The document discusses several models for assessing organizational culture, including the Competing Values Framework, Hofstede's cultural dimensions, and Trompenaar's dimensions of culture. It also covers the Cultural Web model. The Competing Values Framework identifies four main culture types and notes that most organizations have a mix. Hofstede's model defines culture using six dimensions like power distance and individualism. Trompenaar's seven dimensions include universalism vs particularism and specific vs diffuse cultures. The Cultural Web model represents a culture through its symbols, rituals, stories, power structures, and control systems.
As part of Human Behavior in Organization Course. How should managers see people in their organization? What are the characteristics of an organization?
As part of Human Behavior in Organization Course. How should managers see people in their organization? What are the characteristics of an organization?
Presentation on international business( differences in culture)Md. Sourav Hossain
This assignment will help every student for making their assignment and presentation better and effective. From it every student will understand the cultural differences in the world.
They say Culture eats Strategy for breakfast. This is true because the biggest leadership challenge to improving an organisation's internal environment is culture. Without a supportive culture even the most brilliant strategy will not get implemented successfully. Without cultural allignment to changing landscape, at best you will get compliance and with it stress, dysfunctional waste and entropy.
A brief presentation done by Umesh, Raksha and Baoping. Presentation is about National and Organisational Culture based in works done by Hoftede and other scholars.
Presentation by Robert Braden, Brian Deeb and Trevor Davisson. The title describes the presentation, as our International Business professor said at the beginning of the semester "You will succeed or fail based upon understanding cultures in international business." Aside from the cultural dimensions, additional criteria was comparing the US dimensions to the following countries: Australia, Hong Kong, France, Colombia and Morocco.
Building an ethical workplace culture requires equal skills in policy-making and relationship-building, and equal emphasis on procedures and values. Structural concerns like codes, training and clear criteria matter, but so do storytelling, mentoring and presiding over an organization’s routines and ceremonies. In an ideal workplace, structures and relationships will work together around core values that transcend self-interest. Core values will inspire value-creating efforts as employees feel inspired to do what is right, even when the right thing is hard to do. The ethics of our workplace cultures matter because the work itself matters and requires the cooperation that only positive, virtuous ethics can sustain. Compliance keeps us out of trouble, but virtuous ethics will create value for our co-workers and for our organization.
Presentation on international business( differences in culture)Md. Sourav Hossain
This assignment will help every student for making their assignment and presentation better and effective. From it every student will understand the cultural differences in the world.
They say Culture eats Strategy for breakfast. This is true because the biggest leadership challenge to improving an organisation's internal environment is culture. Without a supportive culture even the most brilliant strategy will not get implemented successfully. Without cultural allignment to changing landscape, at best you will get compliance and with it stress, dysfunctional waste and entropy.
A brief presentation done by Umesh, Raksha and Baoping. Presentation is about National and Organisational Culture based in works done by Hoftede and other scholars.
Presentation by Robert Braden, Brian Deeb and Trevor Davisson. The title describes the presentation, as our International Business professor said at the beginning of the semester "You will succeed or fail based upon understanding cultures in international business." Aside from the cultural dimensions, additional criteria was comparing the US dimensions to the following countries: Australia, Hong Kong, France, Colombia and Morocco.
Building an ethical workplace culture requires equal skills in policy-making and relationship-building, and equal emphasis on procedures and values. Structural concerns like codes, training and clear criteria matter, but so do storytelling, mentoring and presiding over an organization’s routines and ceremonies. In an ideal workplace, structures and relationships will work together around core values that transcend self-interest. Core values will inspire value-creating efforts as employees feel inspired to do what is right, even when the right thing is hard to do. The ethics of our workplace cultures matter because the work itself matters and requires the cooperation that only positive, virtuous ethics can sustain. Compliance keeps us out of trouble, but virtuous ethics will create value for our co-workers and for our organization.
1
MBA 670 Capsim: Strategic Decision Making
Project 5 - Creating an International Business Plan
Learning Topics
2
MBA 670: Strategic Decision Making
Project 5 Learning Topics
1 Assess the Characteristics of MediCorp's Potential Customers in
the Selected Country
International Cultural Differences
Communications, teamwork, organizational hierarchy, and positive attitudes toward management roles
are essential in any organization. These are crucial in international business, as problems are often
exacerbated by subtle cross-cultural differences. When defining roles in multinational teams whose
members have diverse attitudes and expectations about organizational hierarchy, these cultural
differences can present a challenge.
