The document discusses surveying, including definitions, importance, branches, and measurement units. It defines surveying as measuring earth points' locations horizontally and vertically. Surveying is important for engineering projects. Its branches include geodetic, plane, topographic, control, photogrammetric, construction, cadastral, route, and hydrographic surveying. Measurement units include meters for length, degrees for angles, and scales for drawings. Linear measurements are direct, indirect, or electronic. Tape measurements consider errors from standardization, slope, temperature, tension, and sag.
This document provides an introduction to basic surveying. It defines surveying as determining the relative spatial locations of points on Earth through measuring horizontal and vertical distances and angles. The main types of surveys are geodetic, which accounts for Earth's shape over large areas, and plane, which treats Earth as a flat surface for smaller areas. Common surveying operations include control, boundary, topographic, hydrographic, and construction surveys. Accuracy is important and errors can occur, including mistakes, systematic errors from instruments, and random errors. Repeating measurements and establishing a control network can help eliminate or handle errors to ensure survey reliability.
Surveying is the measurement of positions and distances to the earth's surface. It is important for civil engineering projects as all planning, design, and construction is based on surveying measurements. Chain surveying is the simplest surveying method and involves measuring distances in the field without taking angular measurements. Key steps in chain surveying include reconnaissance, marking stations, running survey lines, and taking offsets to locate details. The principle is to divide the area into a network of triangles which can then be plotted from field measurements.
Engineering surveys are conducted to determine quantities and collect data for designing engineering works like roads and railways. There are three main types of engineering surveys: reconnaissance surveying, preliminary surveying, and final location surveying. Reconnaissance surveying involves studying maps and aerial photography to evaluate potential routes and select the most suitable alternatives. Preliminary surveying involves more detailed study of a selected route, including establishing levels and recording topography. Final location surveying permanently establishes the centerline and collects all necessary information for construction plans.
This document provides definitions and explanations of leveling concepts and procedures. It defines leveling as determining elevation differences between points using a leveling instrument. The key points are:
1. Leveling is used to establish elevations and determine elevation differences for engineering projects like roads, railways, and canals.
2. Common leveling instruments include dumpy levels, tilting levels, and automatic levels. Staff readings are taken through the instrument's crosshairs.
3. Leveling can be classified as direct, trigonometric, or differential depending on the setup and number of readings needed. Differential leveling is used when points are not visible from a single setup.
4. Elev
Course Contents:
Introduction; Linear measurements; Analysis and adjustment of measurements, Survey methods: coordinate systems, bearings, horizontal control, traversing, triangulation, detail surveying; Orientation and position; Areas and volumes; Setting out; Curve ranging; Global Positioning system (GPS); Photogrammetry.
The document discusses various topics related to mine surveying and development including:
- Definitions of surveying, geological survey, and mine surveying. Mine surveying involves maintaining plans and sections of surface and underground workings.
- Principles of surveying like working from whole to part and establishing points with two independent measurements.
- Units, scales, and conversions used for linear, angular, and other measurements. Errors that can occur in measurements.
- Differences between maps and plans, and applications of surveying like topographic maps, cadastral maps, and geological maps.
- The process of surveying including field work, data computation, and map plotting. Classification of surveying based on factors
Module 4 Introduction to Surveying and Levelling.pptxSilasChaudhari
The document provides an introduction to the field of surveying, including definitions of surveying, its objectives, fundamental principles, classifications based on nature, purpose and instruments used, and applications. It also describes various methods of linear measurements in surveying such as chaining, optical methods, EDM methods, and approximate methods. Details on types of chains, instruments used in chaining, and the method of direct measurements are provided.
Surveying is the art of measuring distances, angles, and positions on the Earth's surface. It has several main purposes, including determining relative positions of points, setting out lines for construction projects, calculating areas and volumes, and creating maps and diagrams. Some early examples of surveying include Babylonian maps from 2500 BC, irrigation ditches in Babylon in 1800 BC, and boundary marking in Egypt around 1400 BC using ropes. Surveying can be divided into aerial surveying using photographs and ground surveying, which includes geodetic, plane, topographic, hydrographic, route, mining, and construction surveying.
This document provides an introduction to basic surveying. It defines surveying as determining the relative spatial locations of points on Earth through measuring horizontal and vertical distances and angles. The main types of surveys are geodetic, which accounts for Earth's shape over large areas, and plane, which treats Earth as a flat surface for smaller areas. Common surveying operations include control, boundary, topographic, hydrographic, and construction surveys. Accuracy is important and errors can occur, including mistakes, systematic errors from instruments, and random errors. Repeating measurements and establishing a control network can help eliminate or handle errors to ensure survey reliability.
Surveying is the measurement of positions and distances to the earth's surface. It is important for civil engineering projects as all planning, design, and construction is based on surveying measurements. Chain surveying is the simplest surveying method and involves measuring distances in the field without taking angular measurements. Key steps in chain surveying include reconnaissance, marking stations, running survey lines, and taking offsets to locate details. The principle is to divide the area into a network of triangles which can then be plotted from field measurements.
Engineering surveys are conducted to determine quantities and collect data for designing engineering works like roads and railways. There are three main types of engineering surveys: reconnaissance surveying, preliminary surveying, and final location surveying. Reconnaissance surveying involves studying maps and aerial photography to evaluate potential routes and select the most suitable alternatives. Preliminary surveying involves more detailed study of a selected route, including establishing levels and recording topography. Final location surveying permanently establishes the centerline and collects all necessary information for construction plans.
