The document discusses the resolution of private disputes through the court system in the United States. It describes the hierarchy of federal and state courts, including trial courts that have either general or limited jurisdiction. It also discusses the concepts of subject matter jurisdiction, in personam jurisdiction, and in rem jurisdiction. Finally, it provides an overview of the civil litigation process, including pleadings, discovery, pre-trial motions, trial procedures, and post-trial remedies.
Chapter 2 - The Resolution of Private DisputesUAF_BA330
The document discusses the US judicial system and resolution of private disputes through the courts. It describes the differences between state and federal court systems, as well as civil and criminal jurisdiction. The stages of civil litigation are outlined, including pre-trial procedures like discovery and motions, and the trial process involving jury selection, witness examination, and closing arguments.
El documento resume los conceptos clave de la quiebra y el juicio de convocatoria de acreedores. Explica que la quiebra es el estado de desequilibrio económico entre el activo y pasivo de una persona, y que puede ser iniciada por un solo acreedor. También describe el juicio de convocatoria como un procedimiento preventivo iniciado por el deudor insolvente para evitar la quiebra mediante un acuerdo con los acreedores, el cual es obligatorio para comerciantes. Finalmente, resume los requisitos para solicitar la conv
Este documento discute os direitos reais e a posse. Resume os principais pontos da posse, incluindo sua aquisição, efeitos como a proteção possessória e percepção de frutos, e perda da posse. Também aborda a propriedade, definindo seus elementos constitutivos, classificação, e extensão do direito de propriedade.
El documento describe los derechos reales y el derecho de propiedad en el derecho romano. El derecho de propiedad es el derecho real más absoluto y se compone de tres facultades: usar, percibir frutos y disponer de la cosa. Existían varios tipos de propiedad en Roma que se adquirían principalmente a través de la mancipatio, la traditio o la usucapión. La propiedad estaba sujeta a diversas limitaciones de carácter religioso, municipal, de paso público o minero.
Este documento presenta una introducción a la prueba ilícita y la prueba indiciaria en el nuevo Código Procesal Penal peruano. Explica las definiciones de prueba ilícita según la doctrina, la jurisprudencia y el CPP. También describe los elementos y valor probatorio de la prueba indiciaria, y compara las diferencias entre prueba ilícita y prueba irregular. Finalmente, resume el marco normativo de la prueba ilícita en la Constitución y el CPP.
El documento explica el trámite de las excepciones previas en Colombia. Detalla las diferentes excepciones que se pueden presentar, el orden en que deben resolverse, los plazos para cada paso del trámite, y las normas especiales para diferentes procesos como ejecutivo, divisorio y agrario.
Este documento resume los conceptos clave de los actos procesales y la sentencia según el Código Procesal Civil peruano. Explica que los actos procesales son aquellos emanados de las partes, agentes de la jurisdicción o terceros durante un proceso, y que pueden crear, modificar o extinguir efectos procesales. Luego describe las diferentes clases de actos procesales como los del tribunal, las partes y los del juez. Finalmente, detalla los requisitos y partes de una sentencia, incluyendo la expositiva,
Ms. Blair gave her dog Claymore to Mrs. Wilson approximately two years ago. She did not seek payment and said placement with Mrs. Wilson would be perfect. Mrs. Wilson immediately changed the dog's name to George. Now Ms. Blair claims ownership of George. The letter analyzes previous court cases and concludes the court will likely rule that Ms. Blair intended to gift George to Mrs. Wilson when she delivered him, and thus George belongs to Mrs. Wilson as a legal gift.
Chapter 2 - The Resolution of Private DisputesUAF_BA330
The document discusses the US judicial system and resolution of private disputes through the courts. It describes the differences between state and federal court systems, as well as civil and criminal jurisdiction. The stages of civil litigation are outlined, including pre-trial procedures like discovery and motions, and the trial process involving jury selection, witness examination, and closing arguments.
El documento resume los conceptos clave de la quiebra y el juicio de convocatoria de acreedores. Explica que la quiebra es el estado de desequilibrio económico entre el activo y pasivo de una persona, y que puede ser iniciada por un solo acreedor. También describe el juicio de convocatoria como un procedimiento preventivo iniciado por el deudor insolvente para evitar la quiebra mediante un acuerdo con los acreedores, el cual es obligatorio para comerciantes. Finalmente, resume los requisitos para solicitar la conv
Este documento discute os direitos reais e a posse. Resume os principais pontos da posse, incluindo sua aquisição, efeitos como a proteção possessória e percepção de frutos, e perda da posse. Também aborda a propriedade, definindo seus elementos constitutivos, classificação, e extensão do direito de propriedade.
El documento describe los derechos reales y el derecho de propiedad en el derecho romano. El derecho de propiedad es el derecho real más absoluto y se compone de tres facultades: usar, percibir frutos y disponer de la cosa. Existían varios tipos de propiedad en Roma que se adquirían principalmente a través de la mancipatio, la traditio o la usucapión. La propiedad estaba sujeta a diversas limitaciones de carácter religioso, municipal, de paso público o minero.
Este documento presenta una introducción a la prueba ilícita y la prueba indiciaria en el nuevo Código Procesal Penal peruano. Explica las definiciones de prueba ilícita según la doctrina, la jurisprudencia y el CPP. También describe los elementos y valor probatorio de la prueba indiciaria, y compara las diferencias entre prueba ilícita y prueba irregular. Finalmente, resume el marco normativo de la prueba ilícita en la Constitución y el CPP.
El documento explica el trámite de las excepciones previas en Colombia. Detalla las diferentes excepciones que se pueden presentar, el orden en que deben resolverse, los plazos para cada paso del trámite, y las normas especiales para diferentes procesos como ejecutivo, divisorio y agrario.
Este documento resume los conceptos clave de los actos procesales y la sentencia según el Código Procesal Civil peruano. Explica que los actos procesales son aquellos emanados de las partes, agentes de la jurisdicción o terceros durante un proceso, y que pueden crear, modificar o extinguir efectos procesales. Luego describe las diferentes clases de actos procesales como los del tribunal, las partes y los del juez. Finalmente, detalla los requisitos y partes de una sentencia, incluyendo la expositiva,
Ms. Blair gave her dog Claymore to Mrs. Wilson approximately two years ago. She did not seek payment and said placement with Mrs. Wilson would be perfect. Mrs. Wilson immediately changed the dog's name to George. Now Ms. Blair claims ownership of George. The letter analyzes previous court cases and concludes the court will likely rule that Ms. Blair intended to gift George to Mrs. Wilson when she delivered him, and thus George belongs to Mrs. Wilson as a legal gift.
O documento descreve as ações possessórias no direito brasileiro, incluindo a proteção possessória, as ações judiciais de reintegração de posse, manutenção de posse e interdito proibitório, características comuns como a fungibilidade e cumulação atípica, e o procedimento para ajuizamento e resposta do réu em ações possessórias.
Law School Writing Sample - Interoffice MemorandumArash Razavi
The memorandum discusses a case involving Casey McNeill, a high school senior who was suspended for refusing to cut his long hair and submit to a drug test. McNeill grew out his hair for a school musical production of Hair and faced harassment from peers for keeping his long hair after the show. The school claimed his hair violated its dress code requiring "good grooming." McNeill also refused a random drug test required for extracurricular activities. The memorandum analyzes whether the school had authority to suspend McNeill under the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendments. It concludes the suspension for his hair violated McNeill's free speech and due process rights and the drug test policy violated his privacy rights.
