Chapter 1 introduction

Highway Engineering I, Chapter One,
Introduction
1
Road Engineering
Chapter One
Introduction

Definition of Transportation Modes
Introduction
2
 A transportation system is an infrastructure that
serves to move people and goods efficiently.
 The transportation system consists of fixed
facilities, flow entities, and a control
component.
 Efficient = safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient,
economical, environmentally compatible.

Transportation System
Introduction
3
 Major transportation subsystems
 Land transportation: highway, rail
 Air transportation: domestic, international
 Water transportation: inland, coastal,
ocean
 Pipelines: oil, gas, other
 Highways are the most dominant mode of transport in most
countries of the world including Ethiopia.
 Highways are vitally important for economic growth of a
country especially for developing countries like Ethiopia.

Highway/Road Engineering
Introduction
4
Definition
 Highway engineering is an engineering discipline
branching from civil engineering that involves the
planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance
of roads, bridges, and related infrastructure to ensure safe
and effective transportation of people and goods.
Or
The application of technology and scientific principles to
the planning, functional design, operation, and management
of roads, streets and highways, their networks, terminals,
abutting lands, and relationships with other modes of
transportation.

Areas of highway transportation engineering:
Introduction
5
 Planning of streets and highways
 Geometric design of road facilities
 Traffic operations and control
 Traffic safety
 Maintenance of road facilities and controls

Highway Transportation System Needs
Road Engineering, Chapter One, Introduction
6
 Fixed facilities: roads, intersections, interchanges,
service stations, etc.
 Flow entities: passenger cars, buses, trucks,
pedestrians, etc.
 Control component: highway administration, local
transportation agencies, transportation engineering.

Highway Engineering Division
Introduction
7
Basically divided into four parts, namely
 Geometry of highway
 Pavement engineering
 Highway maintenance
 Transportation planning

Introduction
8
Geometry of Highway

Introduction
9
Pavement Engineering

Introduction
10
Highway Construction, Operation,
Maintenance and Rehabilitation

Introduction
11
Transportation Planning

Introduction
12
History of Highway/Road Engineering

Introduction
13
Cont…

Ancient Roads
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 The first mode of transport was by foot.
 The next major mode of transport was the use of animals
for transporting both men and materials. Since these loaded
animals required more horizontal and vertical clearances
than the walking man, track ways emerged.
 The invention of wheel in Mesopotamian civilization led to
the development of animal drawn vehicles. Then it became
necessary that the road surface should be capable of
carrying greater loads.
 These have led to the development of foot-paths.

• The earliest large scale road construction is attributed to
Romans who constructed an extensive system of roads
radiating in many directions from Rome.
Introduction
15
Romans Road

Occurred during the regime of Napoleon.
The significant contributions were given by Tresaguet in 1764
and a typical cross section of this road is given in Figure 1:2.
Road Engineering, Chapter One, Introduction
16
French Road

• The British government also gave importance to road
construction. The British engineer John Macadam
Introduced what can be considered as the first scientific
road construction method.
Introduction
17
British Road

• The modern roads by and large follow Macadam's
construction method.
• Use of bituminous concrete and cement concrete are
the most important developments.
• Various advanced and cost effective construction
technologies are used.
Introduction
18
Modern Road

Road in Ethiopia
Introduction
19
 Historic chronicles of the 17th and 18th centuries show that there
were a number of small roads trails and foot paths, in addition to
the traditional shoulder porter age.
 During second Italian occupation i.e. between the years 1896 and
1936 that a great success was made in road construction
 In 1903 the road from Eritrea to Addis Ababa and the road from
Addis to Addis-Alem were built. In addition it was during this
time that the first Asphalt roads appeared in Addis.
 The roads and trails built and improved during the 5 years Italian
occupation were about 6000km. Approximately 2500 km of
them were given a single asphalt surface treatment, drainage
structures were usually of stone masonry and at least three
tunnels were built.

Cont…
Introduction
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 Following the eviction of the Italian occupiers:
ERA was established in 1951.
 The Organization managed to undertake
various physical and policy issue assignments.
 During its establishment the total road network
amounted to 6,400 km, which was mainly built
during the Italian invasion.

Cont…
Introduction
21
 In 2009, Ethiopia has a total of 101,359 km of
road, both paved and gravel road.
 Asphalt: 90,336km
 gravel,: 11,023km
 Maintained by regional government:
86,580km
 Road density increased from 21 km per 1000km2
(1995) to 889 km per 1000km2 (2009)
 Ethiopia plans to expand its road network to
200,000km by 2020.

Introduction
22
 In 2006, Ethiopia only had one expressway: Addis
Ababa ring road.
 Four lane limited access divided highway
 In 2014, Addis Ababa- Adama expressway was
completed (the second express way in Ethiopia)
 Six lane limited access divided highway
 Constructed by CCCC company
 Length 80km and width 30m.
 Know a days the third expressway is under
construction.
 Mojo – Hawassa expressway
Cont…

Introduction
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Classification according to legal control
 Private road: owned by private entitles
 Public road: owned by the government
 Combined public and private road
Classification according to surface types
 Paved or unpaved
 Paved road: is classified as flexible
pavement, rigid pavement and composite
pavement.
Classification applied to geometric design
 Divided or Undivided.
Classification of Highways

Cont…
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Classification according to service function
 Freeways and arterials: provide movement of
thorough traffic
 Local Roads: used exclusively for land access
 Collector: provide a combined service
Classification according to traffic volumes
 The high and low traffic volumes are carried by
different roads.
 Freeway or Arterial: carries high volume
 Local and Collectors: carries light volume
Classification according to Location
 Urban highway: those highway that are located in
major town cities and capital of the country
 Rural highway: those that are located in rural areas
not classified as urban

Introduction
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Classification according to ERA
According to ERA the following main classifications
were established
 A Class: Trunk Roads
 B Class: Link Roads
 C Class: Main Access Roads
 D Class: Collector Roads
 E Class: Feeder Roads.
Basic base for ERA classification is importance of the
road, volume of traffic, demography, agriculture
including livestock, mines and quarries, industry and
international borders
Cont…

Thank You
The next will be route survey and location
Introduction
26

Chapter 1 introduction

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