This document provides definitions and explanations of leveling concepts and procedures. It defines leveling as determining elevation differences between points using a leveling instrument. The key points are:
1. Leveling is used to establish elevations and determine elevation differences for engineering projects like roads, railways, and canals.
2. Common leveling instruments include dumpy levels, tilting levels, and automatic levels. Staff readings are taken through the instrument's crosshairs.
3. Leveling can be classified as direct, trigonometric, or differential depending on the setup and number of readings needed. Differential leveling is used when points are not visible from a single setup.
4. Elev
Course Contents:
Introduction; Linear measurements; Analysis and adjustment of measurements, Survey methods: coordinate systems, bearings, horizontal control, traversing, triangulation, detail surveying; Orientation and position; Areas and volumes; Setting out; Curve ranging; Global Positioning system (GPS); Photogrammetry.
The document discusses various topics related to mine surveying and development including:
- Definitions of surveying, geological survey, and mine surveying. Mine surveying involves maintaining plans and sections of surface and underground workings.
- Principles of surveying like working from whole to part and establishing points with two independent measurements.
- Units, scales, and conversions used for linear, angular, and other measurements. Errors that can occur in measurements.
- Differences between maps and plans, and applications of surveying like topographic maps, cadastral maps, and geological maps.
- The process of surveying including field work, data computation, and map plotting. Classification of surveying based on factors
Module 4 Introduction to Surveying and Levelling.pptxSilasChaudhari
The document provides an introduction to the field of surveying, including definitions of surveying, its objectives, fundamental principles, classifications based on nature, purpose and instruments used, and applications. It also describes various methods of linear measurements in surveying such as chaining, optical methods, EDM methods, and approximate methods. Details on types of chains, instruments used in chaining, and the method of direct measurements are provided.
Surveying is the art of measuring distances, angles, and positions on the Earth's surface. It has several main purposes, including determining relative positions of points, setting out lines for construction projects, calculating areas and volumes, and creating maps and diagrams. Some early examples of surveying include Babylonian maps from 2500 BC, irrigation ditches in Babylon in 1800 BC, and boundary marking in Egypt around 1400 BC using ropes. Surveying can be divided into aerial surveying using photographs and ground surveying, which includes geodetic, plane, topographic, hydrographic, route, mining, and construction surveying.
This document provides an overview of surveying. It defines surveying and discusses its key stages: taking a general view, observation and measurement, and presentation of data. It also classifies surveying into plane and geodetic surveying based on whether the curvature of the Earth is accounted for. The document further classifies surveying based on the instruments used, surface area surveyed, purpose, and method used. Finally, it outlines different classifications of surveyors, including general practice, planning and development, building, quantity, rural practice, mineral, and land surveyors.
The document outlines the steps and procedures for conducting surveys for construction projects. It discusses surveying existing site conditions, staking out reference points to guide construction, verifying locations during construction, and conducting an as-built survey once construction is complete. It also mentions coordinating systems used for construction surveys including geodetic coordinates, chainage, building grids, and localized grids.
Content- Introduction to surveying and leveling
Object and Uses of Surveying, Fundamental Principles of Surveying, Introduction to conventional methods and equipment used for surveying and Leveling
Introduction to modern equipment’s used in surveying- EDM, Total Station, GIS,GPS, Remote sensing, planimeter.
Introduction to Topo sheets and use of maps.
The document provides an overview of surveying, including:
1) Surveying involves taking measurements of distances, directions, and elevations to represent the relative positions of features on or beneath the Earth's surface as plans, maps, and sections.
2) Surveying is divided into plane and geodetic surveying, with plane surveying ignoring Earth's curvature over small areas and geodetic surveying accounting for curvature over large areas.
3) Accurate surveying is essential for the planning, design, and execution of engineering projects.
Input of Surveying in Civil Engineering.
Subject Name: CE-IS&GI
(Civil Engineering-Introduction Societal and Global Impact.
Surveying: The Planning And Design of all Civil Engineering Projects Such as construction of Highways , Bridges , Tunnels , Dams etc are based upon surveying measurements. Thus , surveying is a basic requirement for all Civil Engineering Projects.
Types of Surveying:
(i) Plane Surveying
(ii) Geodetic or Trigonometrical Surveying
The document provides a summary of a lecture note on surveying and levelling. It begins with an introduction that defines surveying and discusses its key stages. It then covers different types of surveying based on whether the curvature of the earth is considered, as well as classifications based on instruments used, area surveyed, and method. The classifications include plane, geodetic, land, marine, astronomical, engineering, control, geological, and military surveys. Methods like triangulation, traverse, open and closed traverses are also discussed. Finally, it outlines different specializations within surveying practice like general, planning, building, quantity, and rural practice surveyors.
1) The document discusses the objectives and principles of surveying and leveling. It aims to enable students to understand land surveying theory and practice, prepare maps, and use modern survey instruments.
2) Surveying involves measuring horizontal distances, vertical angles, and positions to represent land features on plans and maps. It is the first step for engineering projects.
3) Leveling specifically measures relative heights using measurements in the vertical plane.
Surveying for Civil engineering is a
particular type of surveying known as "land surveying", it is the
detailed study or inspection, as by gathering information through
observations, measurements in the field, questionnaires, or
research of legal instruments, and data analysis in the support of
planning, designing, and establishing of property boundaries.
Land surveying can include associated services such as mapping
and related data accumulation, construction layout surveys,
precision measurements of length, angle, elevation, area, and
volume, as well as horizontal and vertical control surveys, and
the analysis and utilization of land survey data. Surveyors use
various tools to do their work successfully and accurately, such
as total stations, robotic total stations, GPS receivers, prisms, 3D
scanners, radio communicators, handheld tablets, digital levels,
and surveying software.
