IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Thermal analysis of cpu with variable baseplate heat sink using cfdeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Numerical analysis of heat sinks for led lighting moduleseSAT Journals
Abstract
LEDs provide efficient lighting solutions. Their main advantages are efficiency, reliability and durability. Although LEDs operate cooler than conventional incandescent bulbs, it is necessary to achieve maximum heat transfer in order to maintain or improve their efficiency and lifespan. Heat sinks in LED modules provide a path for heat to flow from the source to the outside ambience. Heat sinks with different fin geometries are analyzed to determine its influence on thermal performance and airflow around the fins. By comparing different fin geometries, the thermal performance and airflow are compared and analyzed. It was found that the airfoil fins with reverse orientation offers the minimum resistance. Airfoil is the most commonly used shape in applications where aerodynamics is of major importance.
Keywords: Light-emitting diodes, Thermal performance, Cooling, Numerical Analysis
Numerical and experimental study of a solar water heater for enhancement in t...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Largest commercial application amongst the various solar collectors is the solar flat plate collectors mainly due to its simple design as well as low maintenance cost. Numerical analysis of the solar water heater which involves conduction and convection due to radiation heat transfer using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a tool has not been the focus of study so far. It is generally understood that sinusoidal flow passage tends to increase turbulence which in turn increases convective heat transfer. The advantage of using straight absorber tube over sinusoidal absorber tube on the thermal behavior of the solar water heater needs to be explored as a design prescription. In the study presented in this paper it is noted from the experimental and numerical analysis that the straight tube configuration has better performance than that of sinusoidal pipe configuration.
Keywords: Sinusoidal tube, Solar water heater, Convective heat transfer, Computational fluid dynamics.
Optimization techniques for harmonics minimization in cascaded hybrid multile...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Recent advancements in the field of power electronics have made possible the worldwide application of converters in dc power source utilization, uninterruptible power supplies, electric motor speed control, switched mode power supplies, flexible alternating current transmission systems devices including static synchronous compensator and their controls. Power semiconductor devices such as converters have been emerged as powerful devices in the power industries. As such, harmonics free output of inverters is assuming extreme importance. Over the past decades, depending upon the topologies and control strategies, numerous optimization techniques have been proposed for desired output waveform. This paper presents a review of optimization techniques used for multilevel inverters. The pros and cons of optimization techniques are discussed. The objective of these optimization techniques is to find out the optimum firing angles of multilevel inverters, which results in minimum harmonics. As a preferred option for proposed work, reduction of total harmonic distortion with the aid of particle swarm optimization technique to multilevel inverters is suggested.
Keywords: Power Converters, Multilevel Inverters (MLI), Cascaded Hybrid Bridge (CHB), Modulation, Switching Frequency, Harmonic Distortions.
IRJET-Study of Space Cooling System Consisting of Aluminium Ammonia Heat Pipe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on an active space cooling system consisting of an aluminum-ammonia heat pipe and a variable emittance radiator with micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) louvers. The system uses a loop heat pipe to transfer heat from an evaporator to a condenser, where a variable emittance radiator rejects heat to space. A fuzzy logic controller adapts the radiator's emittance by adjusting the number of open MEMS louvers. Simulation results show the controller improves thermal control and ensures safe operation of the heat pipe cooling system.
Optimization of prestressed concrete girdereSAT Journals
Abstract Bridge construction today has achieved a worldwide level of importance. Bridges are the key elements in any road network Use of prestressed concrete I girder bridge is gaining popularity in bridge engineering fraternity because of its better stability, serviceability, economy, aesthetic appearance and structural efficiency. This paper concerned idea about prestressed concrete.In the method of prestressing two types are consider that pre tensioning and post tensioning .At the time of prestressing different losses are consider. These are the losses due to elastic shortening, friction losses, relaxation losses, losses due to creep and shrinkage. In this way total amount of losses in pretensioning and post tensioning calculate and detailed information has given in this report. The objective is to minimize the total cost in the design process of the bridge system considering the cost of materials like steel, concrete, tendons etc. For a particular problem the design variables considered for the cost minimization of the bridge system, are depth of girder, various cross sectional dimensions of the girder, number of tendons, A programme is developed for analysis and designing an low cost prestressed girder in MATLAB R2010a software. The optimtool is used to find out minimum cost of structure Illustrative case of prestressed girder presented and discuss by using active set method from optimtool. Optimization problem is characterized by considering design variables and bound constraints are according to AASHTOO Standards ,IRC 21-2000 bridge specifications .The proposed cost optimization approach is compared with an existing project which leads to a considerable cost saving while resulting in feasible design. Keywords: Post tension I girder, Conventional design, Optimal design, MATLAB Software etc…
This document discusses heat exchangers and provides details about different types of heat exchangers classified based on heat exchange process, fluid flow direction, physical state of fluids, and constructional features. It describes double pipe heat exchangers and the objective of the study to compare the overall heat transfer coefficient of a double pipe heat exchanger without and with twisted sheet inserts of varying twist ratios. Key terms discussed include heat exchangers, regenerators, recuperators, parallel flow, counter flow, cross flow, condensers, and evaporators.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Thermal analysis of cpu with variable baseplate heat sink using cfdeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Numerical analysis of heat sinks for led lighting moduleseSAT Journals
Abstract
LEDs provide efficient lighting solutions. Their main advantages are efficiency, reliability and durability. Although LEDs operate cooler than conventional incandescent bulbs, it is necessary to achieve maximum heat transfer in order to maintain or improve their efficiency and lifespan. Heat sinks in LED modules provide a path for heat to flow from the source to the outside ambience. Heat sinks with different fin geometries are analyzed to determine its influence on thermal performance and airflow around the fins. By comparing different fin geometries, the thermal performance and airflow are compared and analyzed. It was found that the airfoil fins with reverse orientation offers the minimum resistance. Airfoil is the most commonly used shape in applications where aerodynamics is of major importance.
Keywords: Light-emitting diodes, Thermal performance, Cooling, Numerical Analysis
Numerical and experimental study of a solar water heater for enhancement in t...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Largest commercial application amongst the various solar collectors is the solar flat plate collectors mainly due to its simple design as well as low maintenance cost. Numerical analysis of the solar water heater which involves conduction and convection due to radiation heat transfer using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a tool has not been the focus of study so far. It is generally understood that sinusoidal flow passage tends to increase turbulence which in turn increases convective heat transfer. The advantage of using straight absorber tube over sinusoidal absorber tube on the thermal behavior of the solar water heater needs to be explored as a design prescription. In the study presented in this paper it is noted from the experimental and numerical analysis that the straight tube configuration has better performance than that of sinusoidal pipe configuration.
Keywords: Sinusoidal tube, Solar water heater, Convective heat transfer, Computational fluid dynamics.
Optimization techniques for harmonics minimization in cascaded hybrid multile...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Recent advancements in the field of power electronics have made possible the worldwide application of converters in dc power source utilization, uninterruptible power supplies, electric motor speed control, switched mode power supplies, flexible alternating current transmission systems devices including static synchronous compensator and their controls. Power semiconductor devices such as converters have been emerged as powerful devices in the power industries. As such, harmonics free output of inverters is assuming extreme importance. Over the past decades, depending upon the topologies and control strategies, numerous optimization techniques have been proposed for desired output waveform. This paper presents a review of optimization techniques used for multilevel inverters. The pros and cons of optimization techniques are discussed. The objective of these optimization techniques is to find out the optimum firing angles of multilevel inverters, which results in minimum harmonics. As a preferred option for proposed work, reduction of total harmonic distortion with the aid of particle swarm optimization technique to multilevel inverters is suggested.
Keywords: Power Converters, Multilevel Inverters (MLI), Cascaded Hybrid Bridge (CHB), Modulation, Switching Frequency, Harmonic Distortions.
IRJET-Study of Space Cooling System Consisting of Aluminium Ammonia Heat Pipe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on an active space cooling system consisting of an aluminum-ammonia heat pipe and a variable emittance radiator with micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) louvers. The system uses a loop heat pipe to transfer heat from an evaporator to a condenser, where a variable emittance radiator rejects heat to space. A fuzzy logic controller adapts the radiator's emittance by adjusting the number of open MEMS louvers. Simulation results show the controller improves thermal control and ensures safe operation of the heat pipe cooling system.