El documento define la posesión como la tenencia de una cosa con ánimo de señor o dueño. Explica que la posesión implica una relación del hombre con las cosas basada en el poder o dominación sobre ellas. Además, detalla que la posesión tiene elementos objetivos como la tenencia física de un bien y elementos subjetivos como el ánimo de dueño. Finalmente, clasifica la posesión en regular e irregular dependiendo de si cumple o no con los requisitos de justo título, buena fe y tradición.
Este documento presenta un resumen de la unidad 8 sobre la fase probatoria en el derecho procesal civil. Explica conceptos clave como la prueba, el derecho probatorio y la prueba procesal. Además, describe los principios rectores de la prueba procesal y diversos criterios de clasificación de pruebas. Finalmente, enumera los medios de prueba regulados por el Código Procesal Civil del Distrito Federal.
El documento describe conceptos relacionados con el proceso civil y penal. Explica que el proceso es una serie de actos que se desarrollan progresivamente para resolver un conflicto mediante juicio de una autoridad. Tiene como objetivos resolver el conflicto y garantizar derechos individuales y paz social. También presenta teorías sobre la naturaleza jurídica del proceso y los elementos subjetivos y objetivos que lo componen, como las partes, el juez y el conflicto.
La sucesión puede ser inter vivos o mortis causa. En la sucesión mortis causa, otra persona reemplaza a la fallecida en su patrimonio. Existen sucesiones testadas, donde el causante dispuso del destino de sus bienes en un testamento, sucesiones intestadas donde no hubo testamento y la ley determina los herederos, y sucesiones mixtas donde parte es voluntaria y parte legal.
Este documento describe la jurisdicción agraria en Panamá. Explica que la Constitución establece una jurisdicción agraria especial para resolver disputas relacionadas con la tierra y la actividad agraria. Se crearán juzgados agrarios en cada provincia para tratar estos asuntos de manera más rápida y efectiva en el lugar del conflicto. La jurisdicción agraria busca proteger la actividad agrícola y garantizar la seguridad alimentaria en el país.
Direitos Reais. aquisição da propriedade. usucapiãoGuido Cavalcanti
O documento discute os vários modos de aquisição da propriedade imobiliária no direito civil brasileiro, incluindo usucapião, registro de título e acessão. A usucapião pode ser extraordinária, ordinária ou especial, e requer elementos como posse e decurso de tempo. A acessão ocorre por formação de ilhas, aluvião, avulsão ou abandono de álveo.
El documento describe una compraventa de una casa entre Livia y Marco que resultó problemática. La casa estaba involucrada en un litigio entre Marco y Gala, y Gala terminó ganando el caso. Además, la casa ya había sido hipotecada previamente. Livia demandará a Marco, y Gala demandará a Livia para recuperar la casa. Tulio, un banquero, le prestó dinero a Livia con la casa como garantía, pero la hipoteca no es válida.
Este documento trata sobre el concepto de filiación por naturaleza y el marco jurídico relacionado con la filiación en la República Dominicana. Explica que la filiación por naturaleza es aquella en la que los hijos son procreados biológicamente por sus padres sin intervención de factores externos. Además, destaca la importancia del derecho a la identidad de los niños y las convenciones internacionales que lo protegen. Por último, resume los aspectos clave de la legislación dominicana sobre la filiación matrimon
El documento habla sobre la autonomía de la voluntad en los actos jurídicos y define conceptos como hecho jurídico, acto jurídico y negocio jurídico. Explica que el acto jurídico es aquel que produce efectos jurídicos voluntariamente y que cumple con los requisitos legales. También clasifica los diferentes tipos de actos jurídicos y establece sus elementos y requisitos de validez según el Código Civil.
Este documento resume el juicio ejecutivo en Perú, específicamente para obligaciones de dar. Explica que el juicio ejecutivo tiene como objetivo obtener el cumplimiento forzado de una obligación mediante el apremio al deudor. Describe los dos cuadernos que comprende (ejecutivo y de apremio), los requisitos para iniciarlo (título ejecutivo, obligación líquida, actualmente exigible y no prescrita), y los diferentes tipos de títulos ejecutivos perfectos reconocidos por la ley per
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de obligaciones, incluyendo obligaciones divisibles e indivisibles, obligaciones solidarias e indivisibles, y clasificaciones de obligaciones indivisibles. Explica que las obligaciones indivisibles no permiten un cumplimiento parcial, mientras que las obligaciones solidarias comparten características como la responsabilidad total de cada deudor y el derecho del acreedor a cobrar a cualquier deudor. También destaca las similitudes en el régimen normativo de Costa Rica y Chile respecto a las obligaciones indivisibles.
Este documento describe tres tipos de sucesiones (testamentaria, intestada y contractual) y varios tipos de testamentos (público, cerrado y ológrafo). Explica que la sucesión testamentaria se rige por la voluntad del causante expresada en un testamento, mientras que la sucesión intestada se rige por la ley cuando no existe testamento. También prohíbe la sucesión contractual y describe los requisitos y formalidades de los diferentes tipos de testamentos.
Modo de extincion de las obligaciones en el derecho romanoJesusMarin11
Este documento clasifica los modos de extinción de las obligaciones en el derecho romano en voluntarias y necesarias. Las voluntarias incluyen el pago y la novación, mientras que las necesarias incluyen la confusión y la prescripción. También distingue entre modos que extinguen la obligación de raíz y modos que solo permiten oponer una excepción temporal o definitiva a la acción del acreedor.
El documento habla sobre la propiedad en el derecho romano. Explica que la propiedad daba al propietario el derecho absoluto, exclusivo y perpetuo sobre una cosa. Había limitaciones de derecho público, como la expropiación por utilidad pública, y limitaciones de derecho privado, como servidumbres y acciones entre vecinos. También resume la evolución del concepto de propiedad en Roma y menciona los fundamentos legales de la propiedad en la Constitución y el Código Civil de Venezuela.
ENJ-400 Acciones en Interdictos Posesorios y Los Daños NoxalesENJ
Este documento describe las acciones posesorias y las demandas por daños noxales en la legislación dominicana. Brevemente, las acciones posesorias protegen la posesión continua y pacífica de una propiedad, mientras que los daños noxales se refieren a daños causados por animales o personas, por los cuales el propietario es responsable a menos que pruebe lo contrario. El documento explica los elementos, condiciones y procesos legales asociados con estas acciones y demandas.
Sample special motion to strike for CaliforniaLegalDocsPro
This sample special motion to strike for California is also known as an anti-SLAPP motion and is made pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16 on the grounds that the lawsuit filed against the defendant or cross-defendant be stricken as it is a SLAPP suit and that the lawsuit arises from an act or acts of the defendant in furtherance of the their right of petition or free speech under the United States or California Constitution in connection with a public issue. The term SLAPP is an acronym for a strategic lawsuit against public participation. The sample on which this preview is based is 12 pages and includes brief instructions, memorandum of points and authorities with citations to case law and statutory authority, a sample declaration and proof of service by mail.
1) La donación es un acto entre vivos por el cual el donante se desprende actual e irrevocablemente de la cosa donada a favor del donatario que la acepta.
2) Las donaciones deben hacerse ante notario bajo pena de nulidad.
3) Existen excepciones como las donaciones disfrazadas, indirectas y el don manual que no requieren formalidad.
Este documento define las obligaciones y describe sus características principales en 3 oraciones o menos:
1. La obligación consiste en el derecho de un acreedor a exigir que un deudor cumpla con una prestación como un pago, tarea o abstención.
