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The Black Death killed over 20 million Europeans between 1347-1350, weakening the population, economy, and social order of medieval Europe. This allowed monarchs to consolidate political power as the nobility and Church lost prestige. Conflict between the Church and monarchs, such as King Philip IV of France, led to the Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism, further undermining the authority and unity of the Catholic Church. Reformers like John Wycliffe and John Huss criticized the corruption of the Church, foreshadowing the Protestant Reformation.
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The 14th century was a time of immense turmoil in Europe due to several major crises: the Little Ice Age caused widespread famine; the Hundred Years' War raged between England and France for over a century; the Black Death pandemic killed up to half the population of Europe; and the Great Schism split the Catholic Church with competing popes. These calamities disrupted the existing social, economic, and political systems, weakening the power of nobles and the Church while strengthening the authority of monarchs over their kingdoms.
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Ch 9 Powerpoint
- 1. Background to the Renaissance Or Death, Discontent, Disharmony and Disillusionment
- 3. Medieval Mindset Born-live-die within ONE station Education is in hands of FEW FEUDALISM Highly structured Origins Consequences Which led to 14th century disasters Crusadesimpact on Renaissance Church and TRADE
- 5. Hundred Years’ War 1337-1453 France v. England 68 years of nominal peace 44 years active combat Underlying causes English possession of French lands (coast) French support of Bruces of Scotland Flanders Strong hereditary claim of King Edward III of England to the French throne
- 6. France v. England Larger population Wealthier Poor leadership Country internally ÷ Joan of Arc > nationalism victor Better leadership United country Early victories Eventual defeat of all lands except Calais
- 8. Black Death
- 9. Black Death 1347-1350 Europe weakened by decades of overpopulation, economic depression, famine, general bad health Killed 2/5 of Europe’s population Ca. 20 million Bubonic Plague—rats & fleas
- 12. Effects of the Black Death Agricultural prices fell Cost of manufactured goods rose Noble landowners suffered as per capita income in the cities increased Trade guilds became powerful Monarchs were able to continue process of governmental centralization
- 13. Great Schism
- 14. Problems within the Church Undermined by internal religious disunity & denial of imperial power Pope Boniface VIII v. King Philip IV (Fr.) Babylonian Captivity Church HQ moved to Avignon—subservient to French king 1309-1377 Great Schism--1378-1417 here a Pope, there a Pope, everywhere a Pope Conciliar movement—church controlled councils—order restored
- 15. John Huss Bohemia Spokesman for the rights of royal authority over the popes Burned at the stake as a heretic 1415 Fierce revolution
- 16. John Wycliffe England “brother in spirit” w/ John Huss Worked on English translation of the Bible Condemned as a heretic
- 17. Russia
- 18. Russia Converted to Christianity early 9th century Byzantine missionaries Kievcultural center until mid-14th century MoscowIvan I 1380—Mongols defeated—driven out of Russia within 15th century
- 19. Key Point #1 The Black Death: One of the great determinants of change in history is disease. The social & economic results of the plague were wide-ranging & included fluctuation of agricultural prices & city income, as well as a decline in trade and the quality of goods produced. Politically, it is important to note that the Church & nobility suffered greatly in numbers & prestige from the effects of the plague. Monarchs were able to progress toward the centralization of their governments and economies.
- 20. Key point #2 Relations between Church & State: The late 13th & 14th centuries were a period of chaos for the Church. The victim of attacks by local political factions, the papacy lost respect because of its transfer to Avignon, the Schism which followed, the impact of the Conciliar movement, the corruption of Alexander VI and others, and the French involvement in Italy. In the long run, the sword of the secular arm proved more than a match for the medieval Church.