Survey data can be directly entered into a GIS from digital
data collection systems on survey instruments. When data is
captured, the user should consider if the data should be captured
with either a relative accuracy or absolute accuracy, since this
could not only influence how information will be interpreted but
also the cost of data captured.
In this paper GIS maps were developed depending on the
field surveying data made for a two traverses. First one has ribs
less than 50m length and the other larger than 50m. Each
traverse is holding five times using five equipments and
instruments: Tape, Level, Digital level, Digital theodolite and
Laser tape. Also those maps were drawn by using both of ACAD
and ArcView softwares. Then a detail surveying map was
produced. The precision was computed for both traverses in each
method. Its value is range from 1/140 to 1/10000.
This document provides an overview of surveying. It defines surveying as determining relative positions of points on Earth's surface by measuring horizontal distances, angles, and details. The objectives are to prepare maps and plans showing positions of objects and engineering features. There are different types of surveying based on instruments used, methods, purposes, and areas surveyed. Primary divisions are plane and geodetic surveying. Fundamental principles include working from whole to part and locating new stations by two measurements from fixed references. Surveying has various applications like topographical, cadastral, and engineering mapping.
1. Land surveying is the art and science of determining the relative positions of points on Earth's surface by measuring distances, angles, and elevations. It involves both field work and office work using tools like theodolites, total stations, GPS, and GIS software.
2. The earliest land surveys date back to ancient Egyptians and Greeks who divided land and built structures using simple tools. Modern surveying developed through improvements to tools like the theodolite in the 18th-19th centuries.
3. Common types of modern land surveys include boundary surveys, construction surveys, mortgage surveys, topographic surveys, and subdivision surveys, each with different purposes and applications. Land surveying provides essential
This document provides information about an advanced surveying course. The course aims to teach students to apply geometric principles to solve surveying problems, use modern instruments to obtain and analyze geospatial data, analyze geodetic data to solve survey problems, integrate surveying with geospatial tools, and evaluate different land and satellite survey methods. The course outcomes and program outcomes are also listed, covering topics like engineering knowledge, problem analysis, design skills, investigation skills, tool usage, societal and environmental awareness, ethics, teamwork, communication, project management, and lifelong learning.
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for a Basic Civil Engineering course. The syllabus covers 5 units: building materials, building components, planning aspects and regulations, water supply and sanitary systems, and surveying and transportation. For the unit on surveying and transportation, the document defines surveying and its objectives and principles, and classifies surveying based on nature, objective, and instruments used. It also defines various modes of transportation like roadways, railways, and waterways, describing their typical cross-sections, components, and classifications.
The document discusses topics related to surveying, including:
1. It provides an overview of scales used in civil engineering like plain scales, diagonal scales, and scale of chords.
2. It describes different methods for linear measurements in surveying like direct measurement using tapes and chains. Tapes can be made of linen, metal, or steel.
3. It provides brief descriptions of topics like plans, maps, and units of measurement that are part of the surveying syllabus.
This document provides an outline for a course on Engineering Surveying II taught by Prof. Dr.-Ing. John Bosco Kyalo Kiema at the University of Nairobi. The course covers topics such as horizontal control through traversing, vertical control through leveling, applications to highway drainage and earthworks, and practical field surveying. Assessment includes exams, coursework, and a term paper on the role of geoinformatics in environmental monitoring and management. The lecture outline provides details on traversing, vertical control, earthworks computations, and references textbooks on surveying.
Surveying is the science of determining the positions of points on the earth's surface. It involves measuring horizontal and vertical distances and angles. There are different types of surveying based on instruments used, methods, purposes, and field conditions. The main goals of surveying are to prepare maps showing boundaries and engineering structures for purposes like construction, mining, archaeology and military operations. Key principles include working from whole to part and locating new points using measurements from two fixed references.
12.1. Horizontal and vertical control (1).pptxSaddoAjmal
This document provides an overview of engineering surveying topics including construction surveying, horizontal and vertical controls, and their application to various construction projects such as buildings, railroads, pipelines, and underground mining. It discusses the history of surveying, key elements and stages of construction surveying, and methods for establishing horizontal and vertical control networks to guide construction activities. Specific surveying techniques are described for setting out buildings, laying railroads, constructing pipelines, and surveying underground mines.
Surveying is the science of determining the positions of points on or near the earth's surface. The document outlines the key phases of surveying work including decision making, fieldwork, data processing, mapping, and stakeout. It describes different categories and types of surveys such as plane, geodetic, boundary, topographic, and hydrographic surveys. The history and evolution of surveying equipment from chains and compasses to modern tools like total stations, GPS, laser levels, and digital levels is also summarized. Total stations integrate an electronic theodolite for measuring angles and an EDM for measuring distances.
Civil engineering involves designing, planning, constructing, and maintaining infrastructure like roads, bridges, buildings, dams, canals, and water supply systems. It includes fields like surveying, structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, transportation engineering, water resources engineering, and environmental engineering. Civil engineers work on projects ranging from buildings to bridges to dams to roads and more. Their role involves planning, estimating, supervising construction, managing projects, and maintaining structures.
1. The document summarizes a survey camp conducted by students to perform topographical and leveling surveys. Total stations and auto levels were used to collect elevation data and create maps.
2. Topics covered include an introduction to surveying principles and objectives, descriptions of total stations and their functions, the leveling process, and methods for reducing elevation data.