Culture is a system of values and norms that is shared among a group of people. The ways people
interact socially, their mutual expectations, and the values they share all have consequences for doing
business and managing across cross-cultural boundaries.
How a country's cultural differences relate to international business can be seen in the following
examples:
• In Japan, social hierarchy and respect for seniority are highly valued and are reflected at the
workplace. Those in senior management positions command respect and expect a formality and
deference from junior team members.
• In Scandinavian countries, societal equality is emphasized. Workplaces therefore tend to have a
comparatively flat organizational hierarchy. In turn, this organization can result in relatively
informal communication and an emphasis on cooperation across the organization.
• The way to address colleagues and business partners varies in different countries. While
Americans and Canadians tend to use first names, in Asian countries such as South Korea,
China, and Singapore, colleagues tend to use the formal address, Mr. or Ms. So do Germans and
many Europeans.
• The concept of punctuality also differs between cultures. Where an American may arrive at a
meeting a few minutes early, an Indian or Mexican colleague may arrive well after the scheduled
start time and still be considered on time.
• Attitudes to work also differ. While some may consider working long hours a sign of commitment,
others may view it as an encroachment on their personal time and a sacrifice of essential family
time.
• Greeting customs are highly culture- and situation-specific. In the United States and Canada, a
simple handshake while looking a person in the eye is the norm. In Japan, bowing is the
traditional greeting—the deeper the bow, the greater the respect shown. In India, you put hands
together as in prayer and say "namaste." In Arab countries, men might hug and kiss each other
(but not a woman) on the cheek.
• In Latin America and the Middle East, the acceptable physical distance needed to respect
someone's personal space is much shorter than what most Europeans and Americans feel
comfor.
1
MBA 670 Capsim: Strategic Decision Making
Project 5 - Creating an International Business Plan
Learning Topics
2
MBA 670: Strategic Decision Making
Project 5 Learning Topics
1 Assess the Characteristics of MediCorp's Potential Customers in
the Selected Country
International Cultural Differences
Communications, teamwork, organizational hierarchy, and positive attitudes toward management roles
are essential in any organization. These are crucial in international business, as problems are often
exacerbated by subtle cross-cultural differences. When defining roles in multinational teams whose
members have diverse attitudes and expectations about organizational hierarchy, these cultural
differences can present a challenge.
Culture is a system of values and norms that is shared among a group of people. The ways people
interact socially, their mutual expectations, and the values they share all have consequences for doing
business and managing across cross-cultural boundaries.
How a country's cultural differences relate to international business can be seen in the following
examples:
• In Japan, social hierarchy and respect for seniority are highly valued and are reflected at the
workplace. Those in senior management positions command respect and expect a formality and
deference from junior team members.
• In Scandinavian countries, societal equality is emphasized. Workplaces therefore tend to have a
comparatively flat organizational hierarchy. In turn, this organization can result in relatively
informal communication and an emphasis on cooperation across the organization.
• The way to address colleagues and business partners varies in different countries. While
Americans and Canadians tend to use first names, in Asian countries such as South Korea,
China, and Singapore, colleagues tend to use the formal address, Mr. or Ms. So do Germans and
many Europeans.
• The concept of punctuality also differs between cultures. Where an American may arrive at a
meeting a few minutes early, an Indian or Mexican colleague may arrive well after the scheduled
start time and still be considered on time.
• Attitudes to work also differ. While some may consider working long hours a sign of commitment,
others may view it as an encroachment on their personal time and a sacrifice of essential family
time.
• Greeting customs are highly culture- and situation-specific. In the United States and Canada, a
simple handshake while looking a person in the eye is the norm. In Japan, bowing is the
traditional greeting—the deeper the bow, the greater the respect shown. In India, you put hands
together as in prayer and say "namaste." In Arab countries, men might hug and kiss each other
(but not a woman) on the cheek.
• In Latin America and the Middle East, the acceptable physical distance needed to respect
someone's personal space is much shorter than what most Europeans and Americans feel
comfor.
The meaning and dimensions of culture-Lecture-03(Helen Deresky)Shifur Rahman
Culture refers to the acquired knowledge that:
people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior, and
forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behavior.
In fact, culture comprises the shared values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that are:
Learned from earlier generations.
Imposed by present members of a society, and
Passed on to succeeding generations.
Prepared by
Md. Sohel Chowdhury
Assistant Lecturer
Dept.of Management Studies
University of Barisal
The very objective of this presentation is to give a detailed brief picture on how Culture plays a significant role especially in the context of Global HRM coupled with few other concepts regarding the context.
I hope this PPT will serve as good reference for aspiring HR learners.
valuable feed & suggestions are most welcome :)
Happy reading... !!
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Recruiting in the Digital Age: A Social Media MasterclassLuanWise
In this masterclass, presented at the Global HR Summit on 5th June 2024, Luan Wise explored the essential features of social media platforms that support talent acquisition, including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...
Models for the assessment of organisational culture global standard
1. Models For The Assessment Of
Culture
YPTC
For CIPS Level 6
2. Models
• Competing values Framework-Quinn and
Cameron’s
• Hofstede International cultures
• Trompenaar’s dimensions of culture
• Cultural Web
3. The Competing Values Framework
The Four Culture Types
• From Quinn and Cameron’s extensive study, it
was found that most organizations have
developed a leading culture style. An organization
rarely has only one culture type. Time and again,
there is a mix of the four organizational cultures.
• The Competing Values Framework states that the
values and the corresponding organizational
cultures compete with each other.
4. The Competing Values Framework
The Four Culture Types
Based on: Cameron & Quinn (1999)
6. A culture profile illustrates the
following:
1. The dominant culture
2. The strength of the dominant culture (the amount of
points given)
3. Discrepancy between present and preferred culture
4. The congruency of the six features. Cultural
incongruence frequently leads to a desire to change,
because different values and goals can take a lot of
time and debate
5. Evaluation of the culture profile with the average for
the sector
6. Comparison with average tendencies; in what phase
of development is the organization?
7. Trompenaars cultural dimensions
Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner
(1997) classified cultures along a mix
of behavioural and value patterns.
Their research focuses on the cultural
dimensions of business executives.
In their book "Riding The Waves of
Culture" (1997), Trompenaars and
Hampden-Turner identify seven value
orientations.
8. Note
• Some of these value orientations can be
regarded as nearly identical to Hofstede's
dimensions. Others offer a somewhat
different perspective.
9. TROMPENAARS AND HAMPDEN-
TURNER'S 7 DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE
• They concluded that what distinguishes
people from one culture compared with
another is where these preferences fall
on each of the following seven
dimensions:
10. 7 DIMENSIONS
1. Universalism vs particularism.
2. Individualism vs communitarianism.
3. Specific vs diffuse
4. Neutral vs emotional.
5. Achievement vs ascription.
6. Sequential time vs synchronous time.
7. Internal direction vs outer direction.
11. Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions
• Universalism: belief that ideas and practices
can be applied everywhere in the world
without modification
– In countries with high universalism, focus is more
on formal rules, business contracts are adhered
to closely, people believe “a deal is a deal”
– Includes Canada, U.S., Germany, U.K.,
Netherlands, France, Japan, Singapore, Thailand,
and Hong Kong.
VS.Universalism Particularism
12. Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions
• Particularism: belief that circumstances
dictate how ideas and practices should be
applied and something cannot be done the
same everywhere
– In countries with high particularism, legal
contracts often modified, well-acquainted people
often change the way in which deals are executed
– Includes China and South Korea
VS.Universalism Particularism
14. Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions
• Individualism: people regard themselves as
individuals
– In countries high on individualism, people stress
personal and individual matters, and are more likely
to make negotiated decisions on the spot by a
representative, achieve things alone and assume
great personal responsibility
– Includes Canada, Thailand, U.K., U.S., Netherlands,
France, Japan, China, Singapore, and Hong Kong
VS.Individualism Collectivism
15. Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions
• Collectivism: people regard themselves as
part of a group
– In countries high on communitarianism, people
value group-related issues, refer decisions to
committees, achieve things in groups and jointly
assume responsibility
– Includes Malaysia and Korea
VS.Individualism Collectivism
17. Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions
• Neutral: culture in which emotions are held in
– In high neutral culture countries, people try not to show
their feelings, act stoically and maintain their composure
– Includes Japan and the U.K.
• Emotional: culture in which emotions are expressed openly and
naturally
– In high emotional culture countries, people smile a great
deal, talk loudly when excited and greet each other with
enthusiasm
– Includes Mexico, the Netherlands and Switzerland
VS.Neutral Emotional
19. Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions
• Specific culture: individuals have a large
public space shared with others and a small
private space they guard closely and share
only with close friends and associates
– In high specific cultures, people are more open
and extroverted, and there is a strong separation
of work and private life
– Includes Austria, U.K., U.S. and Switzerland
VS.Specific Diffuse
20. Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions
• Diffuse culture: public and private space are
similar in size, individuals guard public space
carefully because it is shared with private
space
– In high diffuse cultures, people often appear to
be indirect and introverted, and work and private
life often are closely linked
– Includes Venezuela, China, and Spain
VS.Specific Diffuse
22. Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions
• Achievement culture: status is accorded
based on how well people perform their
functions
– Includes Austria, U.S., Switzerland and the U.K.
• Ascription culture: status is based on who or
what a person is
– Includes Venezuela, Indonesia, and China
VS.Achievement Ascription
24. Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions
• Sequential approach
– People do only one activity at a time, keep appointments
strictly, prefer to follow plans as laid out (United States)
• Synchronous approach
– People tend to multi-task, view appointments as
approximate, schedules are seen as subordinate to
relationships (France, and Mexico)
• Present oriented/future oriented
– Future is more important (U.S., Italy, and Germany
– Present is more important (Venezuela, Indonesia, and Spain
– All three time periods equally important (France and
Belgium)
Time
26. Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions
• Inner-directed: people believe in controlling
outcomes
– Includes U.S., Switzerland, Australia, Belgium,
Indonesia, Hong Kong, Greece, Singapore, and
Japan
• Outer-directed: people believe on letting
things take their own course
– Includes China and many other Asian countries
The Environment
28. Geert Hofstede
Defining culture in 6 dimensions, based on research
at IBM:
• Power distance index
• Individualism
• Uncertainty avoidance index
• Masculinity
• Long term orientation
• Indulgence versus gratification
29. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
Power Distance
• Power distance: The extent to which less powerful members
of institutions and organizations accept that power is
distributed unequally
– High power distance countries: people may blindly obey the orders of
their superiors and are less likely to question authority. Companies
tend to use centralized decision-making and tall organization
structures (many levels of management)
– Low power distance countries: flatter and decentralized organization
structures, smaller ratio of supervisors. Employees are more likely to
question their bosses. Participative management may be used.
30. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
Individualism and Collectivism
• Individualism: Tendency of people to look after themselves
and their immediate family only
– Countries high in individualism: High individual initiative.
Promotions are based on achievement. Salaries are
based on market value.
• Collectivism: Tendency of people to belong to groups or
collectives and to look after each other in exchange for
loyalty
– Countries high in collectivism: Low individual initiative.
Salaries and promotions may be based on seniority
31. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
Uncertainty Avoidance
• Uncertainty avoidance: Extent to which people feel
threatened by ambiguous situations and have created
beliefs and institutions that try to avoid such situations
– High uncertainty avoidance countries: people have high need for security,
strong belief in experts and their knowledge, more written rules and
procedures, less risk taking by managers
– Low uncertainty avoidance countries: people are more willing to accept
risks associated with the unknown, fewer written rules and procedures,
more risk taking by managers, higher employee turnover, more ambitious
employees
32. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
Masculinity and Femininity
• Masculinity: the dominant social values are success, money
and things
– Countries high in masculinity: People place great
importance on earnings, recognition, advancement,
challenge, and wealth. High job stress.
• Femininity: the dominant social values are caring for others
and the quality of life
– Countries high in femininity: great importance on
cooperation, friendly atmosphere, employment security,
and the natural environment. Low job stress.
33. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions- the
new 5th and 6th Elements
• Long-term vs. short-term orientation. Long-term emphasizes practice and
practical value. Short-term focus their content on truth and the certainty
of beliefs. Countries which scored highly on Confucian work dynamism or
long-term orientation exhibited a strong concern with time along a
continuum and were therefore both past- and future oriented, with a
preoccupation with tradition but also a concern with the effect of actions
and policies on future generations.
• A sixth dimension has now been added Indulgence versus gratification-
Indulgence stands for a society that allows relatively free gratification of
basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun.
Restraint stands for a society that suppresses gratification of needs and
regulates it by means of strict social norms.
34. More Information
• Visit Hofstede’s website and compare 2 countries:
• https://geert-hofstede.com/national-culture.html
Video
• Hofstede's cultural dimensions by Ashesh
Manandhar 3m 07s all 6 dimensions
• https://youtu.be/rBxCUZnRSjA
35. The cultural web
The cultural web shows the behavioural,
physical and symbolic manifestations of a
culture that inform and are informed by the
taken-for-granted assumptions, or paradigm,
of an organisation-Johnson & Scholes
36. The Cultural Web
A cultural web (Johnson et al., 2008) is a useful
device for highlighting the different strands of an
organisation's culture. These include:
• symbols
• rituals and routines
• stories
• power structures and organisational structures
• control systems
38. Cultural Web
There are 6 interrelated areas
• Routines and rituals - routines are 'the way things are done around here' and may even
demonstrate a beneficial competency. They can be the written or unwritten rules of the game
within the organisation.
• Stories and myths - that employees tell one another and others about the organisation, its history
and personalities; used to communicate traditions, standards and role models.
• Symbols - such as logos, offices, cars, titles, type of language and terminology commonly used
become a shorthand representation of the nature of the organisation.
• Power structure - formal or informal power or influence by virtue of position, control of resources,
who the person knows, or history. This may be based on management position and seniority but in
some organisations power can be lodged with other levels or functions.
• Organisational structure - reflects the formal and informal roles, responsibilities, and relationships
and ways in which the organisation works. Structures are likely to reflect power.
• Control systems - the measurement and reward systems that emphasise what is important to
monitor and to focus attention and activity upon.
• The paradigm is at the centre-The paradigm is the set of assumptions held in common and taken for
granted in an organisation.
39. Routines ...
• … are the scheduled and deliberate
practices of day-to-day life in an
organisation
• … ensure the smooth running of the
organisation
40. Rituals ...
• … are used to reinforce routines
• … include induction and training
courses
• … and routines will be very clear and
important in strong culture
organisations
41. Stories...
• … represent an organisation’s history
• … highlight significant events and people in
the past
42. Stories ...
• … are told to new organisational members
by existing members
• … highlight acceptable and unacceptable
behaviour in the organisation
43. Symbols ...
• … represent the power an individual has in
an organisation
• … indicate the value of an individual to the
organisation
44. Power structures ...
• … are groups of individuals with power
underpinned by a common set of values
and beliefs
• … often based on technical or professional
expertise
45. Organisational structure ...
• … determines where the power will
exist in the organisation
• … simple structure - power rests with
the owner
• …functional structure - power rests
with senior management
46. Organisational structure ...
• … divisional structure - power is
spread throughout the organisation
• … matrix structure - power rests with
individuals in the matrix
47. Control systems ...
• … monitor what is important to the
organisation
• … can monitor money, budgets, people -
rewards systems, work - efficiency and
effectiveness
Editor's Notes
•Clan: an organization that concentrates on internal maintenance with flexibility, concern for people, and sensitivity for customers.
•Hierarchy: an organization that focuses on internal maintenance with a need for stability and control.
•Adhocracy: an organization that concentrates on external positioning with a high degree of flexibility and individuality.
•Market: an organization that focuses on external maintenance with a need for stability and control.
Countries which displayed a high level of power distance included France, Spain,
Hong Kong and Iran. Countries as diverse as Germany, Italy, Australia and the USA
were characterised as low power distance societies. Britain also emerged as a low-power distance
society according to Hofstede’s work.
Thus, the USA, France and Spain display high individualism. This contrasts with Portugal, Hong Kong, India and Greece which are low-individualism societies.
Britain here is depicted as a high-individualism society.
High uncertainty avoidance is said to be characteristic in France,
Spain, Germany and many of the Latin American societies. Low to medium uncertainty
avoidance was displayed in the Netherlands, the Scandinavian countries and Ireland.
In this case Britain is said to be ‘low to medium’ together with the USA, Canada and
Australia.
High-masculinity societies included the USA, Italy, Germany and Japan. More feminine (low-masculinity) societies included the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries. In this case Britain was located within the high-masculinity group.
The cultural web provides a way of auditing an organisation’s culture. It can also identify possible barriers within the existing culture to change. The web can also be used to describe the way an organisation should look after a transformation. This particular angle is of importance for this management project, because management felt that there was a clear difference between the current cultural web and the desired one within the organisation.