio decidendi. When precedent has multiple reasons. Where there are multiple judges. Determination of ratio decidendi. Ratio decidendi in Indian Scenario. Stare decisis and Article 141 Overruling Conclusion.
The doctrine of judicial precedent developed in common-law legal system centered on the notion of ratio decidenti of a case. According to the preliminary statement of the English rules of precedent, every court is bound to follow any case decided by a court above it in the hierarchy and appellate courts(other than House of Lords) are bound by their previous decisions. The decision or judgement of a judge may fall into two parts: The ratio decidendi (reason for the decision) Obiter dictum(something said which is not part of the judgement or said by the way).
What is ratio? • Meaning of ratio is the measure of a quantity in terms of another and decidendi means decision. • Ratio is a ruling on a point of law and the decision on a point of law depends on facts of a case. Culling out / obtaining ratio from a judgment is difficult. • A thorough reading of an entire judgment is required to identify a ratio. • Essence of the decision is the ratio. Every observation found in a judgement is not the ratio.
RATIO DECIDENDI Ratio decidendi is a legal rule derived from, and consistent with, those parts of legal reasoning within a judgment on which the outcome of the case depends. The ratio decidendi is "the point in a case that determines the judgment" or "the principle that the case establishes“. Ratio decidendi is a Latin phrase meaning "the reason" or "the rationale for the decision".
7. DEFINITION • According to Salmond “the ratio decidendi may be described roughly as the rule of law applied by and acted on by the court, or the rule which the court regarded as governing the case." • Sir Rupert Cross defined the ratio decidendi as ”any rule of law expressly or impliedly treated by the judge as a necessary step in reaching his conclusion, having regard to the line of reasoning adopted by him”(Precedent in English Law).
Ratio decidendi • Ratio decidendi ordinarily means the reason for deciding the case . The reason here is not; The fact of the case. The law that the case applies. The order of the case.
HIERARCHY OF ENGLISH COURTS
MAGISTRATES COURTS TRIBUNALS COUNTY COURT HIGH COURT SUPREME COURT (House of Lords) COURT OF APPEAL CROWN COURT CIVIL CRIMINAL DIVISIONAL COURT
Arbitration is emerging as the favored alternative dispute resolution method due to its expeditious procedure, confidentiality and flexibility. With the promulgation of numerous laws in Vietnam to facilitate arbitration and the backlog of cases in the local courts, arbitration has become a sensible option for foreign and domestic enterprises alike. Nevertheless, arbitration procedure in Vietnam is unlike the procedure found in international arbitration as well as in the local courts, and requires adaptation and adjustment of traditional litigation strategies to achieve the best results.
View more here: https://letranlaw.com/insight/losings-point-arbitration-procedures/
Hot Off the Presses: Recent Cases & Decisions (Series: Legal Ethics - Best Pr...Financial Poise
This webinar is for the lawyer -or anyone else- who wants to brush up on the latest issues and strategies to be aware of regarding legal ethics and best practices. The panelists discuss recent and important case law in the area and explain how those decisions can have real-world impact on the situations you may be involved in. Among others, the panel will address the following Model Rules of Professional Conduct: Rule 1.7-Conflict of Interest: Current Clients; Rule 1.8-Conflict of Interest: Current Clients: Specific Rules; Rule 3.8 - Special Responsibilities of a Prosecutor; and Rule 4.4(a) Respect for Rights of Third Persons.
To view the accompanying webinar, go to: https://www.financialpoise.com/financial-poise-webinars/recent-cases-decisions-2021/
The doctrine of stare decisis is best explained by reference to the English translation of the Latin phrase. "Stare decisis" literally translates as "to stand by decided matters". The phrase "stare decisis" is itself an abbreviation of the Latin phrase "stare decisis et non quieta movere" which translates as "to stand by decisions and not to disturb settled matters".
THE ANISMINIC DOCTRINE OF EXTENDED JURISDICTIONAL ERROR IN NEW SOUTH WALES SU...Dr Ian Ellis-Jones
First Published: (2007) 12 LGLJ 164 - All Rights Reserved. Disclaimer: The information contained in this publication does not constitute legal advice of any kind. The author Ian Ellis-Jones does not guarantee or warrant the current accuracy, legal correctness or up-to-dateness of the information contained in the publication.