3. The leveling survey was conducted to establish relative heights of points and develop maps showing ground configurations, while the topographical survey used a total station to determine point coordinates and depict terrain features on a map.
Distance Measurement & Chain Surveying
Contents
• Introduction About Surveying
.
• Primary Division Of Surveying • Classification Of Surveying • Distance Measurement And Chain Surveying • Principle Of Surveying • Types Of Tapes Based On The Materials Used • Erecting And Dropping A Perpendicular • Obstacle In Chain Survey • Types Of Errors • Corrections of Tape • Off –Sets • Ranging • Conclusion . • Homework And Next Lecture . • References.
-Definition of Surveying.
Types of Surveying
1. Plane Surveying
2. Geodetic Survey
3. Cadastral surveying
4. Aerial Surveying
5. Hydro graphic Surveying (Hydro-Survey)
6. Topographical Survey
7. Engineering Survey.
Primary division of Surveying
Reconnaissance.
• This is preliminary survey of the land to be surveyed. It may be either
1-Ground reconnaissance 2- Aerial reconnaissance survey.
Objectives of Reconnaissance
1. To ascertain the possibility of building or constructing route or track through the area.
Classification of Surveying:
1- Classification based on the instruments used:
A. Chain Surveying.
B. Compass Surveying.
C. Theodolite Surveying.
D. Tachometric Surveying .
E. Trigonometric Surveying.
F. Total station and GPS.
G. Photogrammetric and Aerial Surveying.
H. Plan Table .
2- According to the method used:
i. Traversing .
ii. Triangulation .
iii. Tacheometric.
iv. Trigonometric.
3- According to the Purpose of surveying:
i. Engineering survey.
ii. Military survey.
iii. Geological survey .
iv. Topographical survey
Chain and Tape Survey
-Length& Distance Measurements.
-Distance Measurement and Chain Surveying.
• In general there are two methods:
1- Direct methods of measuring lengths
2- Indirect methods of measuring distances.
There are two kinds of measurements used in plane surveying.
*Linear measurements
*Angular measurements
-Instruments used in Chain Surveying.
Types of tapes based on the materials used.
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Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
This document is the table of contents for a book titled "Mathematical Analysis of Groundwater Flow Models" edited by Abdon Atangana. The book contains 28 chapters that develop new mathematical models for analyzing various aspects of groundwater flow, including saturated-unsaturated flow, flow in leaky and confined aquifers, groundwater contamination transport, soil moisture flow, and more. The chapters apply techniques such as fractional calculus, power laws, and stochastic processes to capture non-Darcy behavior and other complexities in groundwater flow modeling.
Flood Handbook Analysis and Modeling Eslamian 2022.pdfsandipanpaul16
This document provides an introduction and table of contents for a book titled "Flood Handbook: Analysis and Modeling". The book contains 19 chapters organized into 7 parts covering various topics related to flooding such as flood observation and modeling, flood modeling and forecasting, floods and river restoration, flood optimization and simulation, flood software, flood regionalization, and flood soft computing. The book is edited by Saeid Eslamian and Faezeh Eslamian and published by CRC Press in 2022.
This document provides an overview of surveying. It defines surveying and discusses its key stages: taking a general view, observation and measurement, and presentation of data. It also classifies surveying into plane and geodetic surveying based on whether the curvature of the Earth is accounted for. The document further classifies surveying based on the instruments used, surface area surveyed, purpose, and method used. Finally, it outlines different classifications of surveyors, including general practice, planning and development, building, quantity, rural practice, mineral, and land surveyors.
The document outlines the steps and procedures for conducting surveys for construction projects. It discusses surveying existing site conditions, staking out reference points to guide construction, verifying locations during construction, and conducting an as-built survey once construction is complete. It also mentions coordinating systems used for construction surveys including geodetic coordinates, chainage, building grids, and localized grids.
Content- Introduction to surveying and leveling
Object and Uses of Surveying, Fundamental Principles of Surveying, Introduction to conventional methods and equipment used for surveying and Leveling
Introduction to modern equipment’s used in surveying- EDM, Total Station, GIS,GPS, Remote sensing, planimeter.
Introduction to Topo sheets and use of maps.
The document provides an overview of surveying, including:
1) Surveying involves taking measurements of distances, directions, and elevations to represent the relative positions of features on or beneath the Earth's surface as plans, maps, and sections.
2) Surveying is divided into plane and geodetic surveying, with plane surveying ignoring Earth's curvature over small areas and geodetic surveying accounting for curvature over large areas.
3) Accurate surveying is essential for the planning, design, and execution of engineering projects.
Input of Surveying in Civil Engineering.
Subject Name: CE-IS&GI
(Civil Engineering-Introduction Societal and Global Impact.
Surveying: The Planning And Design of all Civil Engineering Projects Such as construction of Highways , Bridges , Tunnels , Dams etc are based upon surveying measurements. Thus , surveying is a basic requirement for all Civil Engineering Projects.
Types of Surveying:
(i) Plane Surveying
(ii) Geodetic or Trigonometrical Surveying
The document provides a summary of a lecture note on surveying and levelling. It begins with an introduction that defines surveying and discusses its key stages. It then covers different types of surveying based on whether the curvature of the earth is considered, as well as classifications based on instruments used, area surveyed, and method. The classifications include plane, geodetic, land, marine, astronomical, engineering, control, geological, and military surveys. Methods like triangulation, traverse, open and closed traverses are also discussed. Finally, it outlines different specializations within surveying practice like general, planning, building, quantity, and rural practice surveyors.
