This chapter discusses sociocultural aspects of culture that are important for international business. It defines culture and explains that it is learned through social interaction. It presents several frameworks for comparing cultures, including models by Hall, Hofstede, and Trompenaars. Hall's concept of high and low context cultures is described. Hofstede's five dimensions of cultural variation are outlined. Trompenaar's seven dimensions for comparing cultures are also presented. The chapter discusses how culture influences business functions like marketing, HR, and leadership. It emphasizes that understanding sociocultural forces is key to business success across cultures.
Human resource issues in trans cultural organisationAakash Khandelwal
The document explores various HR issues within an organization (MNC) due to cultural diversity.
Hofstede framework is used and example of Merill Lynch, Bank of America and Google haven been discussed.
Tuna: Elect the Perfect Protein Catch [INFOGRAPHIC]Food Insight
To celebrate this campaign season, we're sharing campaign posters for some of our favorite nutrient-powered foods. Take a look at our second candidate- tuna fish - to check out its vitamins, protein, and Omega-3s!
Human resource issues in trans cultural organisationAakash Khandelwal
The document explores various HR issues within an organization (MNC) due to cultural diversity.
Hofstede framework is used and example of Merill Lynch, Bank of America and Google haven been discussed.
Tuna: Elect the Perfect Protein Catch [INFOGRAPHIC]Food Insight
To celebrate this campaign season, we're sharing campaign posters for some of our favorite nutrient-powered foods. Take a look at our second candidate- tuna fish - to check out its vitamins, protein, and Omega-3s!
особенности качественного контроля эффективности онлайн бизнеса с помощью Goo...Adlabsslideshare
Евгений Черный
Старший аналитик в компании ADLABS-Украина
Старший аналитик в компании ADLABS-Украина, одной из лидеров на рынке интернет-маркетинга в Украине.
Сертифицированный специалист в Google Analytics и практик с серьезным опытом. Евгений имеет большой опыт выступлений на профильных конференциях по интернет-маркетингу и веб-аналитике. Ведет обучающие семинары по Google Analytics, дает рекомендации и консультации.
Тема: Особенности качественного контроля эффективности онлайн-бизнеса с помощью Google Analytics
Investigué sobre la cantante, sus rasgos físicos, psicológicos y su historia, gracias a eso pude sacar conclusiones y puntos importantes que son característicos de ella, con los cuales me guié para realizar el Tipograma.
Dissecting culture and its application to business.docxmadlynplamondon
Dissecting
culture and its
application to
business
What we’ll cover
1. What is the nature of culture?
2. Variety and variation in culture
3. How have globalisation, migration and diversity impacted on
national culture?
4. Use these insights to critically evaluate models of national culture
5. Culture traps: problems and pitfalls to avoid
6. Dynamic models of culture
7. Groupwork exercise: apply your cultural knowledge to business
practice
1. What is culture?
Read the following descriptions of national values
for China, India, Britain
•What do these descriptions tell us about the nature of
culture?
i.e. what kinds of things do we call ‘culture’?
• How long might it take an outsider to understand these
values?
So what is the nature of culture?
“a complex frame of reference that consists of patterns of traditions,
beliefs, values, norms, symbols, and meanings that are shared to varying
degrees by interacting members of a community”
(Ting-Toomey, 1999, p.10)
traditions rituals, ceremonies, rites of passage
beliefs, values, norms underlying principles governing behaviours
symbols language (verbal, non-verbal) also images
meanings Interpretations of symbols held by members
‘shared to varying degrees’ not every single member of the culture to the same degree!
‘a frame of reference’ for making sense of the world
Culture is socially constructed; a basis for shared, collective identities
What are the key
words to highlight
in this definition?
Another definition
“the coherent, learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s
concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what
things are appropriate, and dictates behaviour”
(Varner & Beamer, 2011, p.5)
coherent an entire, consistent world view
learned we are not born with it; culture is transmitted
view of a group agreed, shared views of a society
What are the key
words to highlight
in this definition?
The Iceberg of Culture
In awareness Visible
Out of conscious
awareness
Invisible
Self-awareness
The Iceberg of Culture Fine arts Literature
Drama Classical music Popular music
Folk dancing Games Cooking Dress
Notions of modesty Conceptions of beauty Ideas about child raising
Rules of descent Cosmology Relationship to animals Courtship practices
Patterns of superior/subordinate relations Definitions of sin
Conceptions of justice Notions of leadership Incentive to work Tempo of work
Attitudes to the dependent Approaches to problem solving
Patterns of group decision making Eye behaviour Conceptions of cleanliness
Theories of disease Conception of status mobility
Roles in relation to status by age, sex, class, occupation, kinship etc
Definition of insanity Nature of friendship Conception of self
Patterns of visual perception Body language Facial expression
Notions of logic and validity Patterns of handling emotions ...
New, improved, updated version just uploaded! This introductory 2.5-hour seminar is presented regularly to groups of instructors at the University of Toronto School of Continuing Studies on teaching to a multicultural audience. I use a cultural competence framework to approach the topic.