LLB LAW NOTES ON LAW OF EVIDENCE
FREE AFFIDAVITS AND NOTICES FORMATS
FREE AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS FORMATS
FREE LLB LAW NOTES
FREE CA ICWA NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIRST SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SECOND SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW THIRD SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FOURTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIFTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SIXTH SEM NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FOUNDATION NOTES
FREE CA ICWA INTERMEDIATE NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FINAL NOTES
KANOON KE RAKHWALE INDIA
HIRE LAWYER ONLINE
LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION 2022_ Handling the ArbitrationFinancial Poise
The final episode will go through presenting your case and claims to the arbitrator or panel, including how to handle discovery demands and discovery disputes. When to decide if you really should make a motion and what motions are viable or make sense. Whether objections during the hearing are appropriate, various methods of testimony and the use of expert witnesses. How to prepare pre-trial statements, exhibit lists and witnesses for the arbitration. We will also cover the post-arbitration submissions and awards.
Part of the webinar series: ALTERNATE DISPUTE RESOLUTION - 101 2022
See more at https://www.financialpoise.com/webinars/
This episode will cover the arbitration process beginning with how to prepare and file claims, and review thoughts on picking an arbitrator (or arbitrators). From there we will cover preparing for the preliminary conference with the arbitrator. Understanding the Order that will flow from the preliminary conference and knowing what to ask for or have considered. We will review some thoughts on discovery requests and motion practice as well as types of awards as well as a few other miscellaneous matters that may be covered during the preliminary conference.
Part of the webinar series: ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION - 101 2022
See more at https://www.financialpoise.com/webinars/
TROs and Preliminary Injunctions (Series: Newbie Litigator School 101 - Part 1)Financial Poise
Sometimes—often at the beginning of a case—you need the court to take immediate action to protect your client’s interests or to maintain the status quo while the litigation progresses. This webinar discusses procedures and strategies for obtaining temporary restraining orders and preliminary injunctions. The topics discussed include the procedural and substantive requirements for obtaining TROs and preliminary injunctions, some best practices for how to succeed on motions seeking TROs and preliminary injunctions, and how to challenge and defeat those motions.
To view the accompanying webinar, go to: https://www.financialpoise.com/financial-poise-webinars/tros-and-preliminary-injunctions-2021/
What Are A Criminal Trial's Four Phases_.pdfYAKSHITHM
. The judges then determine whether or not to uphold the conviction. Additionally, Rockville Criminal Lawyer could run their firms and manage numerous criminal cases.
CasePacer is a cloud-based case management software for personal injury and mass tort law firms. With secure, anywhere, anytime access, CasePacer helps firms streamline operations, communicate and collaborate with the right people and time, and capture, organize, and track important case inputs, dates, contacts, expenses, and documents. Featuring built-in workflows and ticklers, an intuitive interface, a customer success team, and case-based pricing.
Learn how to effectively communicate to your business' leaders about the difference between arbitration and litigation, including associated benefits and risks.
These tips, pointers and information are intended for persons who must attend for cross-examination or examination for discovery in a civil proceeding in Ontario. There are some procedural differences between cross-examination and discovery but generally, preparation for the examination is the same.
CHAPTER 8 The TrialIntroductionFirst live, nat.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER 8
The Trial
IntroductionFirst live, nationally televised trial in the United States occurred in 1991William Kennedy SmithAllowed public to watch entire trial process from jury selection through verdict
Until then, public’s beliefs about trial process based on fictional TV trials
The Trial Process
Pretrial MotionsWritten or oral requests to the judge
Ask judge to make a ruling or order that action be taken in favor of the applicant
Made before opening statements or presentation of evidence
Types of MotionsDismissal of chargesNolle prosequi
Change of venue
Severance of defendants
Severance of charges
DiscoveryBill of particulars
Suppression of evidence
Intention to provide an alibi
Determination of competency
Continuance
The Right to a Speedy, Public, and Fair TrialSixth Amendment:
“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury”
Key questions:How soon after arrest must a trial be held?How much access should the public have?How do we ensure that the jury is untainted by prejudice?
The Right to a Speedy Trial“Justice delayed is justice denied”
Seriousness of charge has the greatest influence on length of case processing
Defining the Limits of a Speedy TrialFederal/state governments have established rules limiting time between arrest and trial
Barker v. Wingo – continuances do not necessarily infringe defendant’s right to speedy trial
Speedy trial rules only affect time between arrest and start of trial
The Courts, the Public, and the PressSixth Amendment guarantees right to a public trialIntended to ensure that accused is treated fairly by government by giving public full access to information regarding proceedingsDoes not define what makes a trial “public”
Public trial means one that the public is free to attendLimits on number of people allowed/required determined by courtroom size
Public TrialsPublic’s right to attendGannett Co., Inc. v. DePasquale: public and press could be barred from pretrial hearingsCourt has ruled that press and public should not be excluded from jury selection stage
Freedom of press and pretrial publicityGag orders may be issued by judges in high-profile casesPrior restraint should be used only when absolutely necessaryClear threat to the fairness of trialThreat is posed by the publicity to be restrainedNo less restrictive alternatives are available
Cameras in the CourtroomFlorida first let TV cameras into courts in 1977
All 50 states have rules permitting cameras in courts under certain circumstances
Congress considering legislation that would permit cameras in all federal courts
Bench Trial Versus Jury TrialAbout 80% of defendants convicted at trial are convicted by juries, 20% convicted in bench trial
Reasons to waive jury trialCrime is so heinousUnusual appearance of defendantExcessive media coverageCase is too complexAttorney fees may be lower
Constitutional Right to a Trial JurySixth Amendment guaran.