Optimization of prestressed concrete girdereSAT Journals
Abstract Bridge construction today has achieved a worldwide level of importance. Bridges are the key elements in any road network Use of prestressed concrete I girder bridge is gaining popularity in bridge engineering fraternity because of its better stability, serviceability, economy, aesthetic appearance and structural efficiency. This paper concerned idea about prestressed concrete.In the method of prestressing two types are consider that pre tensioning and post tensioning .At the time of prestressing different losses are consider. These are the losses due to elastic shortening, friction losses, relaxation losses, losses due to creep and shrinkage. In this way total amount of losses in pretensioning and post tensioning calculate and detailed information has given in this report. The objective is to minimize the total cost in the design process of the bridge system considering the cost of materials like steel, concrete, tendons etc. For a particular problem the design variables considered for the cost minimization of the bridge system, are depth of girder, various cross sectional dimensions of the girder, number of tendons, A programme is developed for analysis and designing an low cost prestressed girder in MATLAB R2010a software. The optimtool is used to find out minimum cost of structure Illustrative case of prestressed girder presented and discuss by using active set method from optimtool. Optimization problem is characterized by considering design variables and bound constraints are according to AASHTOO Standards ,IRC 21-2000 bridge specifications .The proposed cost optimization approach is compared with an existing project which leads to a considerable cost saving while resulting in feasible design. Keywords: Post tension I girder, Conventional design, Optimal design, MATLAB Software etc…
This document discusses heat exchangers and provides details about different types of heat exchangers classified based on heat exchange process, fluid flow direction, physical state of fluids, and constructional features. It describes double pipe heat exchangers and the objective of the study to compare the overall heat transfer coefficient of a double pipe heat exchanger without and with twisted sheet inserts of varying twist ratios. Key terms discussed include heat exchangers, regenerators, recuperators, parallel flow, counter flow, cross flow, condensers, and evaporators.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
One-dimensional Lumped-Circuit for Transient Thermal Study of an Induction El...IJECEIAES
Electrical machines lifetime and performances could be improved when along the design process both electromagnetic and thermal behaviors are taken into account. Moreover, real time information about the device thermal state is necessary to an appropriate control with minimized losses. Models based on lumped parameter thermal circuits are: generic, rapid, accurate and qualified as a convenient solution for power systems. The purpose of the present paper is to validate a simulation platform intended for the prediction of the thermal state of an induction motor covering all operation regimes. To do so, in steady state, the proposed model is validated using finite element calculation and experimental records. Then, in an overload situation, obtained temperatures are compared to finite element’s ones. It has been found that, in both regimes, simulation results are with closed proximity to finite element’s ones and experimental records.
This document provides an overview of waste heat recovery technologies and opportunities as well as trends in the HVAC industry. It discusses technologies used for waste heat recovery such as heat exchangers and power generation methods. Temperature ranges and sources of waste heat are classified. Challenges and barriers to waste heat recovery are outlined. Promising firms developing waste heat recovery technologies are described, including their solutions and value propositions. Trends in the HVAC industry and technologies involved are also briefly discussed.
Increasing Inductor Lifetime by Predicting Coil Copper Temperatures PaperFluxtrol Inc.
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the customer demands for improved induction coil lifetime. This has led to several publications in recent years by induction tooling manufacturers [1-4]. The main conclusion in these papers is that besides mechanical crashes the cause of most induction coil failures is localized overheating of the coil copper due to insufficient cooling.
What is lacking from these publications is any way to determine what is sufficient cooling. In this paper, a scientific method for determining local copper temperatures will be presented. This will include evaluations of heat transfer coefficients for different sections of a multi-component inductor, dependence of heat transfer coefficient on water pressure and water passage cross-section, non-uniform power density distributions in various 2-D cross-sections and the resulting temperature distribution in the copper winding. The effects of duty cycle on optimal design will also be considered.
Experimental investigation on the effect of fin pitch on the performance of p...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
MAGNETIC FLUX CONTROLLERS FOR NEW INDUCTION BRAZING INSTALLATIONSFluxtrol Inc.
(1) Induction brazing systems can now be more compact using new power supplies that produce any desired frequency and new magnetic flux concentrators to control heat patterns.
(2) Computer simulations can help design induction brazing coils and concentrators for specific applications like brazing pipes to tubes or aluminum heat exchangers.
(3) New magnetic materials like Fluxtrol A improve process quality and efficiency for brazing various metals like copper, aluminum, and steel.
Enhancing Induction Heating Processes by Applying Magnetic Flux ControllersFluxtrol Inc.
http://fluxtrol.com
Advantages of Induction Heating
Magnetic Flux Control in Induction Coils
Computer Simulation Case Study
Materials for Magnetic Flux Control
Examples of Power InductorsTM
The document discusses PlasticWeld Systems' HPS Series equipment for precision catheter manufacturing. It provides an overview of induction heating technology used in the equipment and describes the principle of operation of induction generators. It also covers topics like coil design and placement, die configuration, heating theory, and die maintenance.
Improving boiler efficiency by using air preheaterNetha Jashuva
Abstract: Air pre-heater is a heat transfer surface in which air temperature is raised by transferring heat from other media such as flue gas .Hot air is necessary for rapid combustion in the furnace and also for drying coal in milling plants. So an essential boiler accessory which serves this purpose is air pre-heater. The air pre-heater are not essential for operation of steam generator, but they are used where a study of cost indicates that money can be saved or efficient combustion can be obtained by their use. The decision for its adoption can be made when the financial advantages is weighed against the capital cost of heater in the present paper we have taken up the operation and performance analysis of LJUNGSTROM AIRPREHEATER27VITM 1900 of 2x210 MW capacity Rayalaseema Thermal Power Plant, Kalamala and compare with Rothemuhle air pre-heater. In analysis of performance preventive measures for corrosion of heating elements has been studied, and also air heater leakage, corrected gas outlet temperature and finally gas efficiency has been calculated.
How Computer Simulation Helps to Design Induction Heating Systems ASM 2001Fluxtrol Inc.
This document discusses how computer simulation helps design induction heating systems. It outlines improvements in hardware and software that enable more advanced simulation. A case study shows how variable coil positioning optimized large diameter pipe coating by reducing coil length and energy use by 25-30% compared to uniform positioning. The conclusion states simulation is an effective design, optimization, and educational tool for induction heating.
This document provides a theoretical investigation of a solar energy driven combined power and refrigeration cycle that uses oil as the heat transfer medium. The cycle integrates a Rankine cycle for power production and an ejector refrigeration cycle for cold production. Thermodynamic analyses of the cycle were conducted to determine first law efficiency of 20% and second law efficiency of 11%. Key cycle components include a heliostat field, central receiver, heat recovery steam generator, turbine, evaporator, condenser and ejector. Effects of parameters such as steam temperature and evaporator temperature on cycle performance were examined.
This document summarizes a proposed system for using waste heat from an automobile engine to power an air conditioning system using a vapor absorption refrigeration cycle. It begins by outlining the limitations of current vapor compression refrigeration systems used in automobiles that require extra engine power. The proposed system would instead use a vapor absorption cycle, which uses heat rather than mechanical work to drive the refrigeration process. This allows it to utilize the waste heat from the engine exhaust. The document then discusses the availability and temperature of waste heat from internal combustion engines. It provides details on the working principles of vapor absorption refrigeration and the common working fluids of ammonia and water. Finally, it summarizes the advantages of the proposed system and concludes that it is
Numerical simulation of gas turbine blade cooling for enhancement of heat tra...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a numerical simulation study of gas turbine blade tip cooling. The study models a two-pass serpentine cooling channel inside the blade with and without pin fins on the tip surface. It was found that providing pin fins at the tip surface can increase heat transfer by up to 1.3 times compared to a smooth surface, with pressure drop increasing by less than 6%. Proper placement and number of pin fins is recommended for enhancing heat transfer and cooling of the turbine blade tip.
IRJET- CFD based Performance Analysis of a Roughened Solar Air Heater Duc...IRJET Journal
This document presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of heat transfer in a solar air heater duct with artificial roughness. NACA 0030 airfoils were used as the roughness elements on the absorber plate. CFD was used to model air flow and heat transfer for smooth and roughened ducts. The RNG k-epsilon turbulence model provided accurate results compared to experimental data. The CFD analysis found that using NACA 0030 airfoils significantly increased heat transfer rates compared to a smooth duct surface, without significantly increasing friction losses. Correlations were developed for Nusselt number and friction factor that can be used to predict performance of roughened ducts.
This document discusses applying a vacuum ice thermal storage (VIM TES) system to a peaking gas turbine power plant to improve performance and reduce costs. The VIM TES system would produce ice slurry to cool the gas turbine's compressor inlet, allowing it to operate at lower temperatures than the existing chiller system. Modeling shows the VIM TES could decrease chiller parasitic power consumption by 25% and increase the turbine's net power output by 12% compared to the current system. The feasibility analysis is based on operational data from the plant's 47MW gas turbine over one year.
Simulation of gas turbine blade for enhancement of efficiency of gas turbine...IJMER
As day by day population of the world is increasing and our resources are frequently reducing
hence to meet this demand of the world of energy we have to move to a device which have a maximum
efficiency for the condition turbo-machinery are better suited machines having a good efficiency, in
which a Gas turbine is best example of turbo- machinery Turbine is the part of gas turbine which provide
the power to compressor to run or provide power to external source from where energy can be extracted
by attaching alternator in the shaft of Gas turbine. As in earlier a lot of work have been done by the
researcher to increase the efficiency and standard of Gas turbine by the method of film cooling, coating,
and curvature of blade to protect the blade from high temperature of 1200 C° inside the Gas turbine to
increase the life of blade without considering about the efficiency of the engine As in this work is to
enhancement of efficiency of Gas turbine. Gas turbine blade is very important component of engine as
they are attached to both turbine or compressor and turbine provide energy to compressor hence the
turbine blade are more important component to enhance the efficiency which will be analyzed on the
basis of blade height area of fluid flow , area of blade thickness and angles . This simulation is based on
the define value of temperature pressure density of fluid and solid used in blade construction will be
meshed in ANSYS and calculation on the basis of FEM and the result from this calculation over the
temperature and fluid flow inside the gas turbine of different number of blade is studied will be compare
to reach high efficiency point. By determent these value output is formulated on graph chart and will be
studied and result obtain
DESIGN, SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF A HYBRID-TYPE (PV/T) SOLAR AIR HEATER FOR ...ijiert bestjournal
This paper deals with the numerical analysis of a H ybrid-Type (PV/T) Solar Air Heater and a study on t he effect of various design parameters that enhance th e performance of the system. The heat transfer improvement in general may be achieved by increasin g the heat transfer coefficient or by increasing th e surface area or by increasing both. The main object ive of the present work is to determine the optimum air mass flow rate at which PV/T systems are to be oper ated and to develop an optimal design of a hybrid t ype (PV/T) solar air heater that shows better performan ce at various heat fluxes due to solar radiation. T his study determines the set of design parameters which lead to the best annual yield of the system. In th is study of a hybrid type (PV/T) solar air heater ICEM CFD (ANSYS) is used to obtain the optimum results,there by increasing the efficiency of the system.
