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West Africa is made up of plains and some low and high mountains. The region has four climate zones - the Sahara desert in the north, the dry Sahel grasslands, the savanna with grass, trees and tsetse flies, and the coastal rainforests. The Niger River is the most important river, flowing east and south for 2,600 miles through West Africa and watering the region via its inland delta of channels, swamps and lakes. West Africa has mineral resources like diamonds, gold, and oil, with Nigeria being a major oil exporter accounting for 95% of its exports.
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Sahara Desert
The Sahara Desert has very harsh environmental conditions for life. Temperatures range from 20 to 45 degrees Celsius, and the ground can become blazing hot from the sun's direct rays. Most animal life is small, nocturnal carnivores or insects. Humans have adapted to the desert by developing dark skin to shield from the sun and tall bodies to minimize water needs. They maintain stable temperatures through sweating but must replace lost fluids to avoid dehydration, which can impact bodily systems. Loose, light clothing and head coverings help humans cope with the desert heat.
Sahara desert
The Sahara Desert ecoregion covers an area of 4.6 million square kilometers in the hyper-arid center of the Sahara Desert. It is surrounded by desert ecoregions that receive slightly higher rainfall and have more vegetation. The Sahara Desert is the world's largest subtropical hot desert, located in Northern Africa between the Red Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It features extremely high temperatures year-round and very low and irregular rainfall, making it one of the hottest and driest places on Earth. The Sahara is home to various wildlife adaptations as well as human populations that have historically relied on nomadic herding and trade routes.
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The document summarizes the climate and characteristics of tropical rainforests. It notes that rainforests receive about 250 cm of rain annually due to warm, humid air near the equator that leads to heavy condensation and rainfall. Trees can reach heights over 164 feet and the average temperature is around 77 degrees Fahrenheit, remaining stable year-round between 64-77 degrees. The document provides details on the rainforest climate classification and recommends the best times to visit being July-September and December-January to see wildlife while avoiding higher temperatures.
Climate zones and biomes
This document provides an overview of different climate zones and biomes, including tropical/low latitude, mid-latitude, high latitude, and highland climate zones. It then discusses tropical biomes like rainforests and savannas, mid-latitude biomes such as deciduous forests and chaparral, and high latitude biomes including tundra, taiga, and ice caps. Each section includes a question asking the reader to identify the climate zone or biome being highlighted.
Africa climate and vegetation
Africa has a variety of climates and vegetation zones due to its large size and location straddling the equator. The northern part experiences hot summers while the southern part has warm summers and mild winters. Deserts cover 60% of the continent, including the Sahara and Namib deserts. Vegetation ranges from equatorial rainforests along the coast with hardwood trees, vines, and dense undergrowth, to open savannahs with tall grasses and scattered acacia trees in the tropical grasslands, and short grasses and poplar trees in the temperate grasslands. Wildlife is also diverse and includes elephants, lions, and chimpanzees in the forests, and herbivores
Sahara desert
The Sahara desert is the world's largest hot desert, located in North Africa. It covers an area of 8.54 million square kilometers and touches 11 countries. The climate is very hot and dry, with high daytime temperatures sometimes reaching 50 degrees Celsius. Vegetation is sparse but includes cacti, date palms, and acacia trees, while animals include camels, hyenas, foxes, and various snakes and lizards. Tribal peoples such as the Bedouins and Tauregs live in the Sahara desert and rely on livestock like goats, sheep and camels for milk, meat, and materials for clothing, shelter, and tools.
Day 1 types of biomes
This document describes the main types of biomes: deserts, which have little water and extreme temperatures; forests, which are dominated by trees and diverse plant species; freshwater biomes like lakes and rivers that provide drinking water; grasslands filled with grasses; marine biomes that cover 70% of the Earth's surface; and tundra, a cold and wet biome with mosses and lichens.
Climates and landscapes on the Earth
There are several climate zones on Earth defined by the amount of sunlight received. The hot zone near the equator receives direct sunlight and has tropical rainforests. Temperate zones between the tropics and polar circles experience seasonal changes in sunlight. Cold zones near the poles receive minimal sunlight. Landscapes vary based on climate - equatorial zones have dense rainforests while deserts have sparse vegetation due to low rainfall. Rivers and vegetation in different climate zones reflect the availability of water.
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The Sahara Desert has very harsh environmental conditions for life. Temperatures range from 20 to 45 degrees Celsius, and the ground can become blazing hot from the sun's direct rays. Most animal life is small, nocturnal carnivores or insects. Humans have adapted to the desert by developing dark skin to shield from the sun and tall bodies to minimize water needs. They maintain stable temperatures through sweating but must replace lost fluids to avoid dehydration, which can impact bodily systems. Loose, light clothing and head coverings help humans cope with the desert heat.
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This document provides an overview of different climate zones and biomes, including tropical/low latitude, mid-latitude, high latitude, and highland climate zones. It then discusses tropical biomes like rainforests and savannas, mid-latitude biomes such as deciduous forests and chaparral, and high latitude biomes including tundra, taiga, and ice caps. Each section includes a question asking the reader to identify the climate zone or biome being highlighted.
