ETC

1. BE, GTU, Sem-3 Subject: ETC Faculty: Ashok Pandya
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Chapter-1 Dynamics of Communication
INDEX
1) Definition and process
2) Kinesics
3) Proxemics
4) Paralinguistic features
5) Importance of Interpersonal and
Intercultural Communication in today’s
organizations
(1) What is communication? Explain the process (model) of
communication. (2013,2014,2015,2016)
Introduction:
“People fail to get along because they fear each other;
They fear each other because they don't know each other;
They don't know each other because they have not communicated with each other.”
- Martin Luther King
Communication is art. Success and Failure depend on communication, whoever is popular or
famous or successful it is also because of their communication skills. Many candidates are
selected in interview not just because of their knowledge but because of their soft skills also.
Research conducted by Harvard University concluded that 85% of job success comes from
having well‐developed soft and people skills, and only 15% of job success comes from technical
skills and knowledge (hard skills)
What is communication?
Communication is a word derived from the Latin word ‘communis’ which means ‘to make common’
or ‘to share’. Communication is the act of expressing ideas from one person to another person.
Communication is the art of transmitting information, ideas and attitudes from one person to
another.

2. BE, GTU, Sem-3 Subject: ETC Faculty: Ashok Pandya
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Communication is when information is passed from a sender to a receiver using a medium.
Communication skills are important to everyone they are how we give and receive information
and convey our ideas and opinions with those around us.
Characteristics of Communication
 Communication is a process, Communication is a two way process which involves; Sender, idea,
Encoding, Channel, Decoding, Receiver, and feedback
 Communication is a continuous process.
 Communication is a complex a process.
 Communication is a two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants
not only exchange (encode-decode) information but also create and share meaning.
 Communication involves the sharing of information using a code.
 Communication occurs between people and sometimes animals
 Communication can be verbal/ non-verbal or visual.
 Communication also includes proxemics and cronomixs.
 Communication can be effective if practised well.
 Communication also includes Stress, intonation, Pauses etc.
Process of communication
The communication process consists of several following components.
(1) Sender (Source): Sender is the person who is sending the message. He intends to convey
the message with the intention of passing information and ideas to others. He has something
to share.
(2) Ideas: This is the subject matter of the communication. It is message. This may be an
opinion, attitude, feelings, views, orders, or suggestions.
(3) Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting one’s thoughts into words. Encoding means
giving meaning to message that is understood by receiver.

3. BE, GTU, Sem-3 Subject: ETC Faculty: Ashok Pandya
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(4) Channel (Medium): Medium means way that sender chooses to send message Ex. Sender
chooses ‘what’s app’ to send message then ‘whats app’ is medium to send message. If anyone
speaks through microphone to audience then microphone is medium or channel. The person
who is interested in communicating has to choose the channel for sending the required
information, ideas etc. This information is transmitted to the receiver through certain
channels which may be either formal or informal.
(5) Decoding: Decoding means understanding code that sender has given in message. When
receiver understands message of sender is called decoding. Decoding is the process of giving
meaning to the encoded message
(6) Receiver: The receiver means person who receives message. A receiver can be one person
or an entire audience of people. It is the receiver who tries to understand the message in the
best possible manner in achieving the desired objectives.
(7) Feedback: The last element of effective communication is feedback. Feedback is the
receiver's response or reaction to the sender's message. Feedback helps the sender to
determine how the receiver interpreted the message and how it can be improved.
Conclusion:
Communication is a key element in any human activity. Communication is a learned skill. We all
need to cultivate it. It is the building blocks of academic life and career, it occupies central
position in a people’s life.

4. BE, GTU, Sem-3 Subject: ETC Faculty: Ashok Pandya
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(2) Discuss non-verbal communication with special reference to Kinesics.
What is kinesics?
The study of body movements is known as Kinesics. Body language is a type of non-verbal
communication in which physical behaviour express or convey information. Such behaviour includes
facial expressions, body posture, gestures, eye movement, touch and the use of space. Body
language exists in both animals and humans, but here we focuses on interpretations of human
body language.
Posture:
The way a person stands or sits is his posture. It is good
to adopt a flexible erect posture rather than a stiff or
slouching posture. An erect posture reveals confidence
and poise. Drooping shoulders, sagging in the seat, etc.,
reveal a feeling of depression and lack of interest.
It is relaxed posture it is comfortably seated, relaxed
breathing, no visible stiffness or abrupt movements.

5. BE, GTU, Sem-3 Subject: ETC Faculty: Ashok Pandya
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These indicate no major barriers to communication. It also
suggest you are happy, you are not worried
Hand on face - A hand over one's mouth is a closed gesture.
Leaning on one's elbow with the chin in the hand can
communicate boredom.
It also indicates sadness of his life.
Head motion:
Head up suggests self-confidence,
honour, self-respect. Head down
suggests guilt, modesty etc. When
speakers speak with pride, they moves
their head up.
Facial Expression
Face says many things, you can come to know about
hidden feeling of anger, fear, confusion, uncertainty,
enthusiasm and joy will get revealed by the facial
expression. Sometimes, the words that you utter may
be contradicted by your facial expression. Smiling
suggests a very positive sign. It signals a warm
personal relationship.
Eye Contact:
Speaker and listener should not only face each
other but also maintain correct eye contact. It
suggests that speaker has confidence, interest
and honesty, it also suggests that whatever he
speaks, he believes in it. If someone avoids direct
eye contact, he is suspected to be sly or cunning.
In eastern countries, subordinates or younger
people may avoid direct eye contact out of
respect or deference.