IRJET- Numerical Analysis of Twisted Tape Absorber Tube of Solar Parabolic Tr...IRJET Journal
This document numerically analyzes the fluid flow in a twisted tape absorber tube of a parabolic trough solar collector to improve efficiency. It studies the effect of heat transfer in absorber tubes with different velocity profiles. The analysis finds that a twisted tape insert increases the outlet temperature compared to a plain tube. At low velocity of 0.1 m/s, the outlet temperature is 322K for the twisted tape tube, while it is lower at 309K for the higher velocity of 1.2 m/s. The absorber tube with twisted tape insert provides better performance at lower minimum velocities.
This document discusses using heat pipes to improve cooling of quad small form-factor pluggable (QSFP) modules in a four-port cage assembly. It presents three heat pipe arrangements tested experimentally. Arrangement (c), which had the largest heat pipe surface area, showed the best performance with temperature reductions of 4-13°C compared to no heat pipes. Heat pipes effectively increased heat transfer and reduced temperature variations between modules. The results suggest heat pipes can enhance conventional heat sink cooling for optical modules.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Solar Air Heater to Increase Heat Transfer R...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on enhancing heat transfer in solar air heaters through the use of artificial surface roughness. An experimental solar air heater was fabricated with an absorber plate containing V-shaped, discrete fins as artificial roughness. Temperature and pressure measurements were taken at various points along the air flow path through the heater over multiple days. The results showed an increase in heat transfer coefficient of 15-35% compared to a smooth surface, demonstrating that artificial roughness is an effective way to improve solar air heater performance.
IRJET- A Review on Thermal Analysis and Optimization of Heat Exchanger Design...IRJET Journal
This document discusses heat exchangers and their optimization for co-generation units. It begins with an abstract discussing heat exchangers and their uses. It then discusses key factors that influence heat exchanger efficiency such as temperature differential, flow rate, and installation configuration. Common heat exchanger materials are also discussed. The document then focuses on co-generation and discusses past studies on optimizing heat exchangers for co-generation units through variables like number of tubes, tube diameter, and inlet velocity. The present work aims to obtain the best heat exchanger design for co-generation units by comparing efficiency under different parameters.
Sandeep SG is a mechanical engineer with over 4 years of experience in fluid dynamics, thermal systems, aerodynamics, and technical consulting. He holds an MSc in Automotive Engineering and a BE in Mechanical Engineering. His experience includes CFD analysis using ANSYS software, design optimization, and technical consulting for the automotive industry. He currently works as a technical engineer performing CFD analysis of automotive components to analyze airflow, reduce drag, and evaluate thermal comfort.
The document summarizes new features in recent releases of Mentor Graphics' FloTHERM and Flowmaster software. Key highlights include:
- FloTHERM V11.0 allows solving for electrical potential, current density, and 3D Joule heating concurrently with temperature. It also improved the FloMCAD Bridge module and voxelization capabilities.
- Flowmaster V7.9.4 enhanced capabilities for multi-arm tanks, auto-vaporization, and exporting hydrodynamic force calculations. It also improved usability through various interface enhancements.
- The document provides an overview of various customer projects utilizing Mentor Graphics' thermal and fluid analysis software, including applications in automotive, electronics,
One-dimensional Lumped-Circuit for Transient Thermal Study of an Induction El...IJECEIAES
Electrical machines lifetime and performances could be improved when along the design process both electromagnetic and thermal behaviors are taken into account. Moreover, real time information about the device thermal state is necessary to an appropriate control with minimized losses. Models based on lumped parameter thermal circuits are: generic, rapid, accurate and qualified as a convenient solution for power systems. The purpose of the present paper is to validate a simulation platform intended for the prediction of the thermal state of an induction motor covering all operation regimes. To do so, in steady state, the proposed model is validated using finite element calculation and experimental records. Then, in an overload situation, obtained temperatures are compared to finite element’s ones. It has been found that, in both regimes, simulation results are with closed proximity to finite element’s ones and experimental records.
This document provides an overview of waste heat recovery technologies and opportunities as well as trends in the HVAC industry. It discusses technologies used for waste heat recovery such as heat exchangers and power generation methods. Temperature ranges and sources of waste heat are classified. Challenges and barriers to waste heat recovery are outlined. Promising firms developing waste heat recovery technologies are described, including their solutions and value propositions. Trends in the HVAC industry and technologies involved are also briefly discussed.
Increasing Inductor Lifetime by Predicting Coil Copper Temperatures PaperFluxtrol Inc.
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the customer demands for improved induction coil lifetime. This has led to several publications in recent years by induction tooling manufacturers [1-4]. The main conclusion in these papers is that besides mechanical crashes the cause of most induction coil failures is localized overheating of the coil copper due to insufficient cooling.
What is lacking from these publications is any way to determine what is sufficient cooling. In this paper, a scientific method for determining local copper temperatures will be presented. This will include evaluations of heat transfer coefficients for different sections of a multi-component inductor, dependence of heat transfer coefficient on water pressure and water passage cross-section, non-uniform power density distributions in various 2-D cross-sections and the resulting temperature distribution in the copper winding. The effects of duty cycle on optimal design will also be considered.
Experimental investigation on the effect of fin pitch on the performance of p...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
MAGNETIC FLUX CONTROLLERS FOR NEW INDUCTION BRAZING INSTALLATIONSFluxtrol Inc.
(1) Induction brazing systems can now be more compact using new power supplies that produce any desired frequency and new magnetic flux concentrators to control heat patterns.
(2) Computer simulations can help design induction brazing coils and concentrators for specific applications like brazing pipes to tubes or aluminum heat exchangers.
(3) New magnetic materials like Fluxtrol A improve process quality and efficiency for brazing various metals like copper, aluminum, and steel.
Enhancing Induction Heating Processes by Applying Magnetic Flux ControllersFluxtrol Inc.
http://fluxtrol.com
Advantages of Induction Heating
Magnetic Flux Control in Induction Coils
Computer Simulation Case Study
Materials for Magnetic Flux Control
Examples of Power InductorsTM
The document discusses PlasticWeld Systems' HPS Series equipment for precision catheter manufacturing. It provides an overview of induction heating technology used in the equipment and describes the principle of operation of induction generators. It also covers topics like coil design and placement, die configuration, heating theory, and die maintenance.
Improving boiler efficiency by using air preheaterNetha Jashuva
Abstract: Air pre-heater is a heat transfer surface in which air temperature is raised by transferring heat from other media such as flue gas .Hot air is necessary for rapid combustion in the furnace and also for drying coal in milling plants. So an essential boiler accessory which serves this purpose is air pre-heater. The air pre-heater are not essential for operation of steam generator, but they are used where a study of cost indicates that money can be saved or efficient combustion can be obtained by their use. The decision for its adoption can be made when the financial advantages is weighed against the capital cost of heater in the present paper we have taken up the operation and performance analysis of LJUNGSTROM AIRPREHEATER27VITM 1900 of 2x210 MW capacity Rayalaseema Thermal Power Plant, Kalamala and compare with Rothemuhle air pre-heater. In analysis of performance preventive measures for corrosion of heating elements has been studied, and also air heater leakage, corrected gas outlet temperature and finally gas efficiency has been calculated.
How Computer Simulation Helps to Design Induction Heating Systems ASM 2001Fluxtrol Inc.
This document discusses how computer simulation helps design induction heating systems. It outlines improvements in hardware and software that enable more advanced simulation. A case study shows how variable coil positioning optimized large diameter pipe coating by reducing coil length and energy use by 25-30% compared to uniform positioning. The conclusion states simulation is an effective design, optimization, and educational tool for induction heating.
This document provides a theoretical investigation of a solar energy driven combined power and refrigeration cycle that uses oil as the heat transfer medium. The cycle integrates a Rankine cycle for power production and an ejector refrigeration cycle for cold production. Thermodynamic analyses of the cycle were conducted to determine first law efficiency of 20% and second law efficiency of 11%. Key cycle components include a heliostat field, central receiver, heat recovery steam generator, turbine, evaporator, condenser and ejector. Effects of parameters such as steam temperature and evaporator temperature on cycle performance were examined.