Similar to Chapter 10 11_advocacy_during_hearing_abct_week_9 (20)
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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3. But Wait…What Type of Hearing?
Different agencies allow different types of
hearings, depending on a number of factors:
• The distance of the parties to the court
• The cost and timeliness of the proceeding
• The format that would allow the most fairness
• The necessity of public access to a hearing
Adjudicators sometimes allow input on the type
of hearing, and will deal with submissions by the
parties in a pre-hearing conference:
3
4. But Wait…What Type of Hearing?
Hearings can Held in Several Formats:
• Section 5.2 of Ontario SPPA allows tribunal to hold an
electronic hearing unless prejudice arises
• An oral in-person hearing is the traditional method
• An electronic hearing through videoconferencing or
telephone is becoming more common
• A written hearing in which the evidence is presented to
the parties and adjudicator in written form (not suitable
when issues of credibility exist)
4
6. But Wait…What Type of Hearing?
Written Hearings are Special:
• Notices are sent out to parties, indicating next steps
and deadlines
• Applicant is required to submit documents and
argument first
• After deadline, respondent is asked to comment and
provides their evidence and argument
• Sometimes there is a need for the applicant to reply
• The tribunal then makes its decision, and sends it to the
parties
6
7. Who gets to take part in the proceedings
It’s not all up to you, each Board, Agency,
Tribunal and Commission has its own ways of
doing business.
Who Has Standing:
This is also universal, the agencies enabling statute will
determine jurisdiction, and who has a right to participate.
For instance, under the Residential Tenancies Act the
parties are the landlord and the tenant, and in a limited
circumstance, a prospective tenant or a former landlord.
7
8. Who gets to take part in the proceedings?
It’s not all up to you, each Board, Agency,
Tribunal and Commission has its own ways of
doing business.
Why is Standing Important:
Only parties with standing have a right to:
•
•
•
•
•
Give evidence
Make submission
Cross examine witnesses
Receive a copy of the decision
Review or appeal
8
9. Agencies have counsel for 2 reasons
Depending on the type of agency, there is
usually counsel for the agency providing one of
two functions, or both:
Functions may include:
1. Presenting a case to the tribunal on behalf of a party
or society in general, in an agency that acts as a
prosecutor. They act for agency, not tribunal.
2. Providing legal advice to the members of the agency
9
10. Adjudicators have an important role to play
Depending on the type of agency, the
adjudicator has a central role in having the
matter resolved fairly.
Functions may include:
1. Establishing procedures for conduct that are fair and
efficient
2. Listening to evidence, taking notes
3. Listening to argument and examining cases
4. Making a fair, and reasoned decision that applies the
facts to the law and merits of the case
10
11. Adjudicators have an important role to play
The adjudicator usually follows a process
similar to this:
Functions at the start of the hearing may include:
1. Opening preamble/remarks
2. Calls the case, names the parties and calls them
forward
3. Describes the case. Asks if there are any pre-hearing
submissions
4. Describes the hearing process, giving evidence, cross
examination, closing submissions
11
12. Adjudicators have an important role to play
The adjudicator usually follows a process similar
to this:
Functions during the hearing may include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Dealing with any pre-hearing motions
Making evidentiary decisions as issues arise
Reminding the parties what the central issues are
Dealing with conduct issues
Keeping track of exhibits as they are admitted
Questioning witnesses, usually after they have been
examined and cross examined…remember, this is not
just adversarial, it is inquisitorial
12
13. Adjudicators have an important role to play
The adjudicator usually follows a process
similar to this:
Functions at the end of the hearing may include :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hearing submissions about costs
Thanking the parties for attending
Advising them when they can expect a decision
Describing the process if a party disagrees with
decision
5. Sometimes, an oral decision will be given, followed
by a written order
13
14. Adjudicators have an important role to play
The adjudicator usually follows a process
similar to this:
Functions after the hearing may include :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Speaking to tribunal counsel about legal issues
Review the law so it can be applied correctly
Re-convene the hearing if important info is missing
Providing a draft decision for review
Writing a decision with clear reasons
14
15. The evidence begins
Chapter 11 in the textbook deals with issues of
witness examination and evidence. You should
have dealt with this in advocacy and evidence
law, but you must be familiar with:
1. Rules about evidence, admissibility, weight
2. The order and manner of witness examination,
examination in chief, cross examination and reply
3. Expert witnesses
4. Handling objections
5. Closing submissions
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19. The evidence begins
Phase
Preliminary
Issues
Purpose
Procedural issues heard before the facts are given
Opening
Statements
Where you are going and what you need to prove
Fact Finding
Testimony is presented, cross examined and re-examined
Closing
Submissions
Where you convince the court, based on what has been seen and
heard, to grant an order in your favour
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20. The evidence begins
Preliminary Issues
1. Adjournment request, just received disclosure, witness
is sick
2.
