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Chapter 08

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Arglen Bon Constantino
Arglen Bon Constantino

The document summarizes molecular structure and covalent bonding theories. It discusses valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory and valence bond (VB) theory. It describes the linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral electron pair geometries that result based on the number of electron pairs around a central atom. It also discusses how the presence of lone pairs can result in different electronic and molecular geometries, and the relationship between molecular geometry and polarity. Examples of various molecular shapes are provided.

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CHAPTER 8 ,[object Object]
Chapter Goals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Chapter Goals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Stereochemistry ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Two Simple Theories of Covalent Bonding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Overview of Chapter ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Overview of Chapter ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Overview of Chapter ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
VSEPR Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
VSEPR Theory ,[object Object]
VSEPR Theory ,[object Object]
VSEPR Theory ,[object Object]
VSEPR Theory ,[object Object]
VSEPR Theory ,[object Object]
VSEPR Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
VSEPR Theory ,[object Object],[object Object]
VSEPR Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
VSEPR Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
VSEPR Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Polar Molecules: The Influence of Molecular Geometry ,[object Object],[object Object],A B A linear molecule nonpolar A B A angular molecule polar
Polar Molecules: The Influence of Molecular Geometry ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Valence Bond (VB) Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Valence Bond (VB) Theory sp 3 d 2 Octahedral 6 sp 3 d Trigonal bipyramidal 5 sp 3 Tetrahedral 4 sp 2 Trigonal planar 3 sp Linear 2 Hybridization Electronic Geometry Regions of High Electron Density
Molecular Shapes and Bonding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Linear Electronic Geometry:AB 2 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Linear Electronic Geometry:AB 2 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],[object Object],1s 2s 2p Be   3s 3p Cl [Ne]     Lewis Formulas
Linear Electronic Geometry:AB 2 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],Electronic Geometry
Linear Electronic Geometry:AB 2 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],Polarity
Linear Electronic Geometry:AB 2 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],1s 2s 2p Be   1s sp hybrid 2p     3s 3p Cl [Ne]       
Linear Electronic Geometry:AB 2 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)
Trigonal Planar Electronic Geometry: AB 3 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trigonal Planar Electronic Geometry: AB 3 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],[object Object],Lewis Formulas 1s 2s 2p B      3s 3p Cl [Ne]       
Trigonal Planar Electronic Geometry: AB 3 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],Electronic Geometry
Trigonal Planar Electronic Geometry: AB 3 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],Polarity
Trigonal Planar Electronic Geometry: AB 3 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],1s 2s 2p B       1s sp 2 hybrid         3s 3p Cl [Ne]       
Trigonal Planar Electronic Geometry: AB 3 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)
Trigonal Planar Electronic Geometry: AB 3 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 4 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 4 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],2s 2p C [He]       1s H  Lewis Formulas
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 4 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],Electronic Geometry
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 4 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],Polarity
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 4 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object], 2s 2p C [He]      four sp 3 hybrid orbitals  C [He]         1s H 
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 4 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 4 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)
Example of Molecules with More Than One Central Atom Alkanes C n H 2n+2 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example of Molecules with More Than One Central Atom Alkanes C n H 2n+2
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 3 U Species (One Lone Pair of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 3 U Species (One Lone Pair of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],Lewis Formulas 2s 2p N [He]        2s 2p F [He]        1s H 
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 3 U Species (One Lone Pair of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],Electronic Geometry
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 3 U Species (One Lone Pair of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],Polarity
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 3 U Species (One Lone Pair of Electrons on A) ,[object Object], 2s 2p N [He]        four sp 3 hybrids        
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 2 U 2 Species (Two Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 2 U 2 Species (Two Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],[object Object],Lewis Formulas 2s 2p O [He]        1s H  
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 2 U 2 Species (Two Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],Polarity
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 2 U 2 Species (Two Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object], 2s 2p O [He]        four sp 3 hybrids        
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: ABU 3 Species (Three Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: ABU 3 Species (Three Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],Electronic Geometry
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: ABU 3 Species (Three Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object],Polarity HF is a polar molecule.
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: ABU 3 Species (Three Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) ,[object Object], 2s 2p F [He]        four sp 3 hybrids        
Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5 , AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5 , AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 ,[object Object],Lewis Formulas 4s 4p As [Ar] 3d 10        2s 2p F [He]       
Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5 , AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 ,[object Object],Electronic Geometry
Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5 , AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 ,[object Object],Polarity
Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5 , AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 ,[object Object],4s 4p 4d As [Ar] 3d 10          five sp 3 d hybrids 4d          
Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5 , AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5 , AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5 , AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 ,[object Object]
Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5 , AB 4 U, AB 3 U 2 , and AB 2 U 3 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5 , AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 ,[object Object]
Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5 , AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB 5 , AB 4 U, AB 3 U2, and AB 2 U 3 ,[object Object]
Octahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 6 , AB 5 U, and AB 4 U 2 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Octahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 6 , AB 5 U, and AB 4 U 2 ,[object Object],Lewis Formulas 4s 4p Se [Ar] 3d 10         2s 2p F [He]       
Octahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 6 , AB 5 U, and AB 4 U 2 ,[object Object],Polarity
Octahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 6 , AB 5 U, and AB 4 U 2 ,[object Object], 4s 4p 4d Se [Ar] 3d 10          six sp 3 d 2 hybrids 4d            
Octahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 6 , AB 5 U, and AB 4 U 2 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Octahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 6 , AB 5 U, and AB 4 U 2 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Octahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 6 , AB 5 U, and AB 4 U 2 ,[object Object]
Octahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 6 , AB 5 U, and AB 4 U 2 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Octahedral Electronic Geometry: AB 6 , AB 5 U, and AB 4 U 2 ,[object Object],Polarity
Compounds Containing Double Bonds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Compounds Containing Double Bonds ,[object Object]
Compounds Containing Double Bonds ,[object Object]
Compounds Containing Double Bonds ,[object Object],C C H H H H
Compounds Containing Double Bonds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2s 2p three sp 2 hybrids 2p C             
Compounds Containing Double Bonds ,[object Object],[object Object],Top view of an sp 2 hybrid
Compounds Containing Double Bonds ,[object Object],[object Object],Side view of sp 2 hybrid with p orbital included.
Compounds Containing Double Bonds ,[object Object]
Compounds Containing Double Bonds ,[object Object]
Compounds Containing Double Bonds ,[object Object]
Compounds Containing Double Bonds ,[object Object]
Compounds Containing Triple Bonds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Compounds Containing Triple Bonds ,[object Object],VSEPR Theory suggests regions of high electron density are 180 o apart. H C C H
Compounds Containing Triple Bonds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],2s 2p two sp hybrids 2p C [He]             
Compounds Containing Triple Bonds ,[object Object]
Compounds Containing Triple Bonds ,[object Object],[object Object]
Compounds Containing Triple Bonds ,[object Object]
Summary of Electronic & Molecular Geometries
Synthesis Question ,[object Object]
Synthesis Question
Group Question ,[object Object]
End of Chapter 8 ,[object Object],[object Object]

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Chapter 08