This document summarizes a proposed system for using waste heat from an automobile engine to power an air conditioning system using a vapor absorption refrigeration cycle. It begins by outlining the limitations of current vapor compression refrigeration systems used in automobiles that require extra engine power. The proposed system would instead use a vapor absorption cycle, which uses heat rather than mechanical work to drive the refrigeration process. This allows it to utilize the waste heat from the engine exhaust. The document then discusses the availability and temperature of waste heat from internal combustion engines. It provides details on the working principles of vapor absorption refrigeration and the common working fluids of ammonia and water. Finally, it summarizes the advantages of the proposed system and concludes that it is
Numerical simulation of gas turbine blade cooling for enhancement of heat tra...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a numerical simulation study of gas turbine blade tip cooling. The study models a two-pass serpentine cooling channel inside the blade with and without pin fins on the tip surface. It was found that providing pin fins at the tip surface can increase heat transfer by up to 1.3 times compared to a smooth surface, with pressure drop increasing by less than 6%. Proper placement and number of pin fins is recommended for enhancing heat transfer and cooling of the turbine blade tip.
IRJET- CFD based Performance Analysis of a Roughened Solar Air Heater Duc...IRJET Journal
This document presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of heat transfer in a solar air heater duct with artificial roughness. NACA 0030 airfoils were used as the roughness elements on the absorber plate. CFD was used to model air flow and heat transfer for smooth and roughened ducts. The RNG k-epsilon turbulence model provided accurate results compared to experimental data. The CFD analysis found that using NACA 0030 airfoils significantly increased heat transfer rates compared to a smooth duct surface, without significantly increasing friction losses. Correlations were developed for Nusselt number and friction factor that can be used to predict performance of roughened ducts.
This document discusses applying a vacuum ice thermal storage (VIM TES) system to a peaking gas turbine power plant to improve performance and reduce costs. The VIM TES system would produce ice slurry to cool the gas turbine's compressor inlet, allowing it to operate at lower temperatures than the existing chiller system. Modeling shows the VIM TES could decrease chiller parasitic power consumption by 25% and increase the turbine's net power output by 12% compared to the current system. The feasibility analysis is based on operational data from the plant's 47MW gas turbine over one year.
Simulation of gas turbine blade for enhancement of efficiency of gas turbine...IJMER
As day by day population of the world is increasing and our resources are frequently reducing
hence to meet this demand of the world of energy we have to move to a device which have a maximum
efficiency for the condition turbo-machinery are better suited machines having a good efficiency, in
which a Gas turbine is best example of turbo- machinery Turbine is the part of gas turbine which provide
the power to compressor to run or provide power to external source from where energy can be extracted
by attaching alternator in the shaft of Gas turbine. As in earlier a lot of work have been done by the
researcher to increase the efficiency and standard of Gas turbine by the method of film cooling, coating,
and curvature of blade to protect the blade from high temperature of 1200 C° inside the Gas turbine to
increase the life of blade without considering about the efficiency of the engine As in this work is to
enhancement of efficiency of Gas turbine. Gas turbine blade is very important component of engine as
they are attached to both turbine or compressor and turbine provide energy to compressor hence the
turbine blade are more important component to enhance the efficiency which will be analyzed on the
basis of blade height area of fluid flow , area of blade thickness and angles . This simulation is based on
the define value of temperature pressure density of fluid and solid used in blade construction will be
meshed in ANSYS and calculation on the basis of FEM and the result from this calculation over the
temperature and fluid flow inside the gas turbine of different number of blade is studied will be compare
to reach high efficiency point. By determent these value output is formulated on graph chart and will be
studied and result obtain
DESIGN, SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF A HYBRID-TYPE (PV/T) SOLAR AIR HEATER FOR ...ijiert bestjournal
This paper deals with the numerical analysis of a H ybrid-Type (PV/T) Solar Air Heater and a study on t he effect of various design parameters that enhance th e performance of the system. The heat transfer improvement in general may be achieved by increasin g the heat transfer coefficient or by increasing th e surface area or by increasing both. The main object ive of the present work is to determine the optimum air mass flow rate at which PV/T systems are to be oper ated and to develop an optimal design of a hybrid t ype (PV/T) solar air heater that shows better performan ce at various heat fluxes due to solar radiation. T his study determines the set of design parameters which lead to the best annual yield of the system. In th is study of a hybrid type (PV/T) solar air heater ICEM CFD (ANSYS) is used to obtain the optimum results,there by increasing the efficiency of the system.
IRJET- Numerical Analysis of Twisted Tape Absorber Tube of Solar Parabolic Tr...IRJET Journal
This document numerically analyzes the fluid flow in a twisted tape absorber tube of a parabolic trough solar collector to improve efficiency. It studies the effect of heat transfer in absorber tubes with different velocity profiles. The analysis finds that a twisted tape insert increases the outlet temperature compared to a plain tube. At low velocity of 0.1 m/s, the outlet temperature is 322K for the twisted tape tube, while it is lower at 309K for the higher velocity of 1.2 m/s. The absorber tube with twisted tape insert provides better performance at lower minimum velocities.
This document discusses using heat pipes to improve cooling of quad small form-factor pluggable (QSFP) modules in a four-port cage assembly. It presents three heat pipe arrangements tested experimentally. Arrangement (c), which had the largest heat pipe surface area, showed the best performance with temperature reductions of 4-13°C compared to no heat pipes. Heat pipes effectively increased heat transfer and reduced temperature variations between modules. The results suggest heat pipes can enhance conventional heat sink cooling for optical modules.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Solar Air Heater to Increase Heat Transfer R...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on enhancing heat transfer in solar air heaters through the use of artificial surface roughness. An experimental solar air heater was fabricated with an absorber plate containing V-shaped, discrete fins as artificial roughness. Temperature and pressure measurements were taken at various points along the air flow path through the heater over multiple days. The results showed an increase in heat transfer coefficient of 15-35% compared to a smooth surface, demonstrating that artificial roughness is an effective way to improve solar air heater performance.
IRJET- A Review on Thermal Analysis and Optimization of Heat Exchanger Design...IRJET Journal
This document discusses heat exchangers and their optimization for co-generation units. It begins with an abstract discussing heat exchangers and their uses. It then discusses key factors that influence heat exchanger efficiency such as temperature differential, flow rate, and installation configuration. Common heat exchanger materials are also discussed. The document then focuses on co-generation and discusses past studies on optimizing heat exchangers for co-generation units through variables like number of tubes, tube diameter, and inlet velocity. The present work aims to obtain the best heat exchanger design for co-generation units by comparing efficiency under different parameters.
Sandeep SG is a mechanical engineer with over 4 years of experience in fluid dynamics, thermal systems, aerodynamics, and technical consulting. He holds an MSc in Automotive Engineering and a BE in Mechanical Engineering. His experience includes CFD analysis using ANSYS software, design optimization, and technical consulting for the automotive industry. He currently works as a technical engineer performing CFD analysis of automotive components to analyze airflow, reduce drag, and evaluate thermal comfort.
The document summarizes new features in recent releases of Mentor Graphics' FloTHERM and Flowmaster software. Key highlights include:
- FloTHERM V11.0 allows solving for electrical potential, current density, and 3D Joule heating concurrently with temperature. It also improved the FloMCAD Bridge module and voxelization capabilities.
- Flowmaster V7.9.4 enhanced capabilities for multi-arm tanks, auto-vaporization, and exporting hydrodynamic force calculations. It also improved usability through various interface enhancements.
- The document provides an overview of various customer projects utilizing Mentor Graphics' thermal and fluid analysis software, including applications in automotive, electronics,
Bharat B. Sharma has over 3 years of experience as a CFD Researcher. He has expertise in performing geometry cleanups, mesh generation, and CFD simulations using tools like ANSYS Fluent and ICEM CFD. He has contributed to projects for organizations like CSIR-CMERI and SONA-KOYO. Currently, he is pursuing his PhD from Jadavpur University, investigating transport phenomena in loop heat pipes using CFD tools.
This document discusses computational fluid dynamics (CFD). CFD uses numerical analysis and algorithms to solve and analyze fluid flow problems. It can be used at various stages of engineering to study designs, develop products, optimize designs, troubleshoot issues, and aid redesign. CFD complements experimental testing by reducing costs and effort required for data acquisition. It involves discretizing the fluid domain, applying boundary conditions, solving equations for conservation of properties, and interpolating results. Turbulence models and discretization methods like finite volume are discussed. The CFD process involves pre-processing the problem, solving it, and post-processing the results.
Design and verification of pipelined parallel architecture implementation in ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and analysis of worm pair used in self locking system with development...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design and analysis of a worm pair system used for self-locking. A worm pair system combines two threaded rods or worm screws that are meshed together to provide self-locking properties with over 90% efficiency, compared to around 40% for a conventional worm gear system. The design process involves selecting materials and dimensions for the input shaft, output shaft, load drum hub, and worm screws. Calculations are shown for torque capacities, shear stresses, and efficiencies. Experimental results validate that the worm pair system has higher efficiency than a conventional worm gear self-locking system. A manual clutch is also designed to allow quickly releasing the load by disengaging the load drum from the output shaft.