6. BE, GTU, Sem-3 Subject: ETC Faculty: Ashok Pandya
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Gestures:
Gesture means movement of part of the body, especially a hand to express an idea
or meaning. Movement of hands and fingers enhance communication. A “V” sign with
index linger and central finger stands for victory. A
thumbs up sign stands best of luck. A wave of the arm
is for a ‘hello’ or a good-bye.
Talking with hands, particularly with palms open,
indicates involvement in the conversation and openness
to the other person. It also suggests that you are ready
to answer any questions. It suggests that you know
about your topic. It shows that he has nothing to hide.
Yawning suggests boredom, confusion. The other
person might be talking too much or in too much
technical detail. It indicates that you are tired, you
want to sleep, it also suggests that you are not
interested in talk, you want to leave place.
Holding finger in ring shape indicates that
person is talking about important things. It
suggest that he believes whatever he speaks.
Person seems to be confident about idea. It
also indicates that he is focusing on
something. He consider something very
important.

7. BE, GTU, Sem-3 Subject: ETC Faculty: Ashok Pandya
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Grasping fingers indicates that person is
determined to do something. It also shows winnigs
felling or confidence to do something.
Pointing out finger shows anger for someone, it indicates
that he wants to take revange. He wants to teach a lession.
He also warns people to take care of their work
Steepling Hands suggest confidance. superior often
use this gesture, and, by doing so,they signal their
confident attitude. It is frequently used in
superior/subordinate interaction and that it can be an
isolated gesture which indicates a confident or 'know-
it-all' attitude.
Conclusion:
Body Language is a significant aspect of modern communications and relationships. Body
language is also very relevant to relationships outside of work, for example in dating and
mating, and in families and parenting.

8. BE, GTU, Sem-3 Subject: ETC Faculty: Ashok Pandya
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(3) Explain Proxemics in brief. (2014,2016,2017)
Proxemics is part of non-verbal communication. It is communication through maintaining
space. When we talk with people, we maintain different space to different People. It is study
of space how we use it, and how it makes feel comfortable and uncomfortable.
The different distance zones
The different distance zones include intimate distance, personal distance, social distance,
and public distance. Each one of these different zones are used to nonverbally communicate
our feelings to our surroundings.
A person would not walk into an interview and engage their interviewer at an intimate distance
because it would be totally inappropriate and quite awkward.
This same rule is the reason one may feel uncomfortable standing face to face with a
complete stranger on a bus. Understanding these different distances will allow a person to
avoid inappropriate and often awkward situations
Intimate:
This space is used for those people who are dear and near to
us. We have this space for family members, relatives, friends
etc. actual touching to eighteen inches.
It is used for highly
confidential talk,
sensitive matter, or
love. People hugging,
holding hands, or
standing side-by-side.
Those who are not comfortable with someone who
approaches them in the intimate zone will experience
a great deal of social discomfort or awkwardness.

9. BE, GTU, Sem-3 Subject: ETC Faculty: Ashok Pandya
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Personal:
This space is reserved for talking to good friends and
relatives and people you know and trust. It is between18
inches to 4 feet it’s an easy and relaxed space for
talking, shaking hands.
Social:
Social space is used in business transactions, meeting new
people, customer and interacting with groups of people. It is
between 4 to 12 feet
Public:
This is the distance that you share with a person giving
a speech or for example, a professor lecturing in class
or Prime Minister Narendra Modi giving speech to
audience. It is around 12 feet or more.

10. BE, GTU, Sem-3 Subject: ETC Faculty: Ashok Pandya
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Cultural Difference
China: Space is much less important in China. When conversing, Chinese will stand extremely
close to the one to whom they are speaking. One to two feet is a common distance. When
meeting a stranger, the distance would be farther. Although Chinese have a very small
personal space, they do not like to be touched within their space.
Iraqi: Between members of the same sex, a distance of about 1 foot to an arm’s length is
common. More touching is common, and walking hand in hand with members of the same sex
is normal. Not touching during a conversation may convey dislike.
USA: People keep more open space between themselves and their conversation partners

11. BE, GTU, Sem-3 Subject: ETC Faculty: Ashok Pandya
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(4) Explain Paralanguage (Paralinguistic)
INTRODUCTION
Communication is art. Success and Failure depend on communication, whoever is popular or
famous or successful it’s because of their communication skills. Para language is part of
communication. The word ‘para’ means ‘like’ so paralanguage means like language. It is study
of voice and how words are spoken. Also known as vocalics. It includes 1-Quality 2-Volume
3-Speed 4-Intonation 5-Stress 6-Pause 7- pronunciation.
VOICE:
We all have different voice. We are able to identify people because of different voice
quality. Voice can be sweet, bitter, soft, irritating, nasal etc.
VOLUME:
We see people speaking louder as well as lower. When we speak our volume can be loud or
soft according to situation. Ex we need loud volume in presentation or in big class. If someone
is presenting his topic in big class then he needs to speak loudly otherwise people cannot
hear him well. If teacher is teaching to small group of students then he does not need to
speak loudly. If person sits in interview, he does not need to speak loudly, Soft volume can
be better in interview or face to face conversation. But if teacher is teaching in big class of
sixty students then he has to speak loudly.
SPEED:
Some people speak so fast or some people speak so slowly. We should not speak too fast and
we should also not speak too slowly. Our Speech should be moderate.
INTONATION:
Pitch is raising and lowering the voice while speaking. The use of pitch is called intonation.
The most well-known use for English intonation is to communicate basic grammar, such as
the use of a falling pitch on the sentence, "You're coming." compared to a rising pitch at the
end of the question form, "You're coming?" there are two intonations

12. BE, GTU, Sem-3 Subject: ETC Faculty: Ashok Pandya
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(1) Rising: Rising intonation is used when we want to ask ‘yes-no’ question
Ex. Are you coming?
Are you listening?
Do you like English?
(2) Falling: Falling intonation is used when want to ask ‘WH’ question
Ex. When did you go there?
What did you do yesterday?
Why are you learning English?
It is also used when we give command: Ex. Stop it, Sit down, Close the door
STRESS:
Stress is emphasis which is given to the syllable. A syllable is the sound of a vowel
(a, e, i, o, u) that is created when pronouncing a word. Stress patterns show you which
parts of a word you should emphasize when you say the word.
Ex. holiday,alone, admiration, confidential, degree, weaker, nervous, parents.
PAUSE:
Pause means to stop for some time when you are speaking. It gives enough time to listeners
to understand. It is used when you speak very important thing. Ex. ‘I am going to tell you
three secrets of successful computer engineers’
PRONUNCIATION:
Pronunciation is the way a word or a language is spoken, or the manner in which someone
speaks a word. Person can be identified by his pronunciation. We have different
pronunciation Ex. British pronunciation, American pronunciation, Indian pronunciation etc.
CONCLUSION:
Languages, written, spoken or express in other way such as in paralanguage play an important
role in human development. Language can be considered as one of the factors that are
responsible for the transmission of culture from one generation to another.

13. BE, GTU, Sem-3 Subject: ETC Faculty: Ashok Pandya
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(5) Explain Interpersonal and Intercultural communication
Introduction
Communication is a word derived from the Latin word ‘communis’ which means ‘to make
common’ or ‘to share’. Communication is the act of expressing ideas from one person to
another person. Communication is the art of transmitting information, ideas and attitudes
from one person to another. Interpersonal communication is an exchange of information
between two or more people
Intercultural communication (or cross-
cultural communication) is a discipline
that studies communication across
different cultures and social groups,
or how culture affects
communication. It describes the
wide range of communication
processes and problems that
naturally appear within an
organization or social context made
up of individuals from different
religious, social, ethnic, and educational
backgrounds. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and
cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them.
East/West Cultural Differences
Where decision-making and business communications are concerned, the East and the West
have some radically different points of view. Workers should be aware of these aspects
when attempting to build interpersonal relationships.
Time. While Westerners place extreme significance on punctuality, Easterners take a more
flexible approach.
Attitude. Westerners are seenas detail-oriented and analytical, while Easterners prefer
well-rounded, holistic solutions that benefit the entire group.

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Communication styles. The West has longbeen known for conversational openness, but
certain topics are still considered taboo in the East.
American Business Culture
Laughing in a business meeting America is the world’s melting pot, and people of all
nationalities go there to do business. Where the country’s business culture is concerned,
diversity is less common. Americans believe that sacrifice and hard work lead to success and
prosperity, and innovation is valued. Time is an asset, as is money, and punctuality is
important. While people are friendly, they get straight to the point. Criticisms should be
carefully worded, and silence is uncommon during business meetings. Unlike many other
countries, humor is a common part of business dealings in America. Many people prefer to
meet for lunch, and such meetings should be scheduled right away. The U.S. economy is one
of the world’s biggest, and time invested in America can be beneficial in the long term.
Chinese Corporate Culture
Chinese businesspeople expect contemporaries to be prepared for meetings. All meetings
start with small talk, as relationships are important to the Chinese. The country’s corporate
culture is hierarchical in nature, and those in charge should enter the room first. While many
prefer to bow or nod, others shake hands, and formal titles are used during introductions.
The Chinese like to deliberate over business decisions, and many wait until a time of luck
before making such a decision. Many look forward to working with the Chinese, but business
relationships are only successful when outsiders take time to learn about the Chinese
culture.
While many of these business etiquette differences seem insignificant, they are extremely
important. Anyone doing business in other countries should be aware of cultural differences
or risk negatively affecting the negotiation process. Those doing business in the East place
an enormous value on hierarchy and harmony, and Westerners are more laid back. By taking
the time to understand these cultural differences, companies make it easier to conduct
business in countries such as China, India, Germany, and the United States.