1) The document discusses the objectives and principles of surveying and leveling. It aims to enable students to understand land surveying theory and practice, prepare maps, and use modern survey instruments.
2) Surveying involves measuring horizontal distances, vertical angles, and positions to represent land features on plans and maps. It is the first step for engineering projects.
3) Leveling specifically measures relative heights using measurements in the vertical plane.
Surveying for Civil engineering is a
particular type of surveying known as "land surveying", it is the
detailed study or inspection, as by gathering information through
observations, measurements in the field, questionnaires, or
research of legal instruments, and data analysis in the support of
planning, designing, and establishing of property boundaries.
Land surveying can include associated services such as mapping
and related data accumulation, construction layout surveys,
precision measurements of length, angle, elevation, area, and
volume, as well as horizontal and vertical control surveys, and
the analysis and utilization of land survey data. Surveyors use
various tools to do their work successfully and accurately, such
as total stations, robotic total stations, GPS receivers, prisms, 3D
scanners, radio communicators, handheld tablets, digital levels,
and surveying software.
Survey data can be directly entered into a GIS from digital
data collection systems on survey instruments. When data is
captured, the user should consider if the data should be captured
with either a relative accuracy or absolute accuracy, since this
could not only influence how information will be interpreted but
also the cost of data captured.
In this paper GIS maps were developed depending on the
field surveying data made for a two traverses. First one has ribs
less than 50m length and the other larger than 50m. Each
traverse is holding five times using five equipments and
instruments: Tape, Level, Digital level, Digital theodolite and
Laser tape. Also those maps were drawn by using both of ACAD
and ArcView softwares. Then a detail surveying map was
produced. The precision was computed for both traverses in each
method. Its value is range from 1/140 to 1/10000.
This document provides an overview of surveying. It defines surveying as determining relative positions of points on Earth's surface by measuring horizontal distances, angles, and details. The objectives are to prepare maps and plans showing positions of objects and engineering features. There are different types of surveying based on instruments used, methods, purposes, and areas surveyed. Primary divisions are plane and geodetic surveying. Fundamental principles include working from whole to part and locating new stations by two measurements from fixed references. Surveying has various applications like topographical, cadastral, and engineering mapping.
1. Land surveying is the art and science of determining the relative positions of points on Earth's surface by measuring distances, angles, and elevations. It involves both field work and office work using tools like theodolites, total stations, GPS, and GIS software.
2. The earliest land surveys date back to ancient Egyptians and Greeks who divided land and built structures using simple tools. Modern surveying developed through improvements to tools like the theodolite in the 18th-19th centuries.
3. Common types of modern land surveys include boundary surveys, construction surveys, mortgage surveys, topographic surveys, and subdivision surveys, each with different purposes and applications. Land surveying provides essential
This document provides information about an advanced surveying course. The course aims to teach students to apply geometric principles to solve surveying problems, use modern instruments to obtain and analyze geospatial data, analyze geodetic data to solve survey problems, integrate surveying with geospatial tools, and evaluate different land and satellite survey methods. The course outcomes and program outcomes are also listed, covering topics like engineering knowledge, problem analysis, design skills, investigation skills, tool usage, societal and environmental awareness, ethics, teamwork, communication, project management, and lifelong learning.
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for a Basic Civil Engineering course. The syllabus covers 5 units: building materials, building components, planning aspects and regulations, water supply and sanitary systems, and surveying and transportation. For the unit on surveying and transportation, the document defines surveying and its objectives and principles, and classifies surveying based on nature, objective, and instruments used. It also defines various modes of transportation like roadways, railways, and waterways, describing their typical cross-sections, components, and classifications.
The document discusses topics related to surveying, including:
1. It provides an overview of scales used in civil engineering like plain scales, diagonal scales, and scale of chords.
2. It describes different methods for linear measurements in surveying like direct measurement using tapes and chains. Tapes can be made of linen, metal, or steel.
3. It provides brief descriptions of topics like plans, maps, and units of measurement that are part of the surveying syllabus.
This document provides an outline for a course on Engineering Surveying II taught by Prof. Dr.-Ing. John Bosco Kyalo Kiema at the University of Nairobi. The course covers topics such as horizontal control through traversing, vertical control through leveling, applications to highway drainage and earthworks, and practical field surveying. Assessment includes exams, coursework, and a term paper on the role of geoinformatics in environmental monitoring and management. The lecture outline provides details on traversing, vertical control, earthworks computations, and references textbooks on surveying.
Surveying is the science of determining the positions of points on the earth's surface. It involves measuring horizontal and vertical distances and angles. There are different types of surveying based on instruments used, methods, purposes, and field conditions. The main goals of surveying are to prepare maps showing boundaries and engineering structures for purposes like construction, mining, archaeology and military operations. Key principles include working from whole to part and locating new points using measurements from two fixed references.
12.1. Horizontal and vertical control (1).pptxSaddoAjmal
This document provides an overview of engineering surveying topics including construction surveying, horizontal and vertical controls, and their application to various construction projects such as buildings, railroads, pipelines, and underground mining. It discusses the history of surveying, key elements and stages of construction surveying, and methods for establishing horizontal and vertical control networks to guide construction activities. Specific surveying techniques are described for setting out buildings, laying railroads, constructing pipelines, and surveying underground mines.