Loc, los and loes at speed testing methodologies for automatic test pattern g...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document describes a system for automating power house control using wireless communication. The system uses microcontrollers, wireless modules like Zigbee, and a web interface to remotely monitor and control power outlets. Sensors measure current and send data to a server module over Zigbee. The system can automatically cut off power if a bill is unpaid or if overload is detected. A software module with PHP, JavaScript etc. allows users to view power status on internet-connected devices. The wireless system is low-cost, low data rate, self-healing and provides energy usage information to users for power management remotely.
Comparative study of slot loaded rectangular and triangular microstrip array ...eSAT Publishing House
This document presents a comparative study of two slot loaded microstrip array antenna designs - a rectangular design (TS-RMAA) and triangular design (TS-ETMAA). The experimental results show that the TS-ETMAA design has a 7.35% impedance bandwidth, which is 1.12 times greater than the 6.54% bandwidth of the TS-RMAA design. Theoretical calculations matching the experimental results also show the triangular design having a greater bandwidth of 7.12% compared to 5.55% for the rectangular design. In conclusion, the triangular microstrip antenna provides both enhanced impedance bandwidth and compactness compared to the rectangular design.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental study of the forces above and under the vibration insulators of ...eSAT Publishing House
This document presents the results of an experimental study that measured the forces above and below the vibration insulators of a diesel generator unit in various operating conditions. A measurement system was developed using strain transducers to measure the bearing reactions on the four vibration insulators. The forces were measured during transitional operating modes like starting, stopping, loading and unloading. The results are presented in graphs showing how the forces varied over time during these transitions. Additional graphs show how the forces varied over one operating cycle in relation to the crankshaft rotation angle under full load and idle conditions. The study provides data on the forces acting on the vibration insulators in different operating regimes.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design features of a 5 tonne day multi – stage, intermittent drainage, conti...eSAT Publishing House
This document provides details on the mechanical design of a 5 tonne per day vegetable oil solvent extraction plant. It includes calculations for the design of major components like the hopper, extractor, launder, and sumps. Dimensions and capacities are calculated based on process parameters established in a previous design. Stress analysis is performed on components like the hopper cylinder. The total volume of the designed extractor is calculated to be 2.17m3 and the estimated cost is about 3.5 million Naira.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a low-cost wireless sensor network and smartphone application system for disaster management. The system uses an Arduino-based wireless sensor network comprising nodes with various sensors to monitor the environment. The sensor data is transmitted to a central gateway and then to the cloud for analysis. A smartphone app connected to the cloud can detect disasters from the sensor data and send real-time alerts to users to help with early evacuation. The system aims to provide low-cost localized disaster detection and warnings to improve safety.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses using the ID3 decision tree algorithm to evaluate research scholars based on feedback from their guides/advisors. It begins by describing the problem and how a dataset is formed using attributes about scholars and feedback from guides. It then provides an overview of the ID3 algorithm and how it works. The document applies the ID3 algorithm to the scholar evaluation dataset to construct a decision tree, which can then be used to determine a guide's overall view of a scholar based on their attribute values. The tree can also provide scholars with guidelines on areas to improve to achieve a better evaluation.
Localization based range map stitching in wireless sensor network under non l...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparative CFD Analysis of Shell and Serpentine Tube Heat ExchangerIRJET Journal
1. The document presents a comparative CFD analysis of a shell and tube heat exchanger with a serpentine tube using two different materials: ASTM A179 carbon steel and C12200 copper alloy.
2. The analysis found that the heat exchanger was up to 14% more effective when using the C12200 copper alloy tube compared to the carbon steel tube, due to the higher thermal conductivity of copper.
3. While copper provided better heat transfer, material selection for heat exchangers must also consider other factors like corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and cost.
Comparative Study Between Cross Flow Air To Air Plate Fin Heat Exchanger With...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study between a cross flow air to air plate fin heat exchanger with triangular fins and one with triangular perforated fins. Computational fluid dynamics analysis was performed on the two designs. Taguchi analysis was then used to optimize the perforated design by varying plate thickness, fluid velocity, and plate height. The optimal design from Taguchi analysis had a plate thickness of 0.1mm, fluid velocity of 2m/s, and plate height of 3mm. CFD analysis found this optimized perforated design improved thermal effectiveness from 30-35% to 45.72% compared to the conventional triangular fin design.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AN EFFICIENT COLD CONTAINER FOR MEDICINE WHICH CAN ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an efficient cold container for transporting medicine via motorcycle. The container uses a Peltier module, heat sink, cooling fan, and insulation to maintain the medicine within the required temperature range. Computational fluid dynamics software was used to optimize heat transfer and airflow. The prototype was tested and found to reliably keep medicine temperatures stable during delivery. The container has potential to improve healthcare logistics and enable timely medicine delivery in remote areas.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental analysis of liquid cooling system for desktop computersIAEME Publication
This document describes an experimental analysis of a liquid cooling system designed for desktop computers. The author designed a simple, economical and reliable liquid cooling system as forced air cooling was found to be insufficient for increasing heat loads. Temperature measurements were taken of the cooling system and different components under varying CPU usage to identify heat trapped areas. The liquid cooling system was implemented in a desktop and experimental investigations were conducted to analyze the thermal performance. Results showed that the liquid cooling system reduced motherboard, processor, hard disk, processor heat sink and RAM temperatures significantly compared to forced air cooling alone.
THERMAL ANALYSIS OF AIR FLOW IN A CPU CABINET WITH MOTHERBOARD AND HARD DISK ...IAEME Publication
The present work investigates the numerical simulation of thermal analysis of mixed convection air flow in a CPU Cabinet. The simulation is focused on the non-uniformly heated mother board temperature distribution. In the
present work three cases have been studied, 1) Placing the CPU in vertical position, 2) Placing the CPU in horizontal
position and 3) Providing exhaust fan on top. The work also includes studies of effectiveness of different inlets provided.
The temperature distribution of the components and streamlines were investigated in order to get a clear picture of which case is more effective for cooling of the mother board
cfd analysis on ejector cooling system with variable throat geometryIjripublishers Ijri
The vapor jet ejector cooling cycle driven by waste heat. It is a very auspicious approach of producing ‘free cooling’ by utilizing low-grade energy sources. The mechanism behind the ejector-based on waste heat cooling is very unique, when compared to absorption or adsorption cooling technologies. They are also aimed at producing heat driven cooling. This type of ejector cooling system is actually more closely related to vapor compression technology.
In this paper simulations of a vapor-jet ejector operating with refregerent R134a as the working fluid by using CFD (computational fluid dynamics). The impact of varying geometry parameters on ejector performance will be considered. Different mixing section radii will be considered for the analysis.
3D modeling is done by using Catia V5 and analysis is done by Ansys fluent14.5.
Thermal Characterization and Performance Evaluation of CPU Heat Sink DesignIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the thermal performance of a heat sink for a microprocessor. It describes using SolidWorks to develop a simulation model of the heat sink and ANSYS Discovery software to perform thermal analysis. The analysis investigates the temperature distribution of the heat sink and identifies any hotspots. It considers various operating conditions and parameters that affect heat dissipation, such as airflow rate and material conductivity. The goal is to optimize the heat sink design to efficiently dissipate heat and prevent overheating of the microprocessor.
Experimentation on heat pipe and cfd analysis for performance enhancementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Heat Pipe is a heat transfer device used in many applications and it is very similar in some respects to the thermosyphon. Since there were several limitations of thermosyphon, heat pipe was developed. The idea of the heat pipe was first suggested in 1942, since then over a several decades the serious development of a heat pipe took place. Heat pipe mainly consists of three regions viz. evaporator, adiabatic and condenser section. The heat pipe differs from the thermosyphon by virtue of its ability to transport heat against gravity by an evaporation-condensation cycle. This research work includes experimentation on available heat pipe, development of CFD model and its validation with experimental results using CFD Tool. The results obtained by CFD are in good agreement with an experimental results. Since the heat pipe is used for transferring the heat, this research work focuses on increasing the heat transfer by modified model, modifications in terms of increased surface area, is proposed. From CFD analysis it was found that the proposed modified heat pipe shows enhancement in performance in terms of heat transfer rate by 19% when it is simulated for without heat sink case and 45% while with heat sink case, compared to conventional heat pipe. The mixture multiphase model from CFD too is used for simulation of heat pipe.
Experimentation on heat pipe and cfd analysis for performance enhancementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Heat Pipe is a heat transfer device used in many applications and it is very similar in some respects to the thermosyphon. Since there were several limitations of thermosyphon, heat pipe was developed. The idea of the heat pipe was first suggested in 1942, since then over a several decades the serious development of a heat pipe took place. Heat pipe mainly consists of three regions viz. evaporator, adiabatic and condenser section. The heat pipe differs from the thermosyphon by virtue of its ability to transport heat against gravity by an evaporation-condensation cycle. This research work includes experimentation on available heat pipe, development of CFD model and its validation with experimental results using CFD Tool. The results obtained by CFD are in good agreement with an experimental results. Since the heat pipe is used for transferring the heat, this research work focuses on increasing the heat transfer by modified model, modifications in terms of increased surface area, is proposed. From CFD analysis it was found that the proposed modified heat pipe shows enhancement in performance in terms of heat transfer rate by 19% when it is simulated for without heat sink case and 45% while with heat sink case, compared to conventional heat pipe. The mixture multiphase model from CFD too is used for simulation of heat pipe.