2. Las obligaciones son vínculos jurídicos entre acreedores y deudores que permiten la exigencia forzosa del cumplimiento a través de medios legales, y los acreedores pueden cobrar de los bienes presentes y futuros del deudor.
3
The federal judiciary consists of three levels: the U.S. Supreme Court, 13 U.S. Courts of Appeals, and 94 U.S. District Courts. The Supreme Court sits at the top and hears appeals from lower courts, while District Courts are trial courts that hear initial cases. Appeals courts sit in between the other two levels.
This document provides an overview and instructions for navigating an online course. It includes sections for the instructor's contact information, the course syllabus, schedule, and content for Week 1 which focuses on the topic and outcomes for the week along with associated activities and assignments. The document is intended to welcome and orient the student to the course.
O documento descreve as ações possessórias no direito brasileiro, incluindo a proteção possessória, as ações judiciais de reintegração de posse, manutenção de posse e interdito proibitório, características comuns como a fungibilidade e cumulação atípica, e o procedimento para ajuizamento e resposta do réu em ações possessórias.
Law School Writing Sample - Interoffice MemorandumArash Razavi
The memorandum discusses a case involving Casey McNeill, a high school senior who was suspended for refusing to cut his long hair and submit to a drug test. McNeill grew out his hair for a school musical production of Hair and faced harassment from peers for keeping his long hair after the show. The school claimed his hair violated its dress code requiring "good grooming." McNeill also refused a random drug test required for extracurricular activities. The memorandum analyzes whether the school had authority to suspend McNeill under the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendments. It concludes the suspension for his hair violated McNeill's free speech and due process rights and the drug test policy violated his privacy rights.
El documento define la posesión como la tenencia de una cosa con ánimo de señor o dueño. Explica que la posesión implica una relación del hombre con las cosas basada en el poder o dominación sobre ellas. Además, detalla que la posesión tiene elementos objetivos como la tenencia física de un bien y elementos subjetivos como el ánimo de dueño. Finalmente, clasifica la posesión en regular e irregular dependiendo de si cumple o no con los requisitos de justo título, buena fe y tradición.
Este documento presenta un resumen de la unidad 8 sobre la fase probatoria en el derecho procesal civil. Explica conceptos clave como la prueba, el derecho probatorio y la prueba procesal. Además, describe los principios rectores de la prueba procesal y diversos criterios de clasificación de pruebas. Finalmente, enumera los medios de prueba regulados por el Código Procesal Civil del Distrito Federal.
El documento describe conceptos relacionados con el proceso civil y penal. Explica que el proceso es una serie de actos que se desarrollan progresivamente para resolver un conflicto mediante juicio de una autoridad. Tiene como objetivos resolver el conflicto y garantizar derechos individuales y paz social. También presenta teorías sobre la naturaleza jurídica del proceso y los elementos subjetivos y objetivos que lo componen, como las partes, el juez y el conflicto.
La sucesión puede ser inter vivos o mortis causa. En la sucesión mortis causa, otra persona reemplaza a la fallecida en su patrimonio. Existen sucesiones testadas, donde el causante dispuso del destino de sus bienes en un testamento, sucesiones intestadas donde no hubo testamento y la ley determina los herederos, y sucesiones mixtas donde parte es voluntaria y parte legal.
Este documento describe la jurisdicción agraria en Panamá. Explica que la Constitución establece una jurisdicción agraria especial para resolver disputas relacionadas con la tierra y la actividad agraria. Se crearán juzgados agrarios en cada provincia para tratar estos asuntos de manera más rápida y efectiva en el lugar del conflicto. La jurisdicción agraria busca proteger la actividad agrícola y garantizar la seguridad alimentaria en el país.
Direitos Reais. aquisição da propriedade. usucapiãoGuido Cavalcanti
O documento discute os vários modos de aquisição da propriedade imobiliária no direito civil brasileiro, incluindo usucapião, registro de título e acessão. A usucapião pode ser extraordinária, ordinária ou especial, e requer elementos como posse e decurso de tempo. A acessão ocorre por formação de ilhas, aluvião, avulsão ou abandono de álveo.
El documento describe una compraventa de una casa entre Livia y Marco que resultó problemática. La casa estaba involucrada en un litigio entre Marco y Gala, y Gala terminó ganando el caso. Además, la casa ya había sido hipotecada previamente. Livia demandará a Marco, y Gala demandará a Livia para recuperar la casa. Tulio, un banquero, le prestó dinero a Livia con la casa como garantía, pero la hipoteca no es válida.
Este documento trata sobre el concepto de filiación por naturaleza y el marco jurídico relacionado con la filiación en la República Dominicana. Explica que la filiación por naturaleza es aquella en la que los hijos son procreados biológicamente por sus padres sin intervención de factores externos. Además, destaca la importancia del derecho a la identidad de los niños y las convenciones internacionales que lo protegen. Por último, resume los aspectos clave de la legislación dominicana sobre la filiación matrimon
El documento habla sobre la autonomía de la voluntad en los actos jurídicos y define conceptos como hecho jurídico, acto jurídico y negocio jurídico. Explica que el acto jurídico es aquel que produce efectos jurídicos voluntariamente y que cumple con los requisitos legales. También clasifica los diferentes tipos de actos jurídicos y establece sus elementos y requisitos de validez según el Código Civil.
Este documento resume el juicio ejecutivo en Perú, específicamente para obligaciones de dar. Explica que el juicio ejecutivo tiene como objetivo obtener el cumplimiento forzado de una obligación mediante el apremio al deudor. Describe los dos cuadernos que comprende (ejecutivo y de apremio), los requisitos para iniciarlo (título ejecutivo, obligación líquida, actualmente exigible y no prescrita), y los diferentes tipos de títulos ejecutivos perfectos reconocidos por la ley per
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de obligaciones, incluyendo obligaciones divisibles e indivisibles, obligaciones solidarias e indivisibles, y clasificaciones de obligaciones indivisibles. Explica que las obligaciones indivisibles no permiten un cumplimiento parcial, mientras que las obligaciones solidarias comparten características como la responsabilidad total de cada deudor y el derecho del acreedor a cobrar a cualquier deudor. También destaca las similitudes en el régimen normativo de Costa Rica y Chile respecto a las obligaciones indivisibles.
Este documento describe tres tipos de sucesiones (testamentaria, intestada y contractual) y varios tipos de testamentos (público, cerrado y ológrafo). Explica que la sucesión testamentaria se rige por la voluntad del causante expresada en un testamento, mientras que la sucesión intestada se rige por la ley cuando no existe testamento. También prohíbe la sucesión contractual y describe los requisitos y formalidades de los diferentes tipos de testamentos.
Modo de extincion de las obligaciones en el derecho romanoJesusMarin11
Este documento clasifica los modos de extinción de las obligaciones en el derecho romano en voluntarias y necesarias. Las voluntarias incluyen el pago y la novación, mientras que las necesarias incluyen la confusión y la prescripción. También distingue entre modos que extinguen la obligación de raíz y modos que solo permiten oponer una excepción temporal o definitiva a la acción del acreedor.
El documento habla sobre la propiedad en el derecho romano. Explica que la propiedad daba al propietario el derecho absoluto, exclusivo y perpetuo sobre una cosa. Había limitaciones de derecho público, como la expropiación por utilidad pública, y limitaciones de derecho privado, como servidumbres y acciones entre vecinos. También resume la evolución del concepto de propiedad en Roma y menciona los fundamentos legales de la propiedad en la Constitución y el Código Civil de Venezuela.
