Conventional practices for orthographic and sectional views aim to improve drawing clarity, facilitate dimensioning, reduce drafting effort, and efficiently use drawing space. Some key conventions include using incomplete views, aligning symmetrical features between views, omitting section lines for certain features, and using broken sections, offset sections, and aligned sections to better represent complex geometries.
Basics of Different views, first and third angle projection in detail, examples of orthographic views, basics and rules of sectional views, types of sectional views, solved examples and to solve problems for sectional views.
Basics of Different views, first and third angle projection in detail, examples of orthographic views, basics and rules of sectional views, types of sectional views, solved examples and to solve problems for sectional views.
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Electron flow is the subject of several chapters in this book and is especially important in
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Chapter 1
1. Conventional practices for orthographic and sectional views
Convention is a commonly accepted practices which disregard some strict rules of orthographic projection.
2. PURPOSES
To improve the clarity of a drawing.
To facilitate the dimensioning.
To reduce the drafting effort.
To save or efficiently use a drawing space.
CONVENTION PRACTICE FOR ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
1. Incompleted views
• Incompleted side view
• Partial view
• Half view
• Local view
Incompleted side views are side views that are eliminated a feature
that can not clearly seen from a selected viewing direction.
3. Principal view
Difficult to read and to dimension.
Left-side view Right-side view
Details are interfered by those
on the opposite view.
Example : Strictly orthographic projection.
4. Example : Incompleted side views
Incompleted
left-side view
Incompleted
right-side view
Principal view
Better describe an object and
facilitate dimensioning.
5. Partial view is a view that represents portions of the part that
have a features need to clarify.
Half view is a partial view that is illustrated only half of the part.
Local view is a view that shows only features need to clarify.
7. Symmetry symbol
Left half Right half
Thin line
(4H)
Center line acts as a
line of symmetry.
No continuous line !
Example : Half view
8. Half view can be made by drawing the views
slightly beyond the line of symmetry.
No symmetry
symbol.
It is allow for writing
a break line.
In this course, we
omit the break line.
Example : Half view : alternative representation
Thin line
(4H)
10. Example : Local view
Shape of the
slot is completely
shown.
R6
7
Easy for
dimensioning
11. 2. Align view
Align view is a view that is drawn by
imaginarily rotating the object’s features,
appeared in a principle view about
symmetry axis.
12. Example : Necessity of align view
Waste of time
Confuse
Apply
convention
Clear
Strictly Projection
13. CONVENTION PRACTICE
For an object that has symmetrical positioned
features, it is advisable to show them on adjacent
view in true size at true radial distance from the
symmetry axis.
14. Example : Align view of holes
Gives the impression that there
is a hole at the center of the plate.
Given
Apply
aligned
convention
15. Example : Align view of holes
Given
Gives the impression that holes
are at unsymmetrical position.
Apply
aligned
convention
22. Example : Align view of ribs & holes
Apply
aligned
convention
23. Example : Align view of ribs & holes & keyway
Make Orthographic Projection
Apply Convention
24. 3. NON-EXISTING LINE OF INTERSECTION
Non-existing line of intersection is the line of intersecting surfaces that are eliminated
by fillets and rounds.
Example of a non-filleted pole (left) and a filleted pole (right)
Conventional practice
When true projection mislead the representation of an
object, it is necessary to show the additional lines that
are projected from the actual intersection of the
surfaces as if the fillets and rounds were not present.
25. Example : Non-existing line of intersection
Object does not has
rounds and fillets
Edges of the surfaces
are shown as lines in
the top view.
26. Example : Non-existing line of intersection
The view looks like a plate
with a hole !!
Object has
rounds and fillets
No edge !
(No intersection between surfaces)
Convention practice required !
Construct a non-existing line of
intersection.
32. Auxiliary view
Auxiliary view is needed when it is desirable to show the
true size and shape of a surface that is not parallel to
anyone of the principal planes of projection.
True size can not be observed
from these principal views.
33. Use of auxiliary view
In practice, an auxiliary view is usually a partial view
showing only the desired information.
Example
d
d
d
d
Complete view Partial view
34. Types of an auxiliary view
Primary auxiliary views may be classified into 3 types
by their relative to the principal views.
1. Adjacent to front view
2. Adjacent to top view
3. Adjacent to side view
35. Width & Height
&
True length
of edge view
Width
&
Depth
Height
&
Depth
Auxiliary view adjacent to front view
Glass box and revolution View arrangement
True size
of an inclined plane
36. Example 1
Do you remember?
Depth dimension of the auxiliary view
can be read from top view or side view.
Auxiliary
plane
37. Hidden lines of the holes
are omitted for clarity.
Start
Reference
line
A
C
D B
Prefer
distance
A
B
C
D
Example 2
41. CONVENTIONAL PRACTICES IN SECTIONAL VIEWS
Omit the section lines on the section view of
Rib, Web and Lug, if the cutting plane is
passed flatwise through.
Spoke, if the cutting plane is passed longwise
through.
42. EXAMPLE : RIB
Normal multiview drawing
Normal section view
Section view drawing with
convention
43. EXAMPLE : WEB : flatwise cut
Normal multiview drawing
Normal section view
Section view drawing with
convention
49. DEFINITION
Aligned section is a section view that is drawn
by imaginary rotating the object’s features
appeared in a principal view about symmetry
axis
50. Example : Hole
Gives the impression that this holes
are at unsymmetrical position.
57. CONVENTIONAL PRACTICE
For long objects that have to draw in a small scale to
fit them on the paper, it is recommended to remove
its long portion (which contains no important
information) and draw the break lines at the broken
ends.
62. 800
TO DIMENSION A BROKEN PART
Typical
dimensioning
method
f16
not to scale dimensions
f16
800
63. Broken Section
In some objects when some important interior detail must be shown, but due to the important exterior features, that
has to be shown, a full or half section is not feasible, showing a broken section is used as an alternative
The view is made by passing the cutting plane normal to the viewing direction and removing the portion of an object
in front of it.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71. OFFSET SECTIONS
In sectioning complex objects, it is often desirable to show features that do not lie in a
straight line by “offsetting” or bending the cutting plane. These are called offset sections.
Note the offset cutting plane line
72. ALIGNED SECTIONS
When parts with angled elements are sectioned, the cutting plane may be
bent to pass through those features. The plane and features are then
imagined to be revolved into the original plane.
Aligned Section
The angle of revolution should
always be less than 90° for
an aligned section.
73. ASSEMBLY SECTIONS
Section views are often used to create assembly drawings.
Notice that the hatching on different parts has different
hatch patterns or hatch at different angles. When used on
the same part, the hatching is always at the same angle
to help you recognize the parts easily.
The purpose of an assembly section is to reveal the interior of a machine or structure so that the
separate parts can be clearly shown and identified. However, the separate parts do not need to be
completely described.