Surveying is the science of determining the positions of points on or near the earth's surface. The document outlines the key phases of surveying work including decision making, fieldwork, data processing, mapping, and stakeout. It describes different categories and types of surveys such as plane, geodetic, boundary, topographic, and hydrographic surveys. The history and evolution of surveying equipment from chains and compasses to modern tools like total stations, GPS, laser levels, and digital levels is also summarized. Total stations integrate an electronic theodolite for measuring angles and an EDM for measuring distances.
Civil engineering involves designing, planning, constructing, and maintaining infrastructure like roads, bridges, buildings, dams, canals, and water supply systems. It includes fields like surveying, structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, transportation engineering, water resources engineering, and environmental engineering. Civil engineers work on projects ranging from buildings to bridges to dams to roads and more. Their role involves planning, estimating, supervising construction, managing projects, and maintaining structures.
1. The document summarizes a survey camp conducted by students to perform topographical and leveling surveys. Total stations and auto levels were used to collect elevation data and create maps.
2. Topics covered include an introduction to surveying principles and objectives, descriptions of total stations and their functions, the leveling process, and methods for reducing elevation data.
3. The leveling survey was conducted to establish relative heights of points and develop maps showing ground configurations, while the topographical survey used a total station to determine point coordinates and depict terrain features on a map.
Distance Measurement & Chain Surveying
Contents
• Introduction About Surveying
.
• Primary Division Of Surveying • Classification Of Surveying • Distance Measurement And Chain Surveying • Principle Of Surveying • Types Of Tapes Based On The Materials Used • Erecting And Dropping A Perpendicular • Obstacle In Chain Survey • Types Of Errors • Corrections of Tape • Off –Sets • Ranging • Conclusion . • Homework And Next Lecture . • References.
-Definition of Surveying.
Types of Surveying
1. Plane Surveying
2. Geodetic Survey
3. Cadastral surveying
4. Aerial Surveying
5. Hydro graphic Surveying (Hydro-Survey)
6. Topographical Survey
7. Engineering Survey.
Primary division of Surveying
Reconnaissance.
• This is preliminary survey of the land to be surveyed. It may be either
1-Ground reconnaissance 2- Aerial reconnaissance survey.
Objectives of Reconnaissance
1. To ascertain the possibility of building or constructing route or track through the area.
Classification of Surveying:
1- Classification based on the instruments used:
A. Chain Surveying.
B. Compass Surveying.
C. Theodolite Surveying.
D. Tachometric Surveying .
E. Trigonometric Surveying.
F. Total station and GPS.
G. Photogrammetric and Aerial Surveying.
H. Plan Table .
2- According to the method used:
i. Traversing .
ii. Triangulation .
iii. Tacheometric.
iv. Trigonometric.
3- According to the Purpose of surveying:
i. Engineering survey.
ii. Military survey.
iii. Geological survey .
iv. Topographical survey
Chain and Tape Survey
-Length& Distance Measurements.
-Distance Measurement and Chain Surveying.
• In general there are two methods:
1- Direct methods of measuring lengths
2- Indirect methods of measuring distances.
There are two kinds of measurements used in plane surveying.
*Linear measurements
*Angular measurements
-Instruments used in Chain Surveying.
Types of tapes based on the materials used.
.......
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Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Mr. Kamal Y.Abdullah
Asst.Lecturer. Dilveen H. Omar
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
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chapter 1 and 2 @etconp.pdf
1. Addis Ababa University Ethiopian Institute Of Architecture, Building
Construction And City Development
Compiled by Ebisa Tesfaye (Msc.) Page 1
Chapter One Introduction
1.1 Definition and uses of Surveying
Surveying: - is the art of making measurement of the location of points on or near the surface of
the earth.
The location of the points in the horizontal and vertical planes involves the relative distance and
height between adjacent points. When these measurements area drawn to scale the correct
horizontal and vertical relationships among the various manmade and natural feature are
obtained.
1.2 Important of surveying
Survey is required before planning and construction, during planning and construction, and after
planning and construction of any road, railway, bridge, water supply and drainage systems,
pipelines, high voltage lines, irrigation and transportation channels, dams, urban land
subdivisions etc.
Hence we can to conclude that practically no engineering activity can be planned, designed,
executed and maintained without the active participation of the surveyor.
1.3 Branches of surveying
There are various criteria on which classification of surveying could be based. The primary
division is
a. Based on how the curvature of the earth is considered
i. Geodetic surveying:- a branch of surveying which takes into account the shape and size
of the earth. The main objective of geodetic surveying is to determine the precise location
of a system of widely spaced points on the surface of the earth. The point’s so located
are used as control points (stations) of the primary surveys.
Geodetic surveying is used in all cases when the area of the land to be surveyed exceeds
250 km2
.
The Ethiopian mapping authority (EMA) makes uses of geodetic surveying to produce and
print the whole map of Ethiopia.
ii. Plane surveying:- the branch of surveying in which the main surface of the earth is
considered as plane in which the spheroid shape of the earth is neglected.
Plane surveying is
Used for relatively small areas (less than or equal to 250km2
The standard of accuracy is lower than in geodetic surveying
The direction of the plumb line at various points are considered to be parallel to
one another
A curved line on the surface of the earth is considered mathematically straight
b. Based on the purpose for which the survey is conducted.
A. Topographic Survey:- are used in order to produce maps and plans on which the natural
features like mountain, river etc and manmade features like cities, road etc are shown.
B. Control Survey: - as the name indicates a network of horizontal and vertical monuments on
a national basis is established by control surveys. The network of monuments serves as a
reference frame work for the other types of surveys.