The very objective of this presentation is to give a detailed brief picture on how Culture plays a significant role especially in the context of Global HRM coupled with few other concepts regarding the context.
I hope this PPT will serve as good reference for aspiring HR learners.
valuable feed & suggestions are most welcome :)
Happy reading... !!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. 4-2
Learning Objectives
• LO1 Describe what culture is.
• LO2 Explain the significance of culture differences
for international business.
• LO3 Describe Hall’s concept of high and low context.
• LO4 Describe Hofstede’s framework.
• LO5 Outline Trompenaar’s dimensions.
• LO6 Discuss the sociocultural aspects of culture as a
phenomenon.
• LO1 Describe what culture is.
• LO2 Explain the significance of culture differences
for international business.
• LO3 Describe Hall’s concept of high and low context.
• LO4 Describe Hofstede’s framework.
• LO5 Outline Trompenaar’s dimensions.
• LO6 Discuss the sociocultural aspects of culture as a
phenomenon.
3. 4-3
What Is Culture?
1. Culture is learned; we are not born with culture.
2. Aspects of culture are interrelated.
3. Culture is shared, patterned, and mutually
constructed through social interaction.
4. Culture defines the boundaries of different
groups.
1. Culture is learned; we are not born with culture.
2. Aspects of culture are interrelated.
3. Culture is shared, patterned, and mutually
constructed through social interaction.
4. Culture defines the boundaries of different
groups.
4. 4-4
People Live within
Cultural Frameworks
Sociocultural:
– Description of the
social world through
which we observe the
effects of culture
Sociocultural:
– Description of the
social world through
which we observe the
effects of culture
Ethnocentricity:
– Assumption that
one’s own culture is
superior to other
cultures
Ethnocentricity:
– Assumption that
one’s own culture is
superior to other
cultures
5. 4-5
How Do Business People
Learn about Cultures?
Anthropologist E. T. Hall claims:
1. Spend a lifetime in a culture, or
2. Undergo extensive cultural training AND
learn the language
Anthropologist E. T. Hall claims:
1. Spend a lifetime in a culture, or
2. Undergo extensive cultural training AND
learn the language
6. 4-6
Culture Affects all
Business Functions
• Marketing:
– What motivates people to buy and what do they prefer to buy?
• Human Resources:
– What are the local Sociocultural motivators of employees?
• Production:
– How do people work in groups? How do groups acquire resources?
• Accounting & Finance:
– Controls are based on the perception of trust in people
– Formal controls – compliance through rules and sanctions
– Informal controls – compliance through social norms
• Preferred Leadership Styles:
– Relationship between leader and followers
• Hierarchical? Lateral? Paternalistic? Heroic?
• Marketing:
– What motivates people to buy and what do they prefer to buy?
• Human Resources:
– What are the local Sociocultural motivators of employees?
• Production:
– How do people work in groups? How do groups acquire resources?
• Accounting & Finance:
– Controls are based on the perception of trust in people
– Formal controls – compliance through rules and sanctions
– Informal controls – compliance through social norms
• Preferred Leadership Styles:
– Relationship between leader and followers
• Hierarchical? Lateral? Paternalistic? Heroic?
7. 4-7
Frameworks to Compare Cultures
Frameworks help
managers
understand
behavioral patterns
across cultural
borders.
Frameworks help
managers
understand
behavioral patterns
across cultural
borders.
3 Theoretical
Frameworks:
1. Hall:
• Simple, but powerful
1. Hofstede:
• Empirical
1. Trompenaars:
• Based in social sciences
3 Theoretical
Frameworks:
1. Hall:
• Simple, but powerful
1. Hofstede:
• Empirical
1. Trompenaars:
• Based in social sciences
8. 4-8
Hall’s High and Low Context
Context
• the relevant
environment
• beyond explicit
communication
Context
• the relevant
environment
• beyond explicit
communication
• High Context Cultures (HC)
– Implicit and indirect communication;
Context is critical
– Polychronic (simultaneous activities;
multi-tasking)
– Asia, Latin America, Middle East
• Low Context Cultures (LC)
– Explicit communication, direct and to-
the-point
– Monochronic – linear, tangible, tied to
“Time is money,” uses schedules
– North America
• High Context Cultures (HC)
– Implicit and indirect communication;
Context is critical
– Polychronic (simultaneous activities;
multi-tasking)
– Asia, Latin America, Middle East
• Low Context Cultures (LC)
– Explicit communication, direct and to-
the-point
– Monochronic – linear, tangible, tied to
“Time is money,” uses schedules
– North America
11. 4-11
Hofstede’s Five Dimensions
• Individualism-Collectivism
– Degree of group integration
• Power Distance
– Expectation and acceptance of unequal power distribution
• Uncertainty Avoidance
– Comfort with uncertainty
• Masculinity-Femininity
– Distribution of roles between genders
• Long-Term Orientation/Confucian Dynamism
– Level of perseverance in overcoming obstacles not overcome
with will or strength
• Individualism-Collectivism
– Degree of group integration
• Power Distance
– Expectation and acceptance of unequal power distribution
• Uncertainty Avoidance
– Comfort with uncertainty
• Masculinity-Femininity
– Distribution of roles between genders
• Long-Term Orientation/Confucian Dynamism
– Level of perseverance in overcoming obstacles not overcome
with will or strength
16. 4-16
Trompenaars’ Seven Dimensions
• Universalism vs. Particularism / rules vs.
