This document summarizes key topics for EMT-Basics, including the effects of emotion and stress, reactions to death and dying, maintaining scene safety, and exposure control. It outlines common stressful situations EMTs face and signs of stress. It also describes the stages of death and dying, and how to deal with patients and families during this process. The document provides guidance on identifying dangers at scenes, appropriate protective equipment, and preventing infectious diseases. It concludes with review questions to test comprehension.

1. Two Well-Being of the EMT-Basic Chapter

2. Chapter Effects of emotion and stress on the EMT-B Death and dying and the reactions of the patient, family, and EMT-B Safety at the scene Exposure control Body substance isolation throughout the call CORE CONCEPTS Two

3. E MOTION AND STRESS

4. EMS Stressful Situations: Mass-Casualty Incidents

5. EMS Stressful Situations: Infant and Child Trauma

6. EMS Stressful Situations: Amputations

7. EMS Stressful Situations Infant/elderly/spouse abuse Death or injury of a coworker

8. Stress: Warning Signs Irritability toward coworkers, family, friends Inability to concentrate Insomnia and/or nightmares (Continued)

9. Stress: Warning Signs Anxiety Indecisiveness Guilt Loss of appetite (Continued)

10. Stress: Warning Signs Loss of interest in sex Isolation Loss of interest in work

11. Stress Management Lifestyle Changes Change diet Reduce sugar, caffeine, and alcohol. Avoid fatty foods. Increase carbohydrates. (Continued)

12. Stress Management Exercise Relaxation Meditation, visual imagery Balance work, family, Lifestyle Changes (Continued) recreation, and health

13. Stress Management Environmental Changes Request shifts that allow more Request duty assignment to time with family and friends. a less busy area. (Continued)

14. Stress Management Seek professional help if needed.

15. Stress: Reactions of Family and Friends Lack of understanding Fear (of separation, being ignored) Stress (caused by on-call situations) Frustration (wanting to share)

16. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing

17. Within 24 – 72 hours after incident Open discussion (feelings, fears, reactions) Completely confidential CISD (Continued)

18. Not an investigation or CISD team offers suggestions interrogation on overcoming stress CISD

19. Death and Dying Stages Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance

20. Death and Dying Patient and Family Needs Dignity and Respect Sharing Communications Privacy Control

21. Reaction of Family Rage Anger Despair Death and Dying

22. Dealing with Patient and Family Listen empathetically. Use a gentle tone of voice. Use a reassuring touch, if appropriate. Do not falsely reassure. Death and Dying

23. S CENE SAFETY

24. Fighting or loud voices Intoxicants or illegal drugs Weapons Crime scenes Indicators of Danger (Continued)

25. Pets Hostile crowds Broken glass, bloodstains Indicators of Danger

26. Sight Hearing Smell “ Sixth sense” Use Your Senses

27. Response to Danger: COVER hides and protects your body.

28. Response to Danger: CONCEALMENT hides your body.

29. Leave the scene Response to Danger: RETREAT immediately. Get far enough away. Radio for police.

30. Body armor may offer additional protection.

31. Electricity Fire Explosion Hazardous materials Rescue: Identify Threats

32. Turnout gear Puncture-proof gloves Helmet Eyewear Protective Clothing

33. The police are responsible for securing the scene from violence. Violence

34. Violence Patients Perpetrators of crimes Bystanders Family members Scene Dangers Come From:

35. EMT-B identifies situations. Specialized teams control Hazardous Materials Incidents scene. EMT-B treats patients after contamination is limited.

36. Identify situations from a distance.

37. Placards help identify hazardous materials.

38. Emergency Response Guidebook (hazardous materials reference)

39. B ODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION

40. Body Substance Isolation Protects EMT-B and patient. Assumes all body substances are Procedures set by OSHA and local policy. infectious.

41. Since an exposure incident may be anxiety-provoking to new EMT-Bs, discuss with them your state laws and local policies regarding postexposure procedures. P RECEPTOR P EARL

42. The biohazard symbol identifies potentially infectious items.

43. Wash hands thoroughly, even if gloves were used.

44. Wear latex, vinyl, or synthetic gloves.

45. Use protective eyewear.

46. Gowns protect clothing from fluid splatter.

47. Mask/eyeshield combination offers protection from fluid splatter.

48. N-95 respirator HEPA respirator (HEPA stands for “ high-efficiency particulate air”) Two NIOSH-approved respirators designed to protect caregivers against airborne pathogens

49. Preventive vaccines Immune status verification (titer) Testing (tuberculin PPD) Infectious Disease Prevention

50. 1. What are the effects of emotion and stress on the EMT-B? 2. What are the reactions of the family, patient, and EMT-B to death and dying? 3. How can the EMT-B maintain a safe scene? 4. Discuss exposure control and how to take BSI throughout the call. R EVIEW QUESTIONS