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2. Addis Ababa University Ethiopian Institute Of Architecture, Building
Construction And City Development
Compiled by Ebisa Tesfaye (Msc.) Page 2
C. Photogrammetric survey:- as indicated by the name itself, this branch of surveying makes
use of data obtained by camera or other types of sensors mounted on airplanes or satellites.
D. Construction Survey:- also called engineering survey before any type of construction
is started, the surveyor acquires all the necessary data of the site which are daily processed.
E. Cadastral survey: - are invariably known as property surveys, land surveys or boundary
surveys. These surveys are undertaken by municipal authorities for producing plans of property
boundaries, establishing property corners and computation of areas of land parcels.
F. Route survey: - these surveys are for highways, rail road’s, pipelines, transmission lines and
other project of long linear development.
G. Hydro graphic surveying: - these are made to produce maps of shore lines and bottom
depth of lakes, streams, reservoir and other large bodies of water.
H. Cartographic surveying: - is a combination of topographic and hydrographical surveying.
The art of drawing maps and charts is called cartographic and its duty of the cartographer to
prepare chart or maps from data supplied by a hydrographical and/or topographical land
surveyor.
1.4 Accuracy, precision & Error
Accuracy: - the measure of nearness or closeness to the true value E.g. given a true length to be
50 .00m and measured values of 50+0.01, 50+0.03, the value 50+0.01 is more accurate.
Precision:- the measure of nearness to each other of the measured values; the degree of
refinement in measurement (units)
Error: the difference between the true value or most probable value & the measured value of the
same quantity.
An error is either systematic or random error.
A systematic error is an error which magnitude and algebraic sign can be theoretically
determined.
A random error is an error which magnitude and sign cannot be predicted. Random
errors tend to be small and tend to distribute themselves equally on both side of Zero.
Mistakes are blunders (also called gross error) made by survey personnel. Taking the
wrong count of paces or wrong number of tape measure, Transposing figure, say for example
taking 54 for 45 are example of mistakes, mistakes must be discovered &eliminated,
preferably by the people who made them.
1.5 Duties of a surveyor
The duties of a surveyor can be broadly divided in to four main parts. They are
a. Field work
b. Office work
c. Construction work and
d. Care and adjustment of instruments.
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3. Addis Ababa University Ethiopian Institute Of Architecture, Building
Construction And City Development
Compiled by Ebisa Tesfaye (Msc.) Page 3
1. Field work
Site investigation:- before the actual surveying work is started the surveyor must carry
out preliminary site investigation. The site investigation will enable to acquire on overall
view of the site and how best to arrange the work.
Decision Making:- after the site has been investigated, the surveyor must select the
survey method to be adopted, the instrument and equipment to be used; and the
survey party to be deployed for the successful completion of the survey.
Data Acquisition: - this step involves measurement of distance, angles and recording
them in the field. Usually the measurement operation is accompanied by rough sketches
drawn in the note books.
2. Office work
Data processing: is computing the data acquired in the field for determining relative
position of points. Areas and volumes etc.
Data representation: is called mapping, the processed data must be interpreted
graphically and can also be show in tabular form or computer format.
3. Construction
Setting out:- consists in driving pegs or stakes in to the ground to mark out
boundaries or to guide construction activities.
Construction supervision:- at times the surveyor is called upon to carry out construction
supervision to check whether the construction of the project has been effected according
to the design and specification.
4. Care and Adjustment of instruments
The surveyor must study carefully the manufactures catalogue which accompanies each
surveying instrument. The catalogue contains short instruction on how to handle, adjust & use
the instrument. The instruction must be rigorously followed and applied.
Field work Office work Construction work
Data
Acquisition
Site
investigation
Decision
making
Supervision
Setting out
Data
processing
Data
Representation
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4. Addis Ababa University Ethiopian Institute Of Architecture, Building
Construction And City Development
Compiled by Ebisa Tesfaye (Msc.) Page 4
CHAPTER TWO
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
All surveying measurement is based on the following five kinds of measurements.
A. Horizontal distance
B. Horizontal angle
C. Vertical distance
D. Vertical angle and
E. Slope distance
2.1 Units of length & Angles
1. The international unit of measurement for length is meter (m) and subdivided into the
following units.
A. Units of length-millimetre (mm), Centimetre (cm), decimetre (dm), Meter (m),
Kilometre (km)
10mm=1cm
10cm=1dm
10dm=1mt
1000mt=1km
1 Us inch=1 British inch=2.54cm
1Us foot=30.48cm
B. Units of area= square meter (m2
)
C. Units of Volumes=cubic meter (m3
)
2. Units of angles:- most surveying instrument measure the angular distance between points in
degrees (o
), minutes (‘) ,second (”) and some countries in grad(g) systems.
10
=60’ and 1g=100c
1’=60’’ 1c=100cc
900
=100g
In which c is centesimal minutes & cc is centesimal seconds.
e.g. 1. Work out the following question
410
54’27’’ 910
42’30’’
+ 560
36’45’’ - 220
52’42’’
2. Convert the following degree to grad system
400
22’45’’
2.2 Scale
It’s obvious that we cannot plot length on a piece of paper to their full length or size. But using a
ratio we can determine their length or sizes and this can be done using scales.
Scale is a ratio of distance on the drawing to the corresponding distance on the ground or object.
Scale may be expressed in the following three ways:-
1. By a statement: - such as 1cm to 100mts and so on (i.e. 1cm to 10mts meaning 1cm on the
paper represents 10mts on the ground.)