relationships
– Unversalist – rules apply to everyone
– Particularist – context determines which rules apply to whom
• Individualism vs. Communitarianism
– Communitarianism – the group benefits from actions
• Neutral vs. Affective / unemotional vs. emotional
– Display of emotion
• Specific vs. Diffuse
– Private life: small in specific vs. large in diffuse—undifferentiated
from public life
• Universalism vs. Particularism / rules vs.
relationships
– Unversalist – rules apply to everyone
– Particularist – context determines which rules apply to whom
• Individualism vs. Communitarianism
– Communitarianism – the group benefits from actions
• Neutral vs. Affective / unemotional vs. emotional
– Display of emotion
• Specific vs. Diffuse
– Private life: small in specific vs. large in diffuse—undifferentiated
from public life
17. 4-17
Trompenaars’ Seven Dimensions
• Achievement vs. Ascription
– Status based on what a person does vs. who a person is
• Attitudes towards Time – 2 aspects
– Focus on past, present or future
– Actions sequential (linear) or synchronous (polychronic)
• Attitudes toward Environment
– In harmony with nature or in control of nature?
• Achievement vs. Ascription
– Status based on what a person does vs. who a person is
• Attitudes towards Time – 2 aspects
– Focus on past, present or future
– Actions sequential (linear) or synchronous (polychronic)
• Attitudes toward Environment
– In harmony with nature or in control of nature?
19. 4-19
Sociocultural Aspects of Culture
• Effects of culture in all aspects, incl:
– Aesthetics
– Religion
– Material Culture
– Language
– Gift Giving
– Societal Organization
• Effects of culture in all aspects, incl:
– Aesthetics
– Religion
– Material Culture
– Language
– Gift Giving
– Societal Organization
20. 4-20
Aesthetics
• A culture’s sense of
beauty and good
taste, expressed in
everything, incl:
– Art
– Drama
– Music
– Folklore
– Dance
– Material culture
• Material Culture or
Artifacts
– All human-made
objects
– How people make
things (technology)
– Who makes what
and why (economics)
• Material Culture or
Artifacts
– All human-made
objects
– How people make
things (technology)
– Who makes what
and why (economics)
21. 4-21
Religion
• Religion is basic to the attitudes and beliefs of
every world culture.
• Knowledge of local religion shows respect for
the local culture
• Inappropriate use of religious references and
values may show disrespect of culture’s core
values
• Religion is basic to the attitudes and beliefs of
every world culture.
• Knowledge of local religion shows respect for
the local culture
• Inappropriate use of religious references and
values may show disrespect of culture’s core
values
23. 4-23
Language
Verbal and Nonverbal
• Every culture has language and dialects
• Verbal language distinguish cultures
• Every culture has language and dialects
• Verbal language distinguish cultures
• Not understanding the language is a barrier
• Even attempt to speak the language important
• Not understanding the language is a barrier
• Even attempt to speak the language important
• English the “Language of Business”
• Many prefer to speak their own language
• Speaking the native language yields competitive edge
• English the “Language of Business”
• Many prefer to speak their own language
• Speaking the native language yields competitive edge
24. 4-24
Nonverbal Language
• More intensive in HCs
• Gestures an accessible
form of non-verbal
language
• Gestures do not always
translate—
BE CAREFUL
• More intensive in HCs
• Gestures an accessible
form of non-verbal
language
• Gestures do not always
translate—
BE CAREFUL
• Physical space part of
nonverbal language
– Work space issues
• Open vs. private
• Size
• Location
• Hierarchy ordering
– Conversational space
• Normal distance between
people
• > in LC
• Physical space part of
nonverbal language
– Work space issues
• Open vs. private
• Size
• Location
• Hierarchy ordering
– Conversational space
• Normal distance between
people
• > in LC
25. 4-25
Special Focus: Gift Giving
Gift Giving Issues to Consider:
– What is an acceptable gift in the culture?
– What is the role of the gift?
– When is it given?
– How is it presented?
– What is acceptable wrapping?
– When should it be opened?
– Will the gift be seen as a bribe?
Gift Giving Issues to Consider:
– What is an acceptable gift in the culture?
– What is the role of the gift?
– When is it given?
– How is it presented?
– What is acceptable wrapping?
– When should it be opened?
– Will the gift be seen as a bribe?
26. 4-26
GLOBAL gauntlet
• When in Rome,
Should you “Do as
the Romans do”…
and feel comfortable
about it?
• When in Rome,
Should you “Do as
the Romans do”…
and feel comfortable
about it?
• When in another
country, should you
comply with local
practices and social
customs?
• What about local laws?
• What do you do when
local laws, norms or
customs conflict with
those from your home
country?
• When in another
country, should you
comply with local
practices and social
customs?
• What about local laws?
• What do you do when
local laws, norms or
customs conflict with
those from your home
country?