Chapter 12 Safety and Health

Copyright © 2004 South-Western. All rights reserved.
PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook

Copyright © 2004 South-
Western. All rights reserved. 12–2
Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Summarize the general provisions of the
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA).
2. Describe what management can do to create a safe
work environment.
3. Identify the measures that should be taken to
control and eliminate health hazards.
4. Describe the organizational services and programs
for building better health.
5. Explain the role of employee assistance programs
in HRM.

Objectives (cont’d)
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
6. Indicate methods for coping with stress.

Western. All rights reserved. 12–4 HRM 1
Test Your Safety Smarts
1. What is the maximum fine for a nondeath OSHA citation?
a. $500 b. $750 c. $20,000 d. $70,000
2. Name one of the OSHA four-point safety and health guidelines.
3. What is the OSHA “general duty clause”?
4. What percent of the U.S. population will be affected by back injuries?
a. 23 b. 47 c. 60 d. 80
5. In 2001, OSHA conducted __________ workplace inspections.
a. 35,897 b. 12,260 c. 18,976 d. 29,436
6. T or F? Employees have the legal right to initiate a workplace inspection.
7. Which causes more accidents: unsafe acts or unsafe conditions?
8. List 5 areas for safety that should be covered in a new employee orientation.
9. OSHA standards reflect : a. Minimum standards c. State guidelines
b. Suggested requirements d. Both a and c
10. T or F? Carpal tunnel syndrome is the fear of enclosed areas such as silos,
tanks, and hallways.
11. T or F? Employers are required to allow OSHA inspectors on premises for
unannounced inspections.

General Provisions of OSHA
• Coverage of Employees
All nongovernmental employers and employees
• OSHA Standards
Apply to general industry, maritime, construction, and
agriculture
Cover the workplace, machinery and equipment,
material, power sources, processing, protective
clothing, first aid, and administrative requirements.

General Provisions of OSHA (cont’d)
• Enforcement of the Act
The Secretary of Labor is authorized by the Act to
conduct workplace inspections, to issue citations, and
to impose penalties on employers.
Inspections have been delegated to the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration of the U.S.
Department of Labor.

Functions of OSHA
• Workplace inspections
• Citations and penalties
• On-site consultations
• Voluntary protection programs
• Training and education
Presentation Slide 12–1

OSHA’s System of Inspection Priorities
FirstFirst
LevelLevel
FirstFirst
LevelLevel
SecondSecond
LevelLevel
SecondSecond
LevelLevel
ThirdThird
LevelLevel
ThirdThird
LevelLevel
FourthFourth
LevelLevel
FourthFourth
LevelLevel
Inspection of imminent danger situationsInspection of imminent danger situationsInspection of imminent danger situationsInspection of imminent danger situations
Investigation of catastrophes, fatalities, andInvestigation of catastrophes, fatalities, and
accidents that result in hospitalization of five oraccidents that result in hospitalization of five or
more employeesmore employees
Investigation of catastrophes, fatalities, andInvestigation of catastrophes, fatalities, and
accidents that result in hospitalization of five oraccidents that result in hospitalization of five or
more employeesmore employees
Investigation of valid employee complaints ofInvestigation of valid employee complaints of
alleged violations of standards or of unsafe oralleged violations of standards or of unsafe or
unhealthful working conditionsunhealthful working conditions
Investigation of valid employee complaints ofInvestigation of valid employee complaints of
alleged violations of standards or of unsafe oralleged violations of standards or of unsafe or
unhealthful working conditionsunhealthful working conditions
Special-emphasis inspections aimed at specificSpecial-emphasis inspections aimed at specific
high-hazard industries, occupations, orhigh-hazard industries, occupations, or
substances that are injurious to healthsubstances that are injurious to health
Special-emphasis inspections aimed at specificSpecial-emphasis inspections aimed at specific
high-hazard industries, occupations, orhigh-hazard industries, occupations, or
substances that are injurious to healthsubstances that are injurious to health

Citations and Penalties
Other-Than-Other-Than-
SeriousSerious
Other-Than-Other-Than-
SeriousSerious
SeriousSeriousSeriousSerious
WillfulWillfulWillfulWillful
A violation that has a direct relationship to job safetyA violation that has a direct relationship to job safety
and health, but one unlikely to cause death or seriousand health, but one unlikely to cause death or serious
physical harm. OSHA may propose a penalty of up tophysical harm. OSHA may propose a penalty of up to
$7,000 for each violation.$7,000 for each violation.
A violation that has a direct relationship to job safetyA violation that has a direct relationship to job safety
and health, but one unlikely to cause death or seriousand health, but one unlikely to cause death or serious
physical harm. OSHA may propose a penalty of up tophysical harm. OSHA may propose a penalty of up to
A violation where there is substantial probability thatA violation where there is substantial probability that
death or serious physical harm could result and thedeath or serious physical harm could result and the
employer knew, or should have known, of the hazard.employer knew, or should have known, of the hazard.
OSHA may propose a mandatory penalty of up toOSHA may propose a mandatory penalty of up to
A violation where there is substantial probability thatA violation where there is substantial probability that
death or serious physical harm could result and thedeath or serious physical harm could result and the
employer knew, or should have known, of the hazard.employer knew, or should have known, of the hazard.
OSHA may propose a mandatory penalty of up toOSHA may propose a mandatory penalty of up to
A violation that the employer intentionally andA violation that the employer intentionally and
knowingly commits, or a violation that the employerknowingly commits, or a violation that the employer
commits with plain indifference to the law. OSHA maycommits with plain indifference to the law. OSHA may
propose penalties of up to $70,000 for each violation.propose penalties of up to $70,000 for each violation.
A violation that the employer intentionally andA violation that the employer intentionally and
knowingly commits, or a violation that the employerknowingly commits, or a violation that the employer
commits with plain indifference to the law. OSHA maycommits with plain indifference to the law. OSHA may
propose penalties of up to $70,000 for each violation.propose penalties of up to $70,000 for each violation.

Voluntary Protection Programs (VPPs)
• Programs that encourage employers to go
beyond the minimum requirements of OSHA.
Star, Merit, and Demonstration programs
Purpose of VPPs:
 Recognize outstanding achievement of those who have
successfully incorporated comprehensive safety and
health programs into their total management system.
 Motivate others to achieve excellent safety and health
results in the same outstanding way.
 Establish a relationship among employers, employees,
and OSHA that is based on cooperation rather than
coercion.

Employer Responsibilities (OSHA)
• Provide hazard-free workplace.
• Be familiar with mandatory
OSHA standards.
• Inform all employees about
OSHA.
• Examine workplace conditions
for conformity to applicable
standards.
• Minimize or reduce hazards.
• Provide safe tools and
equipment.
• Warn employees of potential
hazards.
• Establish operating procedures
to protect employee safety &
health, and communicate them.
• Provide medical examinations
where required by OSHA
standards.
• Provide training required by
OSHA standards.

Employer Responsibilities (OSHA) cont’d
• Report major accidents and all
job-caused deaths to nearest
OSHA office.
• Keep OSHA-required records
of work-related injuries and
illnesses.
• Post OSHA poster.
• Provide employee access to
Log (OSHA Form 300)
• Provide employee access to
employee medical/exposure
records.
• Cooperate with OSHA
compliance officer for
inspections.
• Do not discriminate against
employees who properly
exercise their rights under the
Act.
• Post OSHA citations at or near
the worksite involved.
• Abate cited violations within the
prescribed period.

Employee Responsibilities (OSHA)
• Read the OSHA poster at the
jobsite.
• Comply with all applicable
OSHA standards.
• Follow all employer safety and
health rules and regulations.
• Wear or use prescribed
protective equipment at work.
• Report hazardous conditions to
the supervisor.
• Report any job-related injury or
illness to the employer, and
seek treatment promptly.
• Cooperate with OSHA
compliance officer on
inspections.
• Exercise employee rights under
the Act in a responsible
manner.

Computing the Incidence Rate
• The following equation computes the incidence
rate, where 200,000 equals the base for 100 full-
time workers who work forty hours a week, fifty
weeks a year:

Hazardous Materials Regulation
• Right-to-Know Laws
Laws that require employers to advise employees
about the hazardous chemicals they handle.
• Hazard Communication Standard (HCS)
OSHA-published hazardous chemical regulations
known as the HCS prescribes a system for
communicating data on health risks of handling
certain materials.
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)
Documents that contain vital information about
hazardous substances.

Creating a Safe Work Environment
Safety AwarenessSafety Awareness
ProgramsPrograms
Safety MotivationSafety Motivation
and Knowledgeand Knowledge
Enforcement ofEnforcement of
Safety RulesSafety Rules
AccidentAccident
InvestigationsInvestigations
and Recordsand Records
Elements in Creating a SafeElements in Creating a Safe
Work EnvironmentWork Environment

• Promoting Safety Awareness
The Key Role of the Supervisor
Communicating the need to work safely.
Proactive Safety Training Program
Information Technology and Safety Awareness and
Training

Page From
A Safety
Awareness
Pamphlet
HRM 3
Source: Used by permission of the
National Safety Council, Itasca, Illinois.

• Typical Safety Rules
Using proper safety devices
Using proper work procedures
Following good housekeeping practices
Complying with accident- and injury-reporting
procedures
Wearing required safety clothing and equipment
Avoiding carelessness and horseplay

• Actively encourage employee participation in
the safety program by:
Jointly setting safety standards with management
Participation in safety training
Involvement in designing and implementing special
safety training programs
Involvement in establishing safety incentives and
rewards
Inclusion in accident investigations.

Investigating and Recording Accidents
• Recordable Case
Any occupational death, illness, or injury to be
recorded in the log (OSHA Form 300).
Recordable accidents include: death, days away from
work, restricted work or transfer to another job, or
medical treatment beyond first aid.
Other problems include loss of consciousness or
diagnosis of a significant injury or illness by a
healthcare professional.

Guide to Recording
Cases under OSHA
Figure 12.1
Results from a work accident
or from an exposure in the
work environment and is
Results from a work accident
or from an exposure in the
work environment and is
Does not result from a work
accident or from an exposure
in the work environment
Does not result from a work
accident or from an exposure
in the work environment
A death An illness An injury which involves

Indoor Air Quality
Proliferating
Chemicals
Cumulative
Trauma Disorders
Health Hazards and Issues
AIDS
Video Display
Terminals

Creating a Healthy Work Environment
• Recognizing and Controlling Health Hazards
Related to Hazardous Materials and Processes
Use substitutes for hazardous materials.
Alter hazardous processes and engineering controls.
Enclose or isolate hazardous processes.
Issue clothing to protect against hazards.
Improve ventilation.

• Problems with Video Display Terminals (VDT)
Visual difficulties, muscular aches and pains, job
Stress
Solutions:
 Place the computer screen four to nine inches below eye
level. Keep the monitor directly in front of you.
 Sit in an adjustable-height chair and use a copyholder
that attaches to both the desk and the monitor.
 Use a screen with adjustable brightness and contrast
controls.
 Use shades or blinds to reduce the computer-screen
glare created by window lighting.

Key Elements for a Successful Ergonomics
Program
• Provide notice and training for employees.
• Conduct pre-injury hazard assessment.
• Involve employees.
• Plan and execute.
• File injury reports.
• Evaluate and assess the ergonomics program.
Figure 12.2

• Health Services
 First aid
 Medical diagnosis and
treatment
 Physical exams
• Employee Assistance
Programs
 Personal crises
 Emotional problems
 Alcoholism and drug abuse
• Health-Improvement
 Physical fitness programs
 Health bonuses
 Wellness programs
 Help employees manage
stress

OSHA Workplace Violence Prevention
• Reducing Violence in the Workplace
Commitment to prevent violence
Identify areas of potential violence
Develop violence prevention policies
Provide violence prevention training
Evaluate program effectiveness

Building Better Health
Alternative
Approaches
Wellness Programs
Health Services Focus on Nutrition

Tips for Starting a Successful Wellness Program
1. Conduct a health risk assessment of employees.
2. Create incentives for employees to achieve a healthy lifestyle.
3. Create opportunities for regular physical activities during the day
or before or after work.
4. Provide nutritional advice from a registered dietitian.
5. Include healthy, low-fat choices among snacks and meals
provided in cafeterias and through vending machines.
6. Eliminate smoking from the work setting.
7. Negotiate discounts from area health clubs.
8. Start a health and fitness newsletter.
9. Focus on reducing one or two high-risk factors among
employees.
Figure 12.5
Source: Adapted from “The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease
Overweight and Obesity 2001.” See http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity.

Employee Assistance Programs
Emotional
Problems
Alcoholism
Abuse of Illegal
Drugs
Personal
Crises
Abuse of
Legal Drugs

Abuse of Illegal Drugs
• The Drug-Free Workplace Act of
1988
Requires federal contractors and
recipients of federal grants to
ensure a drug-free work
environment.
 Department of Defense (DOD) and
Department of Transportation (DOT)
specify that employers entering into
contracts with them certify their
intention to maintain a drug-free
workplace.

What Is Stress?
• Depression
Negative emotional state marked by feelings of low
spirits, gloominess, sadness, and loss of pleasure in
ordinary activities.
• Stress
Any adjustive demand caused by physical, mental, or
emotional factors that requires coping behavior.
• Alarm Reaction
A response to stress that involves an elevated heart
rate, increased respiration, elevated levels of
adrenaline in the blood, and increased blood
pressure.

Job-Related Stress
• Eustress
Positive stress that accompanies
achievement and exhilaration.
• Distress
Harmful stress characterized by a
loss of feelings of security and
adequacy.
• Burnout
Most severe stage of distress,
manifesting itself in depression,
frustration, and loss of productivity.

Coping with Stress
• Major Stressors:
Responsibility without authority
Inability to voice complaints
Prejudice because of age, gender, race, or religion
Poor working conditions
Inadequate recognition
Lack of a clear job description or chain of command
Unfriendly interpersonal relationships

Tips for Reducing Job-Related Stress
1. Build rewarding relationships with co-workers.
2. Talk openly with managers or employees about job or personal
concerns.
3. Prepare for the future by keeping abreast of likely changes in job
demands. Don’t greatly exceed your skills and abilities.
4. Set realistic deadlines; negotiate reasonable deadlines with
managers.
5. Act now on problems or concerns of importance.
6. Designate dedicated work periods during which time interruptions
are avoided.
7. When feeling stressed, find time for detachment or relaxation.
8. Don’t let trivial items take on importance; handle them quickly or
assign them to others.
9. Take short breaks from your work area as a change of pace.
Figure 12.6

Chapter 12 Safety and Health

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