ENJ-400 Acciones en Interdictos Posesorios y Los Daños NoxalesENJ
Este documento describe las acciones posesorias y las demandas por daños noxales en la legislación dominicana. Brevemente, las acciones posesorias protegen la posesión continua y pacífica de una propiedad, mientras que los daños noxales se refieren a daños causados por animales o personas, por los cuales el propietario es responsable a menos que pruebe lo contrario. El documento explica los elementos, condiciones y procesos legales asociados con estas acciones y demandas.
Sample special motion to strike for CaliforniaLegalDocsPro
This sample special motion to strike for California is also known as an anti-SLAPP motion and is made pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16 on the grounds that the lawsuit filed against the defendant or cross-defendant be stricken as it is a SLAPP suit and that the lawsuit arises from an act or acts of the defendant in furtherance of the their right of petition or free speech under the United States or California Constitution in connection with a public issue. The term SLAPP is an acronym for a strategic lawsuit against public participation. The sample on which this preview is based is 12 pages and includes brief instructions, memorandum of points and authorities with citations to case law and statutory authority, a sample declaration and proof of service by mail.
1) La donación es un acto entre vivos por el cual el donante se desprende actual e irrevocablemente de la cosa donada a favor del donatario que la acepta.
2) Las donaciones deben hacerse ante notario bajo pena de nulidad.
3) Existen excepciones como las donaciones disfrazadas, indirectas y el don manual que no requieren formalidad.
Este documento define las obligaciones y describe sus características principales en 3 oraciones o menos:
1. La obligación consiste en el derecho de un acreedor a exigir que un deudor cumpla con una prestación como un pago, tarea o abstención.
2. Las obligaciones son vínculos jurídicos entre acreedores y deudores que permiten la exigencia forzosa del cumplimiento a través de medios legales, y los acreedores pueden cobrar de los bienes presentes y futuros del deudor.
3
The federal judiciary consists of three levels: the U.S. Supreme Court, 13 U.S. Courts of Appeals, and 94 U.S. District Courts. The Supreme Court sits at the top and hears appeals from lower courts, while District Courts are trial courts that hear initial cases. Appeals courts sit in between the other two levels.
This document provides an overview and instructions for navigating an online course. It includes sections for the instructor's contact information, the course syllabus, schedule, and content for Week 1 which focuses on the topic and outcomes for the week along with associated activities and assignments. The document is intended to welcome and orient the student to the course.
Common steps in a personal injury lawsuitbarbaralee564
Futerman Partners LLP has over 30 years of experience in handling litigation cases from car accidents to slip and fall lawsuits, we can help you get justice you deserve.
This document provides an overview of white-collar crimes and organized crime. It defines white-collar crimes as typically nonviolent offenses committed by people from middle and upper socioeconomic classes through deceit and fraud to obtain money or benefits. Examples include identity theft, computer fraud, tax fraud, and money laundering. Federal and state laws criminalize many of these offenses. The document also discusses organized crime and laws targeting racketeering like the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act.
Civil RICO - Racketeer Influenced and Corruption Organizations ActEthan Burger
Racketeer Influenced and Corruption Organizations Act (Civil) -- An introduction to U.S. RICO Law -- originally used to target organized crime, with the passage of time the line between organized crime and legitimate business has become less clear. A Russian language version is available.
Small groups of students will identify local plants and animals, research them online, take pictures on a nature walk, and compile the information into a PowerPoint presentation. They will work together to research wildlife and vegetation online, download pictures from their nature walk, and create a slideshow of their findings to share with the class. Finally, they will review their presentation and gathered information to ensure it is complete and error-free.
The document provides an overview of business law topics including the US court system and judicial review. It discusses that judicial review was established in 1803 by Marbury v. Madison, allowing courts to review the constitutionality of laws. It also describes the differences between trial courts, which hear initial cases and present evidence, and appellate courts, which review trial court rulings. The document outlines the litigation process including pleadings, discovery, and electronic filing of documents.
The rainbow is an arc of light that appears in the sky during sunny and rainy weather, it is caused by the refraction, dispersion and reflection of sunlight through raindrops. The rainbow has seven colors - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet - which can relate to different emotions. A secondary rainbow may sometimes appear outside the primary rainbow.
This Power Point presentation can be used as an introduction of the colors of the rainbow for young children or as a resource for reviewing the colors of the rainbow for older children.
Used in Science Group Work (University of Oviedo)
The narrator saw it raining heavily from their window and warned their sister not to go outside into the garden, but the sister went anyway. After the rain stopped and the sun came out, a rainbow appeared. The narrator and sister rushed to get a view of the rainbow from the ground floor, but by the time they got there it had faded. Disappointed, they made a rainbow display in the garden out of various found objects. After praying, a real rainbow appeared in the sky, making them happy.
This document discusses the science of rainbows. It explains that white light is made up of different colors and that when white light hits raindrops, the different colors are scattered and refracted at different angles, causing a rainbow effect. The document guides students through an experiment using a CD and white card to catch a rainbow and observe how white light is scattered by water droplets.
The document discusses several topics related to the US legal system including:
1) Judicial review was established in 1803 by the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison, granting courts the power to review the constitutionality of laws.
2) For a court to hear a case it must have jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter. Jurisdiction is being applied to internet cases based on the level of interaction between parties.
3) The US government branches are executive, legislative, and judicial. The judicial branch includes federal and state court systems with trial and appellate courts.
This lesson plan teaches students about rainbows through a series of hands-on activities. Students will learn the colors of the rainbow by singing songs and watching videos. They will then perform an experiment where they create rainbows in glasses of water by following instructions. After observing the color order in their rainbows, students will write and color the colors of the rainbow in the correct order. As an extension activity, students will work with the art teacher to draw a large rainbow on the playground using chalk to demonstrate how rainbows are formed.
This document provides an overview of legal, ethical, and safety issues in the healthcare workplace. It begins with learning objectives related to patient-provider relationships, liability concepts, employment laws, ethics, and ethical dilemmas. It then discusses basic concepts of healthcare law including civil and criminal law, and torts such as negligence and medical malpractice. The role of HR is described in ensuring compliance with employment laws. Major legislation impacting healthcare employment is outlined, including laws regarding discrimination, workplace safety, leave, privacy, and more. The roles of the EEOC and OSHA in enforcing these laws are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of judicial review, jurisdiction, establishing minimum contacts in an internet context, the state and federal court systems, the stages of a state court case including pleadings, discovery, pretrial motions, trial procedures, post-trial motions, appeals, and enforcing judgments. It also discusses alternatives to litigation for resolving disputes such as negotiation, mediation, and arbitration.
The document discusses traditional and online dispute resolution. It defines judicial review as established by the US Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison, giving courts the power to interpret the law. It also discusses jurisdiction, which is a court's power to hear a case, and the differences between trial courts of original jurisdiction and appellate courts. Finally, it summarizes alternative dispute resolution methods like negotiation, mediation, and arbitration that provide alternatives to costly and lengthy litigation.
ACC 150THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESSWith Doreen .docxbartholomeocoombs
ACC 150
THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS
With Doreen Smith, Esquire
Chapter 2
*
THE COURT SYSTEM AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION OVERVIEWThe Court SystemFederal and state courtsThe Court ProcedureThe procedural steps for a lawsuit when the case goes to trial.Alternative Dispute ResolutionWhen parties resolve a dispute using alternative methods of resolution (don’t go to trial).