3.
4.
5.
Jurisdictional issues
Clarification of process
Request to exclude witness
Preliminary motions, strike pleadings, constitutional
question
6. Requests for disclosure
7. Request for special hearing block, hearing closed to
public
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21. The evidence begins
Opening Statements
1.Optional, usually done before you examine first witness
2.No more than 90 seconds
3.Give judge sense of where you are going, what you hope
to prove
4.Gives overview of issues
5.Details for adjudicator what order you are expecting
6.Time to refer to legislation specifically and on what
authority you are asking for the order i.e. eviction based
on Section 62 notice for damages
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22. The evidence begins – Fact Finding
Pattern of Question and Answers
Question
Examination in
Chief
Purpose
Representative for one side asks questions of its witnesses, using
very open-ended questioning. Focus on the “WHO, WHAT, WHEN,
WHERE and WHY”. You cannot lead a witness to the answer.
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23. The evidence begins – Fact Finding
Pattern of Question and Answers
Question
Examination in
Chief
Cross
Examination
Purpose
Representative for one side asks questions of its witnesses, using
very open-ended questioning. Focus on the “WHO, WHAT, WHEN,
WHERE and WHY”. You cannot lead a witness to the answer.
Representative for other side gets to ask them questions about
evidence just given, drawing out inconsistencies, contradictions and
lies. Cross examination questions can be leading, seeking either
“YES” or “NO” as an answer.
23
24. The evidence begins – Fact Finding
Pattern of Question and Answers
Question
Examination in
Chief
Cross
Examination
Re-Examination
Purpose
Representative for one side asks questions of its witnesses, using
very open-ended questioning. Focus on the “WHO, WHAT, WHEN,
WHERE and WHY”. You cannot lead a witness to the answer.
Representative for other side gets to ask them questions about
evidence just given, drawing out inconsistencies, contradictions and
lies. Cross examination questions can be leading, seeking either
“YES” or “NO” as an answer.
If witness was damaged or less than clear in cross examination,
representative whose witness it is can ask for clarification or
expansion of evidence given in order to rehabilitate testimony.
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25. We are almost done
Closing Submissions
• Time when everything is tied together
• Sometimes called closing argument or summation
• Where you try to convince the Court, based on what
they have heard and seen, to do something.
• Time to ask for the order and be specific, whether it be
termination, rent, money, conduct conditions, costs,
interest, compensation for damage etc.
• Ask the adjudicator for written reasons if you wish to
have more than a bare-bones order.
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26. We are almost done
Closing Submissions
1. Recite “briefly” the major issues you believe you have
proven through your evidence, or through the cross
examination of the other side’s witnesses.
2. Describe the section of the statute that contains the
remedy or relief for which you applied.
3. Try to superimpose the facts you feel you’ve proven, to the
section of the law on which you are relying. Talk about
public policy, the big picture.
4. Use court decisions, preferably binding ones from
appellate courts, to show the adjudicator how Courts have
dealt with the issue, and what decisions might be binding
on them, requiring the granting of order you are seeking.
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27. Tribunals have the Power to Control their Process
While tribunals are not courts with inherent
power, it is long established that they have
rights to control their process, within reason.
This power comes from many places:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Statutory Powers Procedure Act
Decisions from reviewing courts
Their enabling statute
Their Rules of Practice and Procedure
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28. Tribunals have the Power to Control their Process
Statutory Powers Procedure Act – Name the Section!
1. Power to prevent an abuse of process
2. Power to make inquiries
3. Power to ask a court to commence contempt
proceedings
4. Power to bar an incompetent representative
5. Power to order costs
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29. Tribunals have the Power to Control their Process
Statutory Powers Procedure Act – Name the Section!
6. Power to dismiss if frivolous or vexatious
7. Power to issue summonses
8. Power to examine witnesses
9. Power to make rules
10.Power to order disclosure
11.Power to hold closed hearings
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30. The tough work is done. Where to next??
Next Week…Conduct Outside the Hearing
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