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Africa has a variety of climates and vegetation zones due to its large size and location straddling the equator. The northern part experiences hot summers while the southern part has warm summers and mild winters. Deserts cover 60% of the continent, including the Sahara and Namib deserts. Vegetation ranges from equatorial rainforests along the coast with hardwood trees, vines, and dense undergrowth, to open savannahs with tall grasses and scattered acacia trees in the tropical grasslands, and short grasses and poplar trees in the temperate grasslands. Wildlife is also diverse and includes elephants, lions, and chimpanzees in the forests, and herbivores
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The Sahara desert is the world's largest hot desert, located in North Africa. It covers an area of 8.54 million square kilometers and touches 11 countries. The climate is very hot and dry, with high daytime temperatures sometimes reaching 50 degrees Celsius. Vegetation is sparse but includes cacti, date palms, and acacia trees, while animals include camels, hyenas, foxes, and various snakes and lizards. Tribal peoples such as the Bedouins and Tauregs live in the Sahara desert and rely on livestock like goats, sheep and camels for milk, meat, and materials for clothing, shelter, and tools.
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Climates and landscapes on the Earth
There are several climate zones on Earth defined by the amount of sunlight received. The hot zone near the equator receives direct sunlight and has tropical rainforests. Temperate zones between the tropics and polar circles experience seasonal changes in sunlight. Cold zones near the poles receive minimal sunlight. Landscapes vary based on climate - equatorial zones have dense rainforests while deserts have sparse vegetation due to low rainfall. Rivers and vegetation in different climate zones reflect the availability of water.
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NATURAL REGIONS OF THE WORLD
CLIMATE AND NATURAL REGIONS
World Climatic Types and Their Characteristics.
The world climatic types on the basis of temperature are classified into four basic types;
i. HOT CLIMATES
Is the climatic type of the world characterized by mean annual temperature which is over 21ºC and have the following natural vegetation; Equatorial Forests, Monsoon Forest and Tropical Grassland scrub e.g Equatorial, Tropical Desert, Monsoon and Marine areas.
ii.WARM CLIMATES
Is the world’s climatic type whereby no month has the temperature of less than 7ºC and have the following natural vegetation, Evergreen Woodland and Grassland Temperate Forest e.g West Margine and China Type.iii. COOL CLIMATES
Is the world’s climatic type whereby one to five month have temperature below 7ºC and have the following natural vegetation; Temperate Forest, Grasslan
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Climate
Earth's climate is influenced by its position relative to the sun, which affects factors like temperature, daylight hours, and seasons. Climate refers to long-term weather patterns typical of a region, while weather describes short-term atmospheric conditions. A variety of geographic factors, including latitude, elevation, ocean currents, prevailing winds, and landforms further impact regional climates. These combine to produce a wide diversity of climates around the world.
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P.PT on life in the temperate region of geography .detail information of prairies and velds. climate, location, vegetation, wildlife people of prairies and velds
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this slide heps you to know about the origion, Culture, Organisms and others of Thar desert and tharparkar(Sindh).
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The world climatic types on the basis of temperature are classified into four basic types;
i. HOT CLIMATES
Is the climatic type of the world characterized by mean annual temperature which is over 21ºC and have the following natural vegetation; Equatorial Forests, Monsoon Forest and Tropical Grassland scrub e.g Equatorial, Tropical Desert, Monsoon and Marine areas.
ii.WARM CLIMATES
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Is the world’s climatic type whereby one to five month have temperature below 7ºC and have the following natural vegetation; Temperate Forest, Grasslan
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Climate
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The document describes three types of fish species. The first group includes yellowtail, schoolmaster, and mahogany, which have triangular heads and enlarged canine teeth. They are nocturnal predators that sometimes swim during the day. The second group includes large species like goliath grouper and black grouper as well as smaller species like graysby and coney. The third group has three elongated dorsal spines and variable coloration with a black spot at the base of the dorsal fin. They are found in open areas and feed on mollusks, crabs, and urchins.
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P.PT on life in the temperate region of geography .detail information of prairies and velds. climate, location, vegetation, wildlife people of prairies and velds
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this slide heps you to know about the origion, Culture, Organisms and others of Thar desert and tharparkar(Sindh).
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The document summarizes key aspects of early West African geography, resources, way of life, and trade. It describes the varied climates and crops of West Africa, including dates, kola nuts, and grains. Gold was mined from the rainforest and salt came from the Sahara Desert, which was important for food preservation. Most West Africans lived in extended families and had gender roles where men hunted and farmed and women managed domestic duties. They also practiced animism and ancestor worship. The discovery of ironworking in 500 BC improved farming. Wealthy kingdoms arose due to gold and salt mining and trade over land and Saharan routes of these resources to North Africa and beyond.