THE COURT SYSTEM
What is a court? Tribunal established by law to:
Hear and decide matters brought before it,
Provide remedies (this would include monetary damages and equitable relief) when wrongs have been committed, and
Prevent possible future wrongs.
Courts award money damages and provide equitable relief.
*
THE COURT SYSTEMJurisdictionCourt’s power to hear a court case; the power to act over a particular defendant. Subject matter jurisdiction Jurisdiction over the subject matter of a case. For example, the Federal Bankruptcy Court cannot hear a divorce case.General jurisdictionCourt that can hear most controversiesLimited jurisdictionCourt that can hear only a particular type of case. Such as the Federal Bankruptcy Court can only hear bankruptcy cases.
Chapter Two
THE COURT SYSTEMPersonal jurisdiction (not covered in textbook but should be covered)This is the power of a court over a particular person (second part of jurisdiction definition).Example: You had a car accident with a Mr. Jones who lives in California. The car accident happened in Pennsylvania and you are a resident of Pennsylvania. You have never been to California. Mr. Jones sues you in California. The California court would lack personal jurisdiction over you.
COURT SYSTEMThe courts in the United States are organized into the state and federal court systems, each (generally) with three levels: trial courts (has original jurisdiction).appellate courts.a supreme court.Supreme and appellate courts review the decisions of trial courts and either affirm, reverse or remand the lower court’s decision.Appellate jurisdiction reviews the work of a lower court. No trials occur in an appellate court. This court determines whether the judgment of a lower court was correct.
Chapter Two
*
THE FEDERAL COURTS
Chapter Two
United States
Supreme Court
United States Court
Of Appeals
United States
District Court
The U.S. District Court is the trial court in Pennsylvania we have 3 Courts.—the local one is the U.S. District Ct. for the Eastern District of PA
The U.S. Ct. of Appeals is the first appellate court. Pennsylvania is in the 3rd Circuit.
The U.S. Supreme Court is the final appellate court.
PENNSYLVANIA COURTS
Chapter Two
*The Commonwealth Court only hears appeals relating to local or
state government. The Superior Court hears all other appeals.
**De Novo –means over again. In this situation, you can appeal a district justice case and have the entire case tried over again.
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
Commonwealth Court*
Superior Court
Court of Common Pleas–
Tria.
The court system serves three main functions: trial, judgement, and appeal. In a trial, evidence is presented and facts are determined. The court then issues a judgement regarding guilt/liability and consequences. Losing parties can appeal judgements to higher courts that review decisions and ensure proper legal procedures were followed. The trial court is where cases first begin based on the subject and individuals involved. Judgements explain the court's rationale and rulings. Appeals courts have power to overturn prior rulings if needed to uphold justice.
Jurisdiction Under Private International Law.pdfnipasakter1
This document provides an overview of foreign judgments and jurisdiction under private international law. It discusses key concepts like jurisdiction, choice of law, and recognition of foreign judgments. Regarding jurisdiction, it explains the differences between civil and common law approaches. Choice of law examines traditional rules like lex loci celebrationis and lex fori. The document also outlines procedures for notifying parties and enforcing foreign judgments. Overall, it covers the major considerations and rules regarding international legal cases that involve multiple countries or jurisdictions.
This document provides a summary of the United States and state court systems, including:
- The structure and selection of judges in the federal court system established by the Constitution compared to state court systems established by state laws and constitutions.
- The process for appealing decisions within the federal and state court hierarchies.
- The differences between civil and criminal cases and their jurisdiction in state and federal courts.
The document discusses the process of a lawsuit, beginning with a plaintiff filing a complaint against a defendant. It describes the defendant's options to respond by filing an answer, motions to dismiss, or demurrer. It also explains complications that can arise with multiple parties, claims, laws from different jurisdictions being applied, and the rare cases that reach trial. Most civil lawsuits are resolved before trial through settlement.
The U.S. court system is triangular with many trial courts at the bottom, fewer appeals courts in the middle, and a supreme court at the top at both the federal and state levels. Trial courts determine facts and apply the law, while appellate courts review trials for legal errors. The U.S. Supreme Court mainly hears appeals involving constitutional issues or disagreements between circuit courts. Specialized courts exist at both federal and state levels to handle specific areas like bankruptcy, taxes, or family law. Jurisdiction and venue determine where a case can be properly filed and heard.
The U.S. court system is triangular with many trial courts at the bottom, fewer appeals courts in the middle, and a supreme court at the top at both the federal and state levels. Trial courts determine facts and apply the law, while appellate courts review trials for legal errors. The U.S. Supreme Court mainly hears appeals involving constitutional issues or disagreements between circuit courts. Specialized courts exist at both federal and state levels to handle specific areas like bankruptcy, tax, or juvenile cases. Jurisdiction and venue determine where a case can be properly filed and heard.
The U.S. court system is triangular with many trial courts at the bottom, fewer appeals courts in the middle, and a supreme court at the top at both the federal and state levels. Trial courts determine facts and apply the law, while appellate courts review trials for legal errors. The U.S. Supreme Court mainly hears appeals involving constitutional issues or disagreements between circuit courts. Specialized courts exist at both federal and state levels to handle specific areas like bankruptcy, tax, or juvenile cases. Jurisdiction and venue determine where a case can be properly filed and heard.
American and English court systems follow the adversarial system where each client is represented by an attorney. The American court system ensures due process through procedural rules like the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Generally, the litigation process begins with contacting an attorney for advice and then involves pleadings, discovery, pre-trial procedures, trial, and potential post-trial motions or appeals. Trials are used to present evidence and allow plaintiffs to prove their allegations by a preponderance of the evidence.
The document discusses the Australian legal system, including the main sources of law and the role of courts. It focuses on case law (common law) and how precedent is developed through judicial decisions. A key case discussed is Donoghue v Stevenson, which established the neighbour principle of duty of care in tort law. The summary establishes that case law is developed through judicial precedent where higher courts can overrule and distinguish previous decisions of lower courts to develop legal principles over time.
The document summarizes the American court system. It describes a three-tiered federal court system consisting of district courts, appellate courts, and the Supreme Court. It also outlines state court systems, which generally have trial courts, appellate courts, and a state supreme court. The document provides details on criminal case courts and their functions at different levels. It also discusses pretrial activities like bail, grand juries, preliminary hearings, and arraignment and pleas.
The document provides an overview of conflict of laws and discusses several key concepts:
1. It defines conflict of laws and discusses the nature and scope of the subject, including that it deals with private international disputes and determines jurisdiction, applicable law, and recognition of judgments.
2. It examines theories of jurisdiction, choice of law methods like unilateralism and multilateralism, and exceptions to applying foreign law.
3. It analyzes recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments and how this is done in Ethiopia through treaties and fulfilling conditions in the Civil Procedure Code.
4. Specific areas of law covered include contractual obligations, where the proper law and party autonomy principles are discussed, and non-contractual obligations
The postings should reflect individual comprehension and inquire.docxgabrielaj9
The postings should reflect individual comprehension and inquires of the material and include supporting information that is properly referenced. The initial posts should be the
minimum
of a short paragraph and a maximum of two paragraphs (approximately 250 words). Also 2 references
Chapter 1
Chapter 1.10 The Legal System
The United States has become an increasingly litigious society; annually, millions of lawsuits are filed by citizens seeking legal remedy to problems they have encountered in the course of their personal or professional lives. Therefore, recreation and sport managers must understand the basic components of the complex United States legal system, including origins of the law, the legal system, and the legal process.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
Origins of the Law
There are multiple sources of law including Constitutional law and laws enacted, enforced, and interpreted by the three branches of government.