Ijri te-03-010 cfd analysis on ejector cooling system with variable throat ge...Ijripublishers Ijri
This document discusses CFD analysis of an ejector cooling system with variable throat geometry. It begins with background on ejector working principles and prior literature. It then describes the design and meshing of three ejector models in CATIA and Ansys. CFD analysis is performed on the original and two modified ejector designs with R134a as the working fluid. Results for velocity, pressure, temperature, shear stress, kinetic energy, density, and mass flow rate are presented in table and graph form. The modified design with a 3mm throat diameter performed best with lowest stress and highest mass flow rate. Future work could analyze different mixing section lengths, nozzle radii, and working fluids to further increase efficiency.
IRJET- Geometrical Optimization of Fins for Effective Heat Transfer using CFD...IRJET Journal
This document discusses geometrical optimization of fins for effective heat transfer using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. It aims to study the optimization of fin profiles for electronic devices with innovative shapes, particularly analyzing Y-shaped fins. CFD analysis is performed using ANSYS Fluent to analyze heat exchange behavior and plot temperature contours for T-shaped and Y-shaped aluminum fins surrounded by air. The analysis varies the angle between the arms of fins from T-shape to Y-shape under dimensional constraints to compare configurations and validate a new optimization criterion. The modeling is done in Creo and analysis in ANSYS Fluent to optimize fin geometry for maximum heat transfer and minimum pressure drop.
CFD Simulation of Solar Air Heater having Inclined Discrete Rib Roughness wit...IRJET Journal
This document presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of a solar air heater duct with inclined discrete rib roughness and a staggered convex element. The study aims to develop a 3D CFD model to analyze heat transfer and fluid flow performance. Boundary conditions and material properties are defined. A mesh is generated and the RNG k-epsilon turbulence model is used. Results for velocity, temperature, and turbulent kinetic energy contours are presented along with charts showing variations in Nusselt number with Reynolds number and roughness pitch. Inclined discrete ribs with a staggered convex element are found to improve heat transfer in the solar air heater duct.
Recent advances in semiconductor technology show the improvement of fabrication on
electronics appliances in terms of performance, power density and even the size. This great achievement
however led to some major problems on thermal and heat distribution of the electronic devices. This
thermal problem could reduce the efficiency and reliability of the electronic devices. In order to minimize
this thermal problem, an optimal cooling techniques need to be applied during the operation. There are
various cooling techniques have been used and one of them is passive pin fin heat sink approach. This
paper focuses on inline pin fin heat sink, which use copper material with different shapes of pin fin and a
constant 5.5W heat sources. The simulation model has been formulated using COMSOL Multiphysics
software to stimulate the pin fin design, study the thermal distribution and the maximum heat profile.
Enhancement of the output power generated from a hybrid solar thermal systemeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper investigates the output power and increased the efficiency of a hybrid Photovoltaic/ Thermal (PV/T) modules through utilizing the heat generated from the surface of panels by one axial tracking of the hybrid PV/Tsystem by means of zenith angle and decreasing the heat generated from the PV modules by controlling the flow rate of the system. A comparison between theoretical and experimental work results for fixed and tracking PV/T hybrid system is presented. Comsol software package used to simulate the electromagnetic waves produced by the sun through solving Maxwell's equations in three dimensions and the sun irradiance is assumed to be Gaussian distribution across the twelve mourning hours. Beside that an experimental work is presented depending on the results conjured from the theoretical experience used in Comsol Multiphysics In the second part of the experimental work, one axial sun-tracking system is designed where the movement of a photo-voltaic module is controlled to follow the Sun’s radiation using a Data acquisition card (DAQ) unit. Finally an active cooling system is designed and conducted to cool the fixed and tracking modules at which an absorber system consists of copper pipe welded with aluminium plate is attached underneath the PV modules to allow water flowing below the modules. In addition to the above an electrical analysis for both systems are presented where I-V, P-V, power with 12 mourning hour’s and electrical efficiency. Beside that the thermal analysis for the fixed and tracking PV modules and the piping water are presented where the input, output temperatures, the total energy of heat losses and thermal efficiency are calculated. As a result, a significant enhancement in the total electrical efficiency is observed with acceptable increase in the output water temperature. Keywords: Cooling systems; DAQ; Hybrid; Comsol Multiphysics; Mat lab; Solid work; Lab view.…
Transient thermal analysis of phase change material based heat sinkseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a numerical study on transient thermal analysis of phase change material (PCM) based heat sinks. The study considers different configurations of finned heat sinks with and without PCM. The configurations include a finned heat sink without PCM, a finned heat sink fully filled with PCM, and a finned heat sink half-filled with PCM towards the fin tip side. Unsteady analyses are performed to analyze the transient thermal behavior. The results provide insight into heat transfer characteristics and melting/solidification of PCM in different heat sink designs.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF COOLING OF PV SOLAR PANEL USING FINNED HEAT PIPE TECHN...IAEME Publication
Various solar energy technologies exist and they have different application techniques in the generation of electrical power. The widespread use of photovoltaic (PV) modules in such
technologies has been relatively high costs and low efficiencies. The efficiency of PV panel decreases as the operating temperature increases. This is due to reflection from the top surface, absorption of heat by the parts other than the cell, absorption of heat from the other portion of the spectrum.
This document summarizes a computational study on using finned heat pipes to cool photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. The study uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model heat transfer from a solar panel through a heat pipe with attached fins. The CFD analysis shows that attaching fins to a heat pipe can reduce the temperature of a solar panel by up to 20°C compared to no cooling. This temperature reduction can increase the panel's efficiency and power output. The study aims to develop a passive cooling system for PV panels using a low-cost finned heat pipe design.
A comparatively analysis of plate type H.E. and helical type H.E. using ANOVA...IRJET Journal
This document compares plate type and helical type heat exchangers using ANOVA analysis. It first describes the design and operation of each type of heat exchanger. It then outlines the methodology used, including equations for heat transfer coefficients and an overview of ANOVA analysis. The results section describes the design of each heat exchanger in CATIA software and presents graphs comparing their pressure drops and R2 regression factors. Finally, it concludes the plate heat exchanger offers advantages in terms of space, heat transfer efficiency, turbulence, flexibility and lifespan.
Similar to Cfd thermal analysis on laptop cooling system using loop heat pipe technology (20)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
Flood related disasters concerned to urban flooding in bangalore, indiaeSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses urban flooding in Bangalore, India. It describes how factors like heavy rainfall, population growth, and improper land use have contributed to increased flooding in the city.
2. Flooding events in 2013 are analyzed in detail. A November rainfall caused runoff six times higher than the drainage capacity, inundating low-lying residential areas.
3. Impacts of urban flooding include disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and decreased economic activity in affected areas. The document calls for improved flood management strategies to better mitigate urban flooding risks in Bangalore.
Enhancing post disaster recovery by optimal infrastructure capacity buildingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses enhancing post-disaster recovery through optimal infrastructure capacity building. It presents a model to minimize the cost of meeting demand using auxiliary capacities when disaster damages infrastructure. The model uses genetic algorithms to select optimal capacity combinations. The document reviews how infrastructure provides vital services supporting recovery activities and discusses classifying infrastructure into six types. When disaster reduces infrastructure services, a gap forms between community demands and available support, hindering recovery. The proposed research aims to identify this gap and optimize capacity selection to fill it cost-effectively.
Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced conc...eSAT Publishing House
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Cfd thermal analysis on laptop cooling system using loop heat pipe technology
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 05 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 676
CFD THERMAL ANALYSIS ON LAPTOP COOLING SYSTEM USING
LOOP HEAT PIPE TECHNOLOGY
N.Hariharan1
, A.S. Manirathnam2
, S.Vellingiri3
, R.S. Mohankumar4
1
Thermal Engineering, Mechanical Department, SNS College of Technology, Tamilnadu, India
2
Thermal Engineering, Mechanical Department, SNS College of Technology, Tamilnadu, India
3
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Department, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Tamilnadu, India
4
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Department, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Tamilnadu, India
Abstract
Science and Technology has begun a new revolution in human life. Due the development in technology, electronic equipments
especially laptops ensue to be smaller, lighter and faster. As a high processing unit is involved, laptops are subjected to release a
lot of heat, and in turn creating hot spots on the processing unit. Since the cooling system currently employed is not much efficient
to drive away the heat in hot spots, it is replaced with modern miniature Loop Heat Pipe (mLHP) technology for enhanced
cooling. In addition, this novel passive cooling solution has so many advantages compared to the existing active cooling solutions
such as the noise-free operation, lower energy consumption and higher reliability. In this paper, a digital prototype of laptop with
the new cooling technique is designed and analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamics software Fluent. This analysis is
carried out with various heat dissipation rates of the heat source 30 W, 32 W, 43 W for different working conditions such as
standard use of the notebook, standard use while charging the battery and 100% CPU load respectively. The heat dissipation and
distribution for different working conditions are investigated. Based on the results obtained, a contemporary
Keywords: LAPTOP, LOOP HEAT PIPE, CFD
--------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Loop heat pipes (LHPs) are highly efficient heat-transfer
devices with a considerable potential for development and
application in various fields. At present LHPs are
successfully employed in space engineering. Usually these
devices have a cylindrical evaporator or rectangular
evaporator. The shape and the size of the condenser may be
quite different depending on the means and conditions of its
cooling. The length of the vapor and the liquid lines
connecting the evaporator and the condenser can reach a
distance of 10 m and more In order to expand the field of
LHPs application, such as cooling electronics, personal
computers and notebook computers, it is necessary to
miniaturize these devices. LHPs have better developed
evaporator structure with the well-distributed system of
vapor channels that provide high-heat transfer rate from the
heated wall of the evaporator to the evaporating meniscus
inside the wick. As a result, LHP evaporators are able to
handle very high-heat fluxes with low-heat transfer
resistances. Latest laptop models are equipped with more
than one high processing chipset (e.g., memory chip,
graphics chip) that increases the cooling requirements. This
project focuses on using miniature Loop Heat Pipes
(mLHPs) for effective cooling of laptops.
