The Japanese attacked the Philippines hours after bombing Pearl Harbor. US forces under Douglas MacArthur retreated to Bataan Peninsula but later surrendered, resulting in the brutal Bataan Death March. The Doolittle Raids on Tokyo boosted American morale. The Battle of Midway was a major turning point, after which Japan was on the defensive. Manhattan Project scientists developed the atomic bomb, which the US dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, leading to Japan's surrender and the end of WWII.

1. Ch. 20 WWII
The Early Battles
The Fall of the Philippines
Hours after the bombing of Pearl
Harbor, the Japanese attacked the
Philippines. As the Japanese advanced
toward the southern part of the
Philippines, US forces commanded by
Douglas MacArthur retreated to the
Bataan Peninsula.

3. • Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to evacuate to
Australia when it was certain that he and his
men would be captured.
• MacArthur’s promise :
“I came through
and I shall return”

4. The defenders of
Bataan surrendered
and all 78,000 of
them became
Japanese P.O.W’s.
Sick, exhausted, and
starving they had to
march to the prison
camp—this became
known as the Bataan
Death March

6. Bataan Death March
• http://youtu.be/OPlfhVEw-7U

7. The Doolittle Raids
• Roosevelt was searching for a way to raise the
morale of the American people. He thought
bombing Tokyo would do it. But there were no
planes available that could reach to Tokyo
without stopping. B-52 bombers were decided
upon because they could take off from an air
craft carrier but they could not land on one.
They would land in China instead.

8. • The Doolittle raids were very successful—not
that they did much damage, but it shocked
the Japanese. The bombs could have killed the
emperor.
• http://youtu.be/yHnwxRfzR2A

9. Midway
• The Commander of the Japanese naval forces
was Admiral Yamamoto. He decided the
planes came from Midway Island. So he
decided to capture Midway Island.
• The Battle of Midway was a turning point in
the war.
• The Japanese would never advance after
losing that battle –they were on the defense
and now the Allies were on the offense.

10. Turning Back the German Army

11. Turning Back the German Army
• Joseph Stalin wanted the US to send troops to the
Eastern front—to help him fight off the Germans.
• Stalingrad: Hitler was convinced that the only way
to defeat the Soviet Union was to destroy the city
of Stalingrad— SU’s important strategic city.
• Epic battle—both sides were ordered to fight to
last man. In the end the Soviets were victorious in
pushing back the Germans.
• The Battle of Stalingrad was a turning point in the
war—Germany on the Eastern front was now on
the defense never to advance again.

12. Northern African and Southern Europe
• Roosevelt wanted to get the US forces into the
war right away but Churchill was cautious.
Instead he persuaded Roosevelt to send
troops into the soft underbelly of Europe and
North Africa. The Allied forces with the help of
American soldiers had many victories—the
Axis forces were now on the defense.

13. Strategic Bombing
• Both England and the US bombed important
cities of Germany—destroying the railroad
system and factories.

14. D-Day
• With the Germans retreating on the East and
the South it was now time for the Allies to
invade the North.
• To get the majority of the Allies forces on the
continent of Europe the decision was made to
enter thru France.

15. Turning Back the German Army

16. • Over 1.5 million American soldiers, 12,000
airplanes, and more than 5 million tones of
equipment had been sent to England. Only
one thing was left to do—pick the date.

17. D-Day
• Begin at night
• Arrive at low tide
• Low tide had to come at dawn
• Weather had to be good
• http://youtu.be/gZgKo46X8CI

18. • Liberation of Paris
• http://youtu.be/skGQ0fVx75o

19. The Battle of the Bulge
• As the Allies closed in on Germany, Hitler
decided to stage one last desperate offensive.
• The battle lasted over 3 weeks but finally the
Germans began to withdraw, after having
suffered more than 100,000 casualties.

20. V-E Day: The War Ends in Europe
• As German defenses crumbled, American troops closed
in on the West, and the Soviets closed in on the East.
• Adolf Hitler, knowing that the end was near, put a
pistol in his mouth and pulled the trigger. Upon orders,
his personal secretary carried his body outside, doused
it in gasoline and set it on fire.
• On May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered unconditionally
• http://youtu.be/sHcJtU9dr6I-
• discovery of camp
• http://youtu.be/VcMk85ZsBh0
• German’s speech

21. President Roosevelt dies
• Roosevelt did not live to see the defeat of
Germany. He died April 12, 1945 after being
President for an unprecedented 12 years.
• His vice president, Harry Truman, became
president.

23. War in the Pacific—Island Hopping
• Iwo Jima—strategically an important island for
the Allies—but with the formidable terrain—
full of ash and rugged with rocky cliffs and
dozens of caves where the Japanese were
hiding for years.
• Marines took the Island in fierce fighting that
took the life of over 6,800

24. Of the six men
depicted in the
picture, three
(Franklin
Sousley, Harlon
Block, and Michael
Strank) were killed
during the battle;
the three
survivors (John
Bradley, Rene
Gagnon, and Ira
Hayes) became
celebrities upon
their identification
in the photo

25. Firebombing Japan
• As the Allies were Island hopping—taking over
all the Islands that Japan had taken over-- on
their way to Japan, the allies were fire
bombing major cities in Japan killing over
80,000 civilians and 250,000 buildings.
• After massive fire bombing there were no
signs of Japan surrendering.

26. The Invasion of Okinawa
• With still no signs of surrendering, the Allies
felt that the Japanese would not surrender
unless Japan was invaded. To prepare for the
invasion, the island of Okinawa would need to
be invaded first.
• http://youtu.be/86QB_WXYcqE
• Code takers

27. The Manhattan Project
• The American program to build an atomic bomb
was code-named the Manhattan Project.
• In 1939, top physicist, Leo Szilard suggested that
splitting the atom might release enormous
energy. He convinces Albert Einstein to help draft
a letter to Roosevelt. Roosevelt responded by
setting up a committee to study the issue.
• A secret laboratory was set up at Los
Alamos, New Mexico under the direction of J.
Robert Oppenheimer.

28. The debate on whether or not to drop
the bomb.
Opposed Truman’s decision Defends Truman’s decision
 modify the terms of surrender  avoid an invasion of Japan and save
Wait for the shock of the Russian attack millions of lives on both sides
 an economic blockade The “agony of war” would end quickly
Conventional bombing

29. • On August 6,1945 the Enola Gay dropped the
first bomb on Hiroshima
• 3 days later a second bomb was dropped on
Nagasaki

31. Destruction
• Hiroshima-important industrial city
• 76,000 buildings destroyed –63%
• 80,000-120,000 died instantly and more died
later from burns and radiation.
• Bombing stunned Japan—3 days later Soviet
Union declared war on Japan and later that
day a second bomb was dropped

32. V-J Day
• The Japanese emperor ordered his
government to surrender.
• In the end, the Allies did allow the Emperor to
remain in power—just superficially.