A constitution is a document that sets forth the basic principles of government, including limits on government power. The federal government, as well as all 50 states, has a constitution; each constitution provides citizens many protections.
Additionally, the federal and state governments each have three branches that exist as a source of law: the legislative branch, which is responsible for enacting new laws and amending existing laws through federal or state legislatures; the executive branch, which enforces existing laws through elected officials or administrative agencies; and, the judicial branch which interprets constitutions or other existing laws through the federal and state court systems.
Legislative Branch
A Congress (or legislature), either state or federal, is the legislative branch of the government, comprised of elected officials in the Senate and in the House of Representatives.
Executive Branch
Often times, statutes require further explanation to be applied to real-life scenarios. This guidance typically comes in the form of regulations created by the executive branch, or an administrative agency created by the executive branch. Regulations are “rules and administrative codes issued by governmental agencies at all levels, municipal, county, state and federal. Although they are not laws, regulations have the force of law, since they are adopted under authority granted by statutes, and often include penalties for violations.”
Judicial Branch
Whether the source of law is a constitution, a statute, or a regulation, the judicial branch is charged with interpreting and applying the law by adjudicating legal claims. When a court makes a decision in a legal case, and authors a written opinion, the decision is referred to as case law; the collective body of case law is called common law.
The Legal System
Once laws are created, they must be interpreted and applied to particular circumstances; as discussed above, this interpretation/application occurs in the judiciary, or court systems.
Federal Court Syst.
The document provides definitions and information about the jurisdiction and functions of the Magistrates' Court of Victoria, including that it hears approximately 250,000 criminal and civil cases annually, has original jurisdiction over summary offenses and indictable offenses heard summarily, and refers civil matters under $10,000 to arbitration. It also establishes several specialist divisions within the court to handle particular case types like family violence and drug offenses.
This document discusses key legal terms and concepts related to the US legal system. It covers the differences between federal and state courts, the types of courts (criminal and civil), and common legal procedures like filing a complaint, discovery, and trial. It also discusses legal research methods and the structure of a legal memorandum. The key topics covered include the constitution, common law, jurisdiction, burdens of proof, damages, motions, alternative dispute resolution, and primary vs secondary legal sources.
This document discusses key concepts related to the nature of law including:
1) It outlines different types and sources of law such as constitutions, statutes, common law, administrative law, treaties, and ordinances.
2) It describes important legal doctrines like stare decisis, equity, and federal supremacy.
3) It classifies law into public law, private law, criminal law, civil law, substantive law, and procedural law.
4) It discusses jurisprudential philosophies like legal positivism, natural law, and legal realism and how they influence legal reasoning.
5) It provides examples of key cases that illustrate statutory interpretation, limitations on judicial power
Similar to Chapter 2 - The Resolution of Private Disputes (20)
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
3. Learning Objectives
State courts and their jurisdiction
Federal courts and their jurisdiction
Civil Procedure
Alternative Dispute Resolution
2-3
4. The U.S. Judicial System
The United States has a federal court system
and each state has a court system
A Court is established by a government to
hear and decide matters before it and redress
past or prevent future wrongs
Jurisdiction (the power to hear and speak)
may be original (trial) or appellate (reviews
trial court)
2-4
5. Federal Court Hierarchy
U.S. Supreme Court (appellate jurisdiction;
final review and final decision)
Courts of Appeals (appellate jurisdiction)
District Courts (trial courts; original
jurisdiction) or Statutory Courts (original
limited jurisdiction), such as Tax Court,
Court of Int’l Trade, Court of Federal
Claims, etc.
2-5
6. State Court Hierarchy
State Supreme Court (final appellate)
State Civil or Criminal Courts of Appeals
District Courts (trial courts for civil matters
over certain $ amount) and Criminal Courts
County Courts (civil trial courts for matters
under certain $ amount)
Justice of the Peace Courts (small claims and
misdemeanor courts)
Limited Jurisdiction Courts (e.g., family, traffic)
2-6
7. General vs. Limited Jurisdiction
General jurisdiction courts (i.e., trial courts)
hear most types of cases
Levels generally classified according to dollar
amount of damages or location
Examples: county courts, district courts
Limited jurisdiction courts hear specialized
types of cases; appeals from decisions often
require new trial in general jurisdiction court
Examples: traffic court, tax court, family court
2-7
8. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction
Subject-matter jurisdiction refers to a court’s
authority to hear a particular type of dispute
Courts of criminal jurisdiction hear trials of
crimes and misdemeanors
Offenses against the public at large
Courts of civil jurisdiction hear and decide
issues concerning private rights and duties
(e.g., contracts, torts), and non-criminal
public matters (e.g., zoning, probate)
2-8
9. In Personam or In Rem
Jurisdiction
In addition to subject-matter jurisdiction, a
court must have either in personam or in rem
jurisdiction
In personam jurisdiction requires that the
defendant be a resident of, located within, or
have committed acts within the physical
boundaries of the court’s authority
2-9
10. In Personam or In Rem
Jurisdiction
In rem jurisdiction applies when property that
is the subject of the dispute is located within
physical boundaries of the court’s authority
Example: a dispute over a house sale
2 - 10
11. Bombliss v. Cornelsen
Facts & Procedural History:
Illinois residents sued Oklahoma residents in
Illinois court and the Oklahoma defendants
moved to dismiss for lack of in personam
jurisdiction
Trial court dismissed complaint and Plaintiffs
appealed
Issue: Does the Illinois long-arm statute permit
state courts to exercise jurisdiction over
Oklahoma defendants?
2 - 11
12. Bombliss v. Cornelsen
Analysis and Application to Facts:
Defendant must purposefully avail self of privilege
of conducting activities within the state so he
would reasonably anticipate being haled into
state’s court
Where a contract exists, minimum contacts shown
by negotiations between parties, course of dealing
between parties, and foreseeable consequences
Existence of a contract, defendants’ interactive
website, and contact with potential customers of
plaintiffs equate to minimum contacts
2 - 12
13. Bombliss v. Cornelsen
Holding:
In personam jurisdiction exists. Trial court
decision reversed and case remanded.
2 - 13
14. Federal Court Jurisdiction
Federal courts must have jurisdiction based
on diversity or federal question
Diversity jurisdiction exists when the dispute
is between citizens of different states and
amount in controversy exceeds $75,000
Federal question jurisdiction exists when the
dispute arises under the Constitution, laws,
or treaties of the United States
2 - 14
15. Internet Solutions Corp. v.
Marshall
Issue for Motion to Dismiss:
Whether court has subject matter jurisdiction and
whether court can exercise in personam
jurisdiction
Reasoning:
Subject matter jurisdiction proper in federal court
when there is a matter in controversy over $75,000
between citizens of different states
In this case, subject matter jurisdiction exists
2 - 15
16. Internet Solutions Corp. v.
Marshall
Reasoning and Holding:
In personam jurisdiction has two parts: does
Florida have a long-arm statute and is defendant
afforded protection of the Due Process Clause of
the U.S. Constitution
Florida’s long-arm statute grants such jurisdiction
Due process requires that defendant have “sufficient
minimum contacts” with the state (purposeful availment)
Marshall’s website that may be viewed by Florida residents
doesn’t meet minimum contacts standard
Motion to dismiss granted
2 - 16
17. Civil Procedure
A set of rules establishing how a lawsuit
proceeds from beginning to end
In an adversarial system, the plaintiff bears
the burden of proof to prove his/her case by
a preponderance of the evidence
Once the plaintiff has made a prima facie
case (i.e., proved the basic case), the burden
of proof may shift to the defendant
2 - 17
18. Civil Pre-Trial Procedure
Action or event occurs allegedly causes
harm
Injured party, known as Plaintiff, files a
Petition or Complaint
Sheriff serves process (writ, notice,
summons) on Defendant
Defendant Answers Complaint
Case proceeds to trial or settlement
2 - 18
19. Civil Pre-Trial Procedure
Plaintiff’s complaint or petition plus the
defendant’s answer or response are known
as the pleadings
Defendant may enter a counterclaim against
the plaintiff or a cross-complaint against a
third party
Other parties may enter the case
2 - 19
20. Civil Pre-Trial Procedure
Motion Practice: some motions ask the judge
to decide the result before trial
Motion to dismiss (or demurrer)
Motion for judgment on the pleadings
Motion for summary judgment
Motions should NOT be taken lightly!