2. LHPs AS THERMAL MANAGEMENT
DEVICES
At present, different cooling alternatives are available for
the thermal management of the electronic devices. An
optimum choice depends on number of factors such as
thermal performance, reliability index, acoustic issues, cost
of manufacturing, future potential and scope for
miniaturization. In this domain of two-phase technology, a
Loop Heat Pipe (LHP) can be considered as one of the
potential candidates for cooling compact electronics with
high-powered microprocessors. A LHP consists of an
evaporator, with fine pored wick structure, and a condenser
section connected with separate vapour and liquid flow
lines. It uses latent heat of evaporation and condensation to
transfer heat, and relies on the capillary pressure generated
by the wick structure for the circulation of the working fluid
around the loop. For laptop cooling, miniature versions of
LHPs can be considered as potential alternatives to
convectional heat pipes for their high-heat transport
capacities and flexible design structures.
3. CFD BASE DESIGN MODEL
The base model for CFD analysis is taken from the
reference [1]. The new cooling model, is equipped with
miniature Loop Heat Pipes (mLHPs) that consists of two
rectangular flat evaporator of area 47 mm x 37 mm (length x
width). It consists of a flow channel where the working fluid
flows and condenses with air-cooled fin and tube condenser.
A pump of capacity 0.43 m3
/min is attached in order to
support the return water flow to the evaporator. The fan
speed is set to 0.1 m3
/min to radiate the heat from the
condenser liquid. The working fluid used in this set up is
water. The heat pipe and base plate which are made of
copper has high thermal conductive of 398 K. Hence copper
is universally preferred as the “spreader” material that
actively transfers heat to the cooling system. It is necessary
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 05 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 677
to define the boundary conditions in CFD analysis.
4. CFD MODEL
The significant part in designing a CFD model is the prior
planning of assigning a boundary condition for complex
systems. In this project, the cooling system itself has a
complex structure, as the cooling unit is priority of analysis.
The other components are treated as boundary condition
blocks. The isometric view of CFD modeled component is
shown in figure 1. The CFD model with the boundary block
of components and the novel-cooling model as shown in
Figure 1 is obtained from a series of steps. The individual
components and position of different units of laptops are
understood from the Figure 1, which is under the section
Studies on Cooling System of Laptops. Two evaporators of
area 47 mm x 37 mm as given in Table 1 are designed for
the following evaporator considerations. The evaporator
which is rectangular in shape with 20 microchannels, with
an individual cross-section of 0.7 mm deep and 0.5 mm
wide, was machined on the inside of the active zone of area
22 x 22 mm. Both evaporators are placed in between CPU,
graphics card and RAM where a large portion of heat is
generated Microchannels heat sink design includes a 10 x 10
mm2
copper base on which 49 rectangular channels with
individual depth, width, spacing, and length of 1.3 mm, 0.1
mm, 0.1 mm, and 7mm were fabricated. Microchannels with
their high-aspect ratio provide large surface to volume ratio
for efficient heat transfer from the active heated zone to the
working fluid. Two fan cooled fin and tube condensers of
length, width, thickness, 50 mm, 18 mm and 10 mm
respectively are designed.
Fan condition with the air outlet of 0.1 m3
/min is setup for
condensing units The inlet and outlet of pump to heat pipe is
left as the discontinuity as CFD software has the pump
condition that can be defined for the desired flow rate. The
cooling unit is assembled similar to the CFD base model
shown in Figure 1.
The entirely assembled cooling system with two
evaporators, one microchannel, two condensers are set as a
single unit along with the surrounding laptop component
blocks such as CPU, RAM, Graphics card, HDD drive, flash
storage, Battery, DVD, etc.
Fig - 1: CFD Model
5. CFD PROCESSING
5.1 CFD Domain Extraction of the Modeled
Cooling System
The first and foremost step in CFD preprocessing of the
modeled loop heat pipe cooling system is geometry clean
up. This cleanup has been done using the ANSA meshing
tool which is very robust clean up tool. Extracting the fluid
region is the next step in which all the surfaces which are in
the contact of fluid are taken alone and all other surfaces are
removed completely Extracted domain of the cooling system
is shown in figure 2.
Fig - 2
5.2 Meshing
After cleaning up the geometry, the surface mesh is
generated in ANSA tool itself. All the surfaces are
discretized using tri-surface element. As the geometry has
some complicated and skewed surfaces tri-surface elements
are used to capture the geometry. The figure 2 shows the
mesh of extracted domain. The volume mesh for the static
zone of the extracted domain of the cooling system is
generated using ANSYS-TGRID which is a robust volume
mesh generator. The volume of the static zone of the
extracted domain is discretized using tetrahedron and prism
elements. The prism elements are wedge shaped elements in
which the higher order differential form of the navier-stokes
system of equations are solved at each and every cell
centroid of the elements for higher accuracy results. Prism
elements are also used to capture the boundary layer and
recirculation in the static flow domain. Fine meshes are
enabled at high working condition zones. The Mesh
component of the cooling system is characterized with
following properties. Nodes: 14147, Faces: 109346, Cells:
49423 with 10744 Boundary nodes, 21596 boundary faces
and 29 boundary face zones. The total elements available in
the cooling system mesh domain are 59756 elements.
5.3 Solver Set Up and Methodology
ANSYS-FLUENT is used as the solver for this case. The
solver is set for pressure based type, absolute velocity
formation and steady time.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 05 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 678
Energy equation is activated to solve thermal distribution.
The model with energy equation is activated for laminar
viscous flow. The materials for solid are set as: cooper for
heat pipe and nickel for the wick. The material used for
cooling purpose are water and air. The reference values of
the cooling system analysis are marked as per the desired
component and the working conditions
5.4 Initial and Boundary Conditions
The whole notebook chassis is the computational domain
that consists of CPU, CPU heat sink, heat pipes, heat
exchanger, fans; aluminum heat dissipation plates, RAM,
DVD, battery, PCMCIA card, HDD, speakers, ventilation
holes, PCB, and the miscellaneous cards attached to PCB
are modeled according to measured dimensions and
manufacturers’ specifications. The heat pipes are
represented as solid rods having the same physical
dimensions with the actual heat pipes and a high thermal
conductivity in the axial direction that is taken as 40,000
W/(m·K). The ambient temperature is taken as 25 °C and at
steady state, since the table surface on which the notebook is
placed will be at a similar temperature to the bottom surface
temperature. Thus, radiative transfer from the bottom is
neglected. Therefore, the thermal conductivity of air (0.026
W/m· K) is used for the heat transfer from the bottom wall
There is a temperature limit for each component inside the
notebook, which is set as the initial and various boundary
condition of laptop cooling system. The main aim of a
thermal management system in laptop is to assure that the
components are working below their maximum
Operating temperatures (Tmax). The manufacturers define
maximum operating temperatures. The typical values for the
maximum operating temperatures that is obtained from [2]
and is presented in Table 1.
The pump capacity and fan speed for the new cooling
operation is set as 0.43 L/min and 0.1 m3
/min respectively.
Table – 1: Temperature Factors
5.5 CFD Simulation Approach
The apple Macbook Pro notebook is considered in this
project on which a hybrid thermal system is used. The whole
notebook chassis is the computational domain, which is
shown in Figure 1. In this chassis, CPU, CPU heat sink, heat
pipes, heat exchanger, fans, aluminum heat dissipation
plates, RAM, DVD, battery, PCMCIA card, HDD, speakers,
ventilation holes, PCB, and miscellaneous cards attached to
PCB are modeled according to measured dimensions and
manufacturers specifications. The components, which have
no or little effect on the fluid flow and heat transfer, are not
modeled. The operating conditions of the components are
not steady in a notebook computer, which change the heat
dissipation rates of the components. However, in this
project, considering the specifications of the manufacturers,
an operating condition is chosen for each component in each
analyzed case (Table 1) and the calculations are performed
according to the steady state assumption. Transient thermal
management of a notebook is a different issue requiring
dynamic control strategies. No slip boundary condition is
applied for the chassis and the component walls in the
domain. The heat transfer mechanism outside the notebook
chassis is assumed to be natural convection. The convective
effects of the flow coming through the fan exits and the
ventilation holes are neglected. Average heat transfer
coefficients are defined for the top and side surfaces of the
Dissipatio
n at
Dissipation at
Normal
Dissipation
at
Maximum
Operating
Component Normal
Condition
while
100%
CPU load Temperatu
reCondition
(W) charging (W) (W)
Tmax °C
CPU 21 21 30 100
RAM 0.5 0.5 0.5 70
HDD 5 5 9 60
Graphics
card 2 2 2 85
South Bridge 0.5 0.5 0.5 85
PCMCIA 1 1 1 70
Battery 0 2 0 55
Total 30 32 43
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 05 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 679
chassis separately. Finally an iterative CFD approach is used
to obtain the heat transfer coefficients for each case using
available correlations for the new miniature Loop Heat Pipe
Cooling system. For a mesh involving 59756 elements, the
iteration taken for the solution to get converged is 112,846
iterations.