Section 4
Spain and Portugal have a long shared history dating back 16,000 BC when cave paintings were discovered in northern Spain. Both regions were part of the Roman Empire by 200 BC and were later conquered by Moors in the 700s AD. In the late 15th century, Ferdinand and Isabella conquered the last Moorish outpost in Spain and sponsored Columbus' voyage to the Americas, while Portugal also sent out explorers. Both countries grew wealthy from trade and colonies but Spain's power began to decline after its failed invasion of England in 1588. Today, Spain and Portugal are democracies and members of the European Union with growing economies focused on agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism.
Iberian and northern europeans updated
Here are some key explorers and their voyages:
- Christopher Columbus - Sailed for Spain in 1492, thinking he would reach Asia but landed in the Bahamas in the Caribbean, initiating European colonization of the Americas.
- Vasco da Gama - The first European to reach India by sea, arriving in Calicut in 1498 for Portugal, opening direct trade routes to Asia.
- Ferdinand Magellan - Led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe for Spain from 1519 to 1522, though he was killed in the Philippines before completing the entire voyage.
- Amerigo Vespucci - Explored the east coast of South America on voyages from 1499 to 150
Hispania unit 4
The document provides information on the various groups that inhabited the Iberian Peninsula prior to the Roman conquest, including the Tartessians, Celts, Iberians, Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians. It then discusses how the Romans conquered the region through the Punic Wars against the Carthaginians, establishing control over Hispania. Finally, it briefly touches on how the Romans introduced Romanization, spreading their language, customs, and culture throughout the newly conquered territory.
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European Territorial Cooperation
European Trans-national & cross-border cooperation
INTERREG I to IV + INTERREG EUROPE (2014-2020)
Spain-Portugal cooperation
POCTEC Spain-Portugal (2014-2020)
How does this cooperation reflect their:
Planning systems, cross-border planning;
Decision-making and financial capacity;
Socio-spatial, spatial-economic impacts;
--
Concrete examples of cross-border cooperation
NORTE 2020 + Galicia 2020 + Euroregion 2020
Joint Investment Programme Galicia-northern Portugal 2014-2020
Islam and European Renaissance
Islamic civilization that developed in Muslim-ruled Spain between the 8th-15th centuries directly contributed to the European Renaissance. Under Muslim rule, Spain became a major center of learning where knowledge from ancient Greece and Rome was preserved and advanced. Schools and universities were established that taught the sciences, medicine, mathematics and more. Christian scholars from across Europe traveled to Spain to learn and translate Arabic texts. As a result, ideas from Muslim Spain spread across Europe and helped revive Western culture, laying the foundations for the European Renaissance.
Muslim Rule in Spain
1. Muslims ruled Spain for about eight centuries beginning in 714 AD, converting it into the most civilized and charming land in the world.
2. The long Muslim rule can be divided into three phases - a first phase of confusion, a golden era of power and progress from 756-1036 AD, and a final phase of anarchy and annihilation as petty states emerged and clashed.
3. In 1086 AD, Yusuf ibn Tashfin of Morocco invaded Spain and defeated the Christians at the Battle of Zallaqa, restoring Muslim power temporarily before infighting resumed after his death.
The golden ages of islamic civilization
The document provides an overview of the golden ages of Islamic civilization between 600-1600 CE. It highlights key contributions Muslims made to various fields including:
- Mathematics (origins of algebra, trigonometry, calculus)
- Chemistry (founding principles, discovery of elements/acids)
- Medicine (anatomy, clinical practice, hospitals, ophthalmology)
- Physics (mechanics, automation)
- Other sciences like geography, astronomy, history
It also discusses the establishment of universities, libraries and houses of wisdom that promoted learning and knowledge production during this period. Figures like Ibn Sina, Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Razi, Ibn Khaldun made
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula is dominated by the Meseta upland area and surrounded by mountain ranges, containing the countries of Spain, Portugal, and Andorra. Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom in 1143 and was a pioneer in global exploration between the 15th-16th centuries. Spain's capital is Madrid and it shares the Pyrenees Mountains border with France to the north. The tiny nation of Andorra is situated in the mountainous regions between France and Spain. Gibraltar, located at the western entrance to the Mediterranean Sea, was ceded to Britain in 1713 and declared a British colony in 1830.
Colonization in the Iberian Peninsula: basic vocabulary
This is an elementary visual vocabulary about the colonizations in the Iberian Peninsula in Ancient times. It's is for Secondary students who study Social Sciences, Geography and History as a bilingual subject.
Ancient history in the iberian peninsula.
The document discusses ancient history in the Iberian Peninsula. It focuses on Mediterranean colonization and includes a map showing the region at the end of the Third Punic War.
The rise and fall of islamic spain
The document summarizes the rise and fall of Islamic rule in Spain from 711 CE to 1492 CE. It describes how Muslims conquered Spain in just 2 years and went on to rule for over 800 years, establishing an enlightened society with advances in education, science, architecture and more. However, internal fighting and disunity later weakened the Islamic empire, allowing Christian kingdoms to gradually reconquer territory until the fall of the last Muslim stronghold of Granada in 1492, bringing an end to over 800 years of Islamic rule in Spain.