2 - 20
21. Civil Pre-Trial Procedure
Discovery: Obtaining evidence from other
party through interrogatories, requests for
admissions, requests for documents, and
depositions
Discovery process can be a battleground
See Allstate Indemnity Co. v. Ruiz
Pretrial Conference: Where judge will hear
and rule on many evidentiary issues,
discovery disputes, and other concerns
2 - 21
22. Civil Trial Procedure
Jury Selection
Voir Dire or Jury
Questioning
Opening Statement
from each party
2 - 22
23. Civil Trial Procedure
Plaintiff’s case through direct examination of
witnesses (defendant performs cross-
examination) and defendant’s case through
direct examination (and plaintiff’s cross-
examination)
2 - 23
24. Civil Trial Procedure
Closing argument or
summation from
each party
Jury verdict
2 - 24
25. Civil Trial Procedure
Trial motions include: motions in limine
(motion to limit evidence), voluntary non-
suit or dismissal (drop the case), motion for
compulsory non-suit or summary judgment
After summation or closing argument, a
party may move for a mistrial (injustice or
overwhelming prejudice) or directed verdict
(weight of evidence leads to only one
conclusion)
2 - 25
26. Civil Trial Procedure
Trier of Fact sees material evidence (physical
objects, documents), hears testimony of
witnesses (who provide factual evidence),
and decides outcome of the case based on
facts; trier of fact may be judge or jury
Matters of law are issues not of fact, but of
law; matters of law decided only by a judge
E.g., whether a statute means X or Y, or one law
or another applies to the facts
2 - 26
27. Civil Post-Trial Procedure
After the jury verdict, a party may make a
motion for new trial, judgment non obstanto
verdicto (notwithstanding the verdict;
JNOV) or remittitur (defendant’s request for
the judge to reduce the amount of damages
the jury recommended; very common)
2 - 27
28. Civil Post-Trial Procedure
After a judgment has been entered, losing
party may appeal decision to a higher court
After a judgment, winning party must
have the judgment executed (carried out) to
obtain money, property, or action ordered
by the court
Bottom line: a judgment is issued and
enforcement of the judgment begins
2 - 28
29. Point of Procedure
Not all dispute resolution mechanisms in
the legal system are heard by a judge
Disputes with government often resolved by
the relevant administrative agency
Administrative agencies generally have a unique
dispute resolution process (hearings, appeals)
Also, disputants may choose alternative
dispute resolution
2 - 29
30. Alternate Dispute Resolution
Arbitration: dispute settled by one or more
arbitrators selected by the parties to a
dispute; relatively formal; Uniform or
Federal Arbitration acts typically used
Mediation: parties choose neutral party to
aid resolution of dispute
Reference to Third Party: dispute resolution
by rent-a-judge, minitrial, summary jury
trial, or association tribunal
2 - 30
31. Why Choose ADR?
Less costly, in general
May be more appropriate method of
resolution for certain types of cases
Example: family law disputes, real estate
disputes between neighbors, high-tech or
trade-secret disputes
May be required by clause in contract
Example: Preston v. Ferrer
2 - 31
32. Preston v. Ferrer
Facts and Ruling:
Ferrer entered into contract with Preston
Preston invoked contract’s arbitration clause
Ferrer argued contract was unenforceable
because Preston violated state law
U.S. Supreme Court:
When parties agree to arbitrate disputes, FAA controls
and dispute must be submitted to arbitration even if
state law appears to give initial decision-making
authority to a court or an administrative agency
2 - 32
33. Test Your Knowledge
True=A, False = B
A trial court has original jurisdiction and an
appellate court has appellate jurisdiction
The difference between general jurisdiction and
limited jurisdiction is based on the amount in
controversy (the damages amount)
Subject-matter jurisdiction refers to a court’s
authority to hear a particular type of dispute
2 - 33
34. Test Your Knowledge
True=A, False = B
In personam jurisdiction refers to the court’s
jurisdiction over the defendant, but in rem
jurisdiction refers to the court’s jurisdiction
over the property in dispute
The burden of proof solely rests on the
plaintiff
Matters of law are determined by either the
jury or the judge.
2 - 34
35. Test Your Knowledge
Multiple Choice
Diversity jurisdiction refers to:
(a) a jury pool that reflects the ethnic makeup of the
city
(b) a citizen’s lawsuit against the government
(c) a lawsuit by a citizen of one state against a
citizen of a different state
Methods of alternative dispute resolution:
(a) Mediation
(b) Arbitration
(c) Summary jury trial
(d) All of the above
2 - 35
36. Test Your Knowledge
Multiple Choice
Discovery refers to:
(a) the discovery that a dispute exists
(b) the pre-trial process involving interrogatories,
requests for admissions, and requests for
documents
(c) the analysis of fault in a dispute
After the verdict:
(a) Either party may make post-verdict motions
(b) The trial must end
(c) The trial begins
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37. Thought Question
If you were served with a lawsuit, what
would you do about it?
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Editor's Notes
This is a well-known dog breeder case. In Bombliss v. Cornelsen, the Oklahoma defendants’ Internet use helped lead to a conclusion that the courts of Illinois could properly exert in personam jurisdiction over the defendants. As Bombliss illustrates, Internet activities of a nonresident defendant frequently play a key role in the determination of whether a state or federal court’s exertion of in personam jurisdiction over that defendant is legally permissible.
Compare the Bombliss case to the Internet Solutions case, which illustrates the application of diversity jurisdiction and in personam jurisdiction principles in the federal court system.
Internet Solutions Corp. (ISC), a Nevada corporation, has its principal place of business in Orlando, Florida. ISC, which operates various employment recruiting and internet advertising websites, sued Tabatha Marshall, a resident of the State of Washington, in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida. In its lawsuit, ISC alleged that on her website, Marshall made false and defamatory statements asserting that ISC engaged in ongoing criminal activity, scams, and phishing. According to ISC, these statements caused injury to ISC’s business in Florida. Marshall filed a motion to dismiss the case because, in her view, neither subject matter nor in personam jurisdiction existed. Court: “whether the district court has subject matter jurisdiction in the case at bar [and the question] whether the district court can exercise in personam jurisdiction over the nonresident defendant pursuant to [Florida law] and the Due Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution…A district court’s determination of in personam jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant generally entails a two-part inquiry. First, the court must determine whether the exercise of jurisdiction is appropriate under [the state’s] longarm statute. Second, the court must determine whether there are sufficient minimum contacts with the forum state to satisfy the Due Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution and traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice…. Marshall has not adequately rebutted ISC’s allegation of long-arm jurisdiction based on the claim that the tort was committed in Florida and that injury resulted in Florida. …Therefore, the court finds that ISC has satisfied its [first] burden and assumes that there is jurisdiction under Florida’s long-arm statute for the purposes of deciding the instant motion…. [D]ue process requires that in order to subject a defendant to a judgment in personam [in a state in which she does not reside, she must] have certain minimum contacts with [the forum state, so that] the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice…. three-part test to determine whether the minimum contacts requirement has been satisfied. First, “the contacts must be related to the plaintiff ’s cause of action.” Second, “the contacts must involve some act by which the defendant purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum.” Third, “the defendant’s contacts with the forum must be such that the defendant should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.”…Marshall has not made Florida-specific contacts. The mere fact that Marshall’s website was accessible to residents everywhere and a resident of Florida responded does not amount to purposeful availment…. ISC has failed to meet its burden of establishing sufficient minimum contacts, . . . [Therefore,] in personam jurisdiction over the nonresident defendant in this court would be improper. Defendant’s motion granted and case dismissed.