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5. Addis Ababa University Ethiopian Institute Of Architecture, Building
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Compiled by Ebisa Tesfaye (Msc.) Page 5
2. By representative fraction (R.F):- such as 1: R, the denominator being the number of units
represented by one scale unit. These 1:5000, 1:1000 or 1/5000, 1/1000 this is the most commonly
used in map surveying.
N.B in this method the unit of measurement is the same
3. By dividing a line: - usually 1and 2 are combined to express the scale for example 1cm to
10mts or 1:1000.
2.3 Linear (method of distance) measurements
Linear measurement can be obtained in three different ways
1. Direct method
2. Indirect Method
3. Electronic distance measurement method
1. Direct method
Direct measurement can be obtained by the following methods
Applying a tape to a line for measuring its length directly.
Applying a protractor to an angle or by turning on angle with surveying instrument.
Counting the number of pacing between points and multiplying with the average
length of the pacing, approximately equal to the horizontal distance.
2. Indirect method
It is obtained when it’s not possible to apply the unit of measurement directly to the distance or
on angle to be measured. The quantity is therefore determined by its relation to some measured
quantities.
For instance, because of the river between two points A and B it’s difficult to measure by direct
measurement method. In this case we can apply indirect measurement either by observing the
vertical angles to a known vertical distance; then applying trigonometry.
3. Electronic distance measurement method.
The distance being found by timing electro-magnetic radiation transmitted from the instrument
station A to the reflector station B and back to the instrument. Comparing the transmitted and
received waves the instrument is able to compute and display the required distance.
2.4 Equipment used in taping
Equipment used for taping consists of a steel tape, Plumb bobs, one or more line rods (range
poles), a set of taping pins and a hand level. (Spring balance also used to measure tension force).
1. Line rods (ranging poles):- they are used for alignment of the measurement if the distance to
be measured is greater than the length of tape.
2. Taping pins: - used to mark the end position of the tape on the ground while the
measurement is in progress.
3. Hand level: - used to keep the two ends of the tape in the same horizontal plane.
4. Plumb bob: - used to project points from the tape down to the ground.
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6. Addis Ababa University Ethiopian Institute Of Architecture, Building
Construction And City Development
Compiled by Ebisa Tesfaye (Msc.) Page 6
2.5 Errors in tape measures & their correction
There are various factors contributing to introduction of errors while carrying out tape measures.
A. Incorrect tape length (standardization):- a source of error and calibration is essential.
It must be checked with a standard tape.
Cs=L(La-Ln) /Ln,
Where Cs= correction for standardization
L=measured length.
Ln=nominal length of one full tape
La=actual length of one full tape.
B. Tape not horizontal (sloping land):- the distance measured along the slope between two
stations is always greater than the horizontal distance. The correction required is known
as slope correction. This is always negative since all surveying calculation, plans, and
setting out designs are based in the horizontal plane, any sloping distance measured must
be reduced to horizontal before sign in calculation. The inclination angle between the
horizontal line and the slope tape is measured using clinometers; then the slope correction
can be calculated.
Correction for slope=L-D
Cos θ=D/L
Cs=L-L Cosθ
=L (1-Cosθ)
Where Cs= correction for standardization
L= distance measured along the slope between two stations
θ= inclination angle b/n the horizontal line and the slope tape
C. Change in temperature:- the length of the tape increase while the temperature is
increased & decreased if temperature is lowered. The amount of correction for
temperature can be determined by the formula
Ct=Lα (T-Ts)
Where Ct= Correction to be applied
L=Measured length
α= Coefficient of thermal expansion
T= Temperature at which the measurement is made
Ts=temperature at which the tape was standardized
D. Incorrect tension (forces applied at the end of the tape): when the correct tension is not
applied to the tape incorrect lengths are obtained. The correction to the measured length
can be obtained from the equation.
Cp=(p-Ps) L/AE
Where Cp=correction per measurement
P=Tension applied
Ps=standard tension
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7. Addis Ababa University Ethiopian Institute Of Architecture, Building
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Compiled by Ebisa Tesfaye (Msc.) Page 7
L= measured length
A=X-sectional area
E=modulus of elasticity
E. Sag (downward bending of the tape):- the effect of sag must be considered for more
accurate work. The tape will sag under its own weight in the shape of a catenaries curve.
The correction for sag is given by the formula
Cs=-nw2
L3
/24P2
=W2
L3
cos2
.θ/24P2
Where Cs=correction for sag in m.
w=weight per unit length of the tape , kg/m or N/m.
n= number of unsupported length
L= unsupported length in m( length between supports)
P= tension applied in the field, kg or N.
Assignment 1
1. A steel tape is standardized at 200
c under a tension of 44.5 N when supported
throughout its entire length and distance between the zero mark and the 30m mark is
30.014 m the tape weight 0.17N/m and has a x-sectional area of 2mm2
.In the field this
tape is used under 120 N and is supported at the ends only and temperature of the tape is
recorded as 50
c. The tape is used to measure line AB and the measured length of the line
is 29.872m. The difference in elevation between A and B is 1.9m. If E=200KN/mm2
and
α =0.0000112/0
c, determine the corrected length of AB.
2. The standardized length of the tape was known to be 50.013m at 200
c and 20N
tension. The nominal length of the tape was 50m and the tape was used to measure a line
AB suspending it between supports. The tape weights 0.17N/m and has x-sectional area
of 2mm2. The following measurements were recorded.
Calculate the horizontal distance of line AB if young’s modulus (E) for a tape material is
200km/mm2
and the coefficient of thermal expansion (α) is 0.0000112/0
c.
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