It focuses on sleep medicine - sleep disorders, sleep stages, DSM classification, types, classifications, and pharmacological and non pharmacological management.
It focuses on sleep medicine - sleep disorders, sleep stages, DSM classification, types, classifications, and pharmacological and non pharmacological management.
Depression is a mental disorder and has become most common in recent years. This slide or presentation deals with all types of aetiologies of depression, theories that are involved in development of depression, pathophysiology of drepression, various classes anti-depressant their pharmacology with the adverse events or effects. This also gives a brief note on difference between depression and sadness.
Effective treatment for insomnia in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembur, Mum...Shewta shetty
"Treatment & remedies for insomnia find promising homeopahty treatment.Personalised online consultancy & treatments provided at our clinic by efficient panel of doctors in our center at mumbai,Bombay,Chembur, India.Contact us.
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Effective treatment for insomnia in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembur, Mum...Shewta shetty
"Treatment & remedies for insomnia find promising homeopahty treatment.Personalised online consultancy & treatments provided at our clinic by efficient panel of doctors in our center at mumbai,Bombay,Chembur, India.Contact us.
"
The content of this presentation was taken from the:
MIT Open Course Ware http://ocw.mit.edu
ES.S10 Drugs and the Brain
This was made on behalf of the final requirements for:
CEIT321 Course in Middle East Technical University
Depression is a mental disorder and has become most common in recent years. This slide or presentation deals with all types of aetiologies of depression, theories that are involved in development of depression, pathophysiology of drepression, various classes anti-depressant their pharmacology with the adverse events or effects. This also gives a brief note on difference between depression and sadness.
Effective treatment for insomnia in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembur, Mum...Shewta shetty
"Treatment & remedies for insomnia find promising homeopahty treatment.Personalised online consultancy & treatments provided at our clinic by efficient panel of doctors in our center at mumbai,Bombay,Chembur, India.Contact us.
"/>
Effective treatment for insomnia in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembur, Mum...Shewta shetty
"Treatment & remedies for insomnia find promising homeopahty treatment.Personalised online consultancy & treatments provided at our clinic by efficient panel of doctors in our center at mumbai,Bombay,Chembur, India.Contact us.
"
The content of this presentation was taken from the:
MIT Open Course Ware http://ocw.mit.edu
ES.S10 Drugs and the Brain
This was made on behalf of the final requirements for:
CEIT321 Course in Middle East Technical University
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutrition is the science that deals with the study of nutrients and their role in maintaining human health and well-being. It encompasses the various processes involved in the intake, absorption, and utilization of essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water, by the human body.
word2vec, node2vec, graph2vec, X2vec: Towards a Theory of Vector Embeddings o...Subhajit Sahu
Below are the important points I note from the 2020 paper by Martin Grohe:
- 1-WL distinguishes almost all graphs, in a probabilistic sense
- Classical WL is two dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman
- DeepWL is an unlimited version of WL graph that runs in polynomial time.
- Knowledge graphs are essentially graphs with vertex/edge attributes
ABSTRACT:
Vector representations of graphs and relational structures, whether handcrafted feature vectors or learned representations, enable us to apply standard data analysis and machine learning techniques to the structures. A wide range of methods for generating such embeddings have been studied in the machine learning and knowledge representation literature. However, vector embeddings have received relatively little attention from a theoretical point of view.
Starting with a survey of embedding techniques that have been used in practice, in this paper we propose two theoretical approaches that we see as central for understanding the foundations of vector embeddings. We draw connections between the various approaches and suggest directions for future research.
2. Some Early Definitions
• Consciousness: All the sensations,
perceptions, memories, and feelings you are
aware of in any instant
– Waking Consciousness: Normal, clear,
organized, alert awareness
• Altered State of Consciousness (ASC):
Awareness that is distinctly different in quality
or pattern from waking consciousness
3. Sleep
• Innate, biological rhythm
• Microsleep: Brief shift in brain-wave patterns
similar to those of sleep
• Sleep Deprivation: Sleep loss; being deprived
of needed amounts of sleep
• Sleep-Deprivation Psychosis: Major
disruption of mental and emotional
functioning that occurs because of sleep loss
• Hypersomnia: Excessive daytime sleepiness
4.
5. Measuring Sleep Changes
• Electroencephalograph (EEG): Brain-wave
machine; amplifies and records electrical
activity in the brain
• Beta Waves: Small fast waves associated
with alertness and awakeness
• Alpha Waves: Large, slow waves associated
with relaxation and falling asleep
6. Stages of Sleep
• Stage 1: Small, irregular waves produced in
light sleep (people may or may not say they
were asleep)
– Hypnic Jerk: Reflex muscle twitch
throughout body that may occur in Stage 1
11. Kinds of Sleep
• Rapid Eye Movements (REM): Associated
with dreaming; sleep is very light
– Body is very still during REM sleep
– Lack of muscle paralysis during REM sleep
is called “REM Behavioral Disorder”
• Non-REM (NREM) Sleep: Occurs during
stages 1, 2, 3, and 4; no rapid eye movement
occurs
– Seems to help us recover from daily
fatigue
12.
13. Sleep Disturbances
• Insomnia: Difficulty in getting to sleep or
staying asleep, or waking early
– Sleeping pills exacerbate insomnia; cause
decrease in REM and Stage 4 sleep and
may cause dependency
• Drug-Dependency Insomnia: Sleeplessness
that follows withdrawal from sleeping pills
14. Types and Causes of Insomnia
• Temporary Insomnia: Brief period of
sleeplessness caused by worry, stress, and
excitement.
– Avoid fighting it and read a book, for
example, until you’re struggling to stay
awake.
• Chronic Insomnia: Exists if sleeping troubles
last for more than three weeks.
– Adopt regular schedule; go to bed at the
same time each night, for example.
15. Sleep Disturbances
• Sleepwalking (Somnambulism): Occurs in
NREM sleep during Stages 3 and 4
• Sleeptalking: Speaking while asleep; occurs
in NREM sleep
16. Nightmares
• Bad dreams that occur during REM sleep
• Imagery Rehearsal: Mentally rehearse the
changed dream before you go to sleep again;
may help to eliminate nightmares
17. Night Terrors
• Total panic and hallucinations may occur
– Occurs during Stage 4 sleep
– Most common in childhood; may occur in
adults
18. Sleep Apnea
• Interrupted breathing during sleep; cause of
very loud snoring
– Hypersomnia: Extreme daytime sleepiness
– Apnea can be treated by
• Surgery
• Weight loss
• Breathing mask
19. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
• Also known as SIDS or Crib Death; Sudden,
unexplained death of healthy infant (infants
should sleep on back or on side to try to
prevent)
• SIDS babies have a weak arousal reflex;
prevents them from changing positions and
resuming breathing after an apnea episode
20. REM Rebound
• Extra rapid eye movement sleep following
REM sleep deprivation
21. Psychodynamic (Freudian) Theory of
Dreaming
• Emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and
unconscious forces
• Wish Fulfillment: Freudian belief that many
dreams are expressions of unconscious
desires
– Much evidence to refute this
• Dream Symbols: Images that have a deeper
symbolic meaning
23. Hypnosis
• Altered state of consciousness characterized
by intensely narrowed attention and
increased openness to suggestion
– Mesmer: Believed he could cure diseases
by passing magnets over body; true
“animal magnetism” (“mesmerize” means
to hypnotize)
– Must cooperate to become hypnotized
28. Tricks of the Trade
• Waking Suggestibility: People on stage do not
want to spoil the act, so they will follow any
instruction.
• Selection of Responsive Subjects: Any
“volunteer” who does not get hypnotized in
the stage group and does not follow
instructions is “voted off.”
• The Hypnosis Label Disinhibits: On stage,
once you are “in a hypnotic trance,” your
responsibility for actions is removed; you can
do whatever you want!
29. More Stage Hypnosis “Tricks of the
Trade”
• Hypnotist as Director: Once they are in a
trance, the “volunteers” are suddenly the
show’s stars, and they will act like it. The
hypnotists only need to direct them.
• Stage Hypnotists Use Tricks: Stage hypnosis
is 50% deception and 50% taking advantage
of the situation
30. More Hypnosis Concepts
• Hypnotic Susceptibility: How easily a person
can be hypnotized
• Basic Suggestion Effect: Tendency of
hypnotized people to carry out suggested
actions as though they were involuntary
31. Meditation
• Mental exercise designed to produce
relaxation or heightened awareness
• Concentrative Meditation: Attention is paid to
a single focal point (i.e., object, thought, etc.)
– Produces relaxation response and thus
works to reduce stress
• Mindfulness Meditation: Based on widening
attention span to become aware of everything
experienced at a given moment
• Mantra: Word(s) or sound(s) repeated during
concentrative meditation
32. Relaxation Response
• Occurs at time of relaxation; internal
response that prevents activation of adrenal
glands
33. Drugs and Altered States of
Consciousness
• Psychoactive Drug: Substance capable of
altering attention, judgment, memory, time
sense, self-control, emotion, or perception
• Stimulant: Substance that increases activity in
body and nervous system
• Depressant: Substance that decreases
activity in body and nervous system
34.
35. Physical Dependence
• Physical Addiction based on drug tolerance
and withdrawal symptoms
– Drug Tolerance: Reduction in body’s
response to a drug
– Withdrawal Symptoms: Physical illness
following withdrawal of the drug
36. Psychological Dependence
• Drug dependence based on psychological or
emotional needs
– Usually crave drug
– Can be as powerful as physiological
addiction
37. Stimulants (Uppers)
• Amphetamines: Synthetic stimulants that
excite the nervous system
– Dexedrine and Methamphetamine are two
types of stimulants
• Amphetamine Psychosis: Loss of contact with
reality because of amphetamine use; user
tends to have paranoid delusions
38. Cocaine
• Central Nervous System stimulant derived
from leaves of coca plant; also used as local
anesthetic
– From 1886-1906, Coca-Cola did indeed
have cocaine in it!
– Highly addictive drug
– Anhedonia (Inability to Feel Pleasure):
Common after cocaine withdrawal
39. MDMA (Ecstasy)
• Chemically similar to amphetamine; created
by small variations in a drug’s structure
– Risks of using MDMA are unclear
– May cause severe liver damage
– Repeated use damages serotonergic brain
cells
40. Caffeine
• Most frequently used psychoactive drug in
North America; present in colas, chocolate,
coffee, and tea
• Causes hand tremors, sweating,
talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue or
sleepiness, increases alertness
– May be hazardous to pregnant women if
used excessively
41. Caffeinism
• Physiological dependence on caffeine
– Symptoms: Insomnia, irritability, loss of
appetite, chills, racing heart, elevated body
temperature
42.
43. Nicotine
• Natural stimulant found mainly in tobacco;
known carcinogen
• May cause stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea,
confusion, tremors
• Addictive
• Sum: Don’t smoke; smoking kills (so does
chewing tobacco)
45. GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate)
• Central Nervous System (CNS) depressant
that relaxes and sedates; combination of
degreasing solvent and drain cleaner
– Sedative effects may result in nausea, loss
of muscle control, and either sleep or a
loss of consciousness
– Inhibits gag reflex, so some choke to death
on their own vomit
– Addictive and deadly
46. Sedatives: Tranquilizers
• Lower anxiety and reduce tension
– Valium, Xanax, and Librium are three types
– Rohypnol: Related to Valium; lowers
inhibitions and produces relaxation or
intoxication. Larger doses can induce
short-term amnesia and sleep
• Date rape drug because it’s odorless
and tasteless
• Drug Interaction: One drug increases the
effect of another
47. Alcohol
• Ethyl Alcohol: Intoxicating element in
fermented and distilled liquors
– Not a stimulant but does lower inhibitions
– Depressant
• Binge Drinking: Consuming five or more
drinks in a short time; four or more for women
– Serious sign of alcohol abuse
48.
49.
50.
51. Detoxification
• Withdrawal of the person from alcohol
• Occurs in a medical setting and is tightly
controlled
• Often necessary before long-term treatment
begins
52. Some Hallucinogens
• Hallucinogen: Substance that alters or
distorts sensory impressions
• Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD):
Hallucinogen that can produce hallucinations
and other psychotic symptoms
• Mescaline (Peyote) and Psilocybin (Magic
Mushrooms)
• PCP (Angel Dust): Initially can have
hallucinogenic effects; also an anesthetic and
has stimulant and depressant effects
53. Marijuana
• Leaves and flowers of the hemp plant
– Active chemical: THC
– Effects: Relaxation, time distortion,
perceptual distortions
54. Some Health Risks of Using Marijuana
• Increases risk of a variety of cancers,
including prostate and cervical cancer
• Can suppress immune system, perhaps
increasing risk of disease
• Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower
than normal in pot users
• Pot may damage some of the brain’s memory
centers