A district court’s determination of in personam jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant generally entails a two-part inquiry. First, the court must determine whether the exercise of jurisdiction is appropriate under [the state’s] longarm statute. Second, the court must determine whether there are sufficient minimum contacts with the forum state to satisfy the Due Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution and traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice…. Marshall has not adequately rebutted ISC’s allegation of long-arm jurisdiction based on the claim that the tort was committed in Florida and that injury resulted in Florida. …Therefore, the court finds that ISC has satisfied its [first] burden and assumes that there is jurisdiction under Florida’s long-arm statute for the purposes of deciding the instant motion…. [D]ue process requires that in order to subject a defendant to a judgment in personam [in a state in which she does not reside, she must] have certain minimum contacts with [the forum state, so that] the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice…. three-part test to determine whether the minimum contacts requirement has been satisfied. First, “the contacts must be related to the plaintiff ’s cause of action.” Second, “the contacts must involve some act by which the defendant purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum.” Third, “the defendant’s contacts with the forum must be such that the defendant should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.”…Marshall has not made Florida-specific contacts. The mere fact that Marshall’s website was accessible to residents everywhere and a resident of Florida responded does not amount to purposeful availment…. ISC has failed to meet its burden of establishing sufficient minimum contacts, . . . [Therefore,] in personam jurisdiction over the nonresident defendant in this court would be improper. Defendant’s motion granted and case dismissed.
Allstate Indemnity Co. v. Ruiz: One month after securing insurance coverage from Allstate Indemnity Co. for their Chevrolet Blazer, Joaquin and Paulina Ruiz purchased an Oldsmobile Cutlass. They instructed Allstate agent Paul Cobb to add that vehicle to the policy. Cobb added the Cutlass to the policy but mistakenly deleted the Blazer. The Ruizes were not notified that the Blazer was no longer covered under their insurance policy. Joaquin Ruiz was later involved in an accident while driving the Blazer. When the Ruizes submitted a claim for collision coverage, Allstate denied payment, asserting that the Blazer was not covered under the policy. The Ruizes filed suit, alleging that Cobb and Allstate had been negligent in deleting the Blazer from the insurance policy, and that Allstate had engaged in bad faith and unfair claim settlement practices in violation of a Florida statute. After the filing of the lawsuit, Allstate admitted its obligation to provide collision coverage. Even though the basic coverage issue was resolved, the bad faith claim remained pending. In connection with the bad faith claim, the Ruizes sought discovery of certain documents, including Allstate’s claim and investigative file and materials, Allstate internal manuals, and Cobb’s file regarding the bad faith claim. Allstate refused to supply the requested documents, so the Ruizes asked the trial court to compel production of them. After reviewing the documents sought by the Ruizes, the trial judge ordered that the documents be provided to them because the documents contained relevant information regarding Allstate’s handling of the underlying insurance claim. The judge also determined that the requested documents did not constitute work product or attorney-client communications and thus were not exempt from disclosure during the discovery process. (Because communications between an attorney and his or her client are privileged, they are not subject to discovery. Work product is a term used to describe documents and materials prepared by an attorney and his or her client in anticipation of litigation. In general, work product is not subject to discovery.) Allstate appealed to Florida’s intermediate court of appeals, arguing that the dispute over the Ruizes’ insurance coverage was immediately apparent when Allstate refused to make payment, that litigation was anticipated at all pertinent times, and that all of the material sought by the Ruizes was nondiscoverable work product. The appellate court concluded that several requested items were not protected work product and therefore were properly discoverable, including: Cobb’s statement of January 7, 1997; computer diaries and entries from the date Joaquin Ruiz reported the accident on December 28, 1996, through January 10, 1997; and a January 7, 1997, memorandum from an Allstate insurance adjustor to her boss. However, the appellate court determined that the balance of the documents sought by the Ruizes were prepared by Allstate in anticipation of litigation and were thus nondiscoverable work product. Both parties were dissatisfied with the appellate court’s decision, the Ruizes because some of what they sought was held nondiscoverable and Allstate because some of what it sought to withhold was held discoverable. The Supreme Court of Florida granted Allstate’s request for review.
The hyperlink is to the case and information on the Oyez.org website. The irony of this case is that the case involved a contract dispute between Judge Alex Ferrer, currently arbitrating disputes on the Fox Channel television show as “Judge Alex.” His lawyer and manager, Arnold Preston, worked as personal manager for entertainers. In June 2005, Preston began arbitration proceedings with American Arbitration Association claiming fees due from Ferrer’s earnings from “Judge Alex” under a contract the parties signed in 2002 that had an arbitration agreement. The agreement provided that disputes about the validity of the contract would be decided by arbitration. Ferrer filed a motion to stay the arbitration, arguing that under the California Talent Agencies Act (TAA ), the dispute should first be heard by the California Labor Commission. Specifically, Ferrer argued that Preston was working as an unlicensed talent agent when their contract was signed, thus the contract was invalid under the TAA (requires that talent agents be licensed). Supporting "Judge Alex" in the case were the Screen Actors Guild and the American Federation of Television & Radio Artists. The dispute really was about who got to decide whether Preston was an unlicensed talent agent or an unregulated personal manager. The Court of Appeal in a 2-1 decision held that the Labor Commissioner had authority to resolve the dispute about Preston’s status under the TAA and that the FAA did not preempt the TAA, basing this second decision on U.S. Supreme Court precedence in Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna . Preston appealed the decision to the California Supreme Court, which denied review, and then he appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Supreme Court promptly heard the case and issued its decision a mere one month later. Apparently, the U.S. Supreme Court read Buckeye very differently from the California court because it found Preston v. Ferrer to be essentially controlled by its prior decision in Buckeye.
True False. General jurisdiction refers to a court that may hear a wide variety of cases, but limited jurisdiction refers to a court that may only hear specific types of cases, such as tax, traffic, probate, or family disputes. True.
True. False. The burden of proof begins with the plaintiff, but once a plaintiff proves a prima facie (on its face) case, the burden may shift to the defendant. For example, in an auto accident case, the plaintiff may prove the prima facie case by showing a police report that places the fault of the accident on the defendant and showing that the accident caused plaintiff’s injuries (property damage, physical injury). The burden then shifts to the defendant, who may raise a defense, such as contributory negligence. False. Only a judge may determine a matter of law. A judge OR jury may act as the trier of fact.
The correct answer is (c) The correct answer is (d)
The correct answer is (b) The correct answer is (a). Post-verdict motions include remittitur, motion for new trial, motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict.