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The document contains notes on various topics related to data communication including analog to digital encoding, PAM, PCM, Nyquist theorem, digital to analog encoding, ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM modulation techniques. There are figures explaining concepts such as quantized PAM signal, quantizing using sign and magnitude, from analog to PCM, PSK constellation, 4-PSK, 8-PSK characteristics, 4-QAM and 8-QAM constellations, 16-QAM constellation, and the relationship between bit rate and baud rate.


