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1 CFD-Fluent Results
The Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis results for the
new laptop cooling system are obtained for the following
three different working conditions of laptop.
• Laptop working under normal condition
• Laptop working under normal condition while
charging
• Laptop working under 100% CPU load
6.1.1 Laptop Working under Normal Condition
(NC)
The input and boundary condition values for the simulation
are taken from Table 1. The thermal conductivity, pump
condition, fan condition, ambient condition, density of
working fluids, heat equation, etc. are defined. The wall
conditions are setup and the solution is iterated. The results
are obtained from graphics and animation tab, once the
solution is converged. The temperature distribution plot for
the first working condition is shown in Figure 2. The
temperature distribution plot clearly shows that maximum
heat is contributed by CPU, which is 325 K. Furthermore,
the different components that dissipate heat are also
maintained at a temperature range within maximum
operating temperature. The CFD average temperature
(Tavg) values and CFD hot spot temperature individual
components of laptops can be obtained from Figure 3. The
values obtained from Figure 3 are noted down in Table 2
and Table 3 to check whether the cooling system is efficient
enough to maintain the laptop components under their
maximum operating condition
Fig 3
6.1.2 Laptop Working under Normal Condition
while Charging (NCC)
The input and boundary condition values for the simulation
for the laptop working under normal condition while
charging are taken from Table 1.In a similar way, the results
are obtained from graphics and animation tab once the
solution is converged. The temperature distribution plot for
the second working condition is shown in Figure 4. It is
observed that the temperature distribution is almost similar
to the first condition but in the second case battery
contributes to the heat dissipation condition as the charging
unit heats the battery. The temperature distribution plot
clearly shows that maximum heat is contributed on CPU,
which is 326 K. Furthermore, the different components that
dissipate heat are also maintained at a temperature range
within maximum operating temperature. The battery that
dissipates 2 W heat reduces the heat dissipation of hard disk
drive while charging. This improvement in HDD component
is due to fact that the laptops are modeled to perform better
while charging.In an analogous way, the CFD average
temperature (Tavg) values and CFD hot spot temperature
individual components of laptops can be obtained from
Figure 4. The values obtained from Figure 4 are noted down
in Table 2 and Table 3 to check whether the cooling system
for the second case is efficient enough to maintain the laptop
components under their maximum operating condition.
Fig 4
6.1.3 Laptop Working under 100% CPU Load
(100% CPU Load)
Laptops when worked continuously for a long time with
many rouge applications in process, takes a full CPU load
(100% CPU load). The input and boundary condition values
for the simulation for the laptop working under 100% CPU
load are taken from Table 1. The thermal conductivity,
pump condition, fan condition, ambient condition, density of
working fluids, heat equation, etc. are already defined in
previous simulation. Hence there is no necessity to define
them again, unless the software is reset or set for another
data. The wall conditions are setup and the solution is
iterated.
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 05 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 680
Fig 5
The temperature distribution plot is maximum at CPU
followed by the HDD then the battery. At maximum
operating temperature the HDD extracts 100% C.P.U load.
Hence it is better for a notebook computer to operate at
normal working conditions. The temperature distribution
plot clearly shows that maximum heat is contributed on
CPU, which is 335 K. In addition, the different components
that dissipate heat are also maintained at a temperature range
within maximum operating temperature. The battery, does
not dissipate heat as it generates heat due to the effect of
100% CPU load working condition of the laptop.
Fig 6
Therefore from the results obtained, it is noted that the new
cooling system effectively drives away heat under 100%
CPU loads, than the present cooling system.In a related way,
the CFD average temperature (Tavg) values and CFD hot
spot temperature individual components of laptops can be
obtained from Figure 2. The values obtained from Figure 4
are noted down in Table 2 and Table 3 to find out how
effectively the miniature Loop Heat Pipe cooling system
works under 100% CPU load to drive away the excess heat
generated in the system.
CFD analysis was carried out using ANSYS software to
evaluate and compare the cooling performance of the loop
heat pipes in laptop cooling system.From the CFD results
obtained, it is important to look whether all the individual
components are working under the maximum operating
temperature range (Tmax). The CFD average temperature of
components and CFD hotspot temperature of the
components are obtained from Figure 3, Figure 4, and
Figure 5, and the values are tabulated and checked for any
erratic temperature distribution in the components. The CFD
average Temperature (Tavg) of Components (Table 2) and
CFD average Temperature (Tavg) of Components (Table 3)
are as follows From Table 2 and Table 3, it is clear that the
temperature distribution on all individual components is
within the maximum operating temperature range, even
when there is a hot spot created on the component.
It is also observed that hard disk drive usually exceeds the
maximum operating temperature during 100% CPU load,
also works within the maximum temperature even if there is
a hot spot exists. Thus this contemporary cooling solution is
more efficient than the present cooling system available In
all the three cases, the temperature distribution in
components is maximum at the Central Processing Unit and
it is made sure the CPU does not reach the maximum
operating temperature.When CPU reaches maximum
temperature, water used in conventional systems gets
converted into steam, thus damaging the total system of
cooling unit. But the usage of Loop Heat Pipe cooling,
drives away maximum heat from CPU and ensures a safe
operation
Table - 2: Temperature distribution at its minimum
Tavg at
Normal
Tavg at
Normal
Condition
Tavg at
100%
Maximum
Operating
Component
Temperatur
eCondition
°C
while
charging °C
CPU
load °C
Tmax °C
CPU 50 51 62 100
RAM 40 44 52 70
HDD 46 43 55 60
Graphics
card 47 44 52 85
South
Bridge 40 42 47 85
PCMCIA 38 39 43 70
Battery 33 44 49 55
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 05 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 681
Table – 3: Temperature distribution to hot spots
6.2 Comparison of Results with Standard Results
The standard results of the conventional cooling solution
mentioned in section 4.2 of the report, records the maximum
temperature in the case 100% CPU load. Some of the
temperature values of the components are obtained from the
real time usage of laptop with the help of Temperature
Monitor Software. The temperature readings of the standard
conventional cooling system are tabulated in Table.
The results obtained from the project shows that the
miniature loop heat pipe cooling system an economical
cooling solution even when laptop is working under 100%
CPU load. The maximum temperature recorded at the
individual component is the hotspot temperature of that
component. Hence the hotspot temperature of the
component are tabulated in Table 4 and the results are
compared with the standard results obtained from the
existing cooling solution.
Table-4: comparison of results with standard results
From the Table 4, it is clear that the Hard Disk Drive and
Battery are exposed to work at a higher temperature,
exceeding the maximum operating temperature, under 100%
CPU load condition. But the usage of miniature Loop Heat
Pipe cooling system enables more efficient cooling and also
helps the components of laptops to work below the
maximum temperature range. Hence the mLHP cooling
solution is considered as the better cooling system when
compared to the existing cooling system.
7. CONCLUSIONS
The thermal management of a typical notebook computer
passive heat dissipation path is investigated with the help of
a commercial CFD software package, ANSYS Fluent.From
the obtained CFD results, the usage of miniature loop heat
pipe for cooling system is a better cooling solution for the
notebook computers. It also shows that the performance for
high-powered chip cooling application can be easily
integrated into the compact enclosures of modern laptops.
Finally, in conclusion this passive cooling solution is better
in heat dissipation and cooling the system when compared to
the existing active cooling solutions.It also has additional
advantages such as the noise-free operation, lower energy
consumption and higher reliability.
T at
Normal
T at Normal
Condition
T at
100%
Maximum
Operating
Componen
t
Temperatur
eConditio
n °C
while
charging °C
CPU
load °C
Tmax °C
CPU 55 55 65 100
RAM 43 46 54 70
HDD 48 48 59 60
Graphics
card 48 45 53 85
South
Bridge 42 43 48 85
PCMCIA 40 40 45 70
Battery 35 45 54 55
Temperature
Temperature
Maximum
Distribution
at 100% Operating
Component
Distribution
at 100%CPU Load
°C
Temperat
ureCPU Load
°C (mLHP)(conventional
) Tmax °C
CPU 81 65 100
RAM 63 54 70
HDD 68* 59 60
Graphics card 61 53 85
South Bridge 56 48 85
PCMCIA 51 45 70
Battery 62* 54 55
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 05 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 682
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[2]. Ilker Tari and Fidan Seza Yalcin, 2010 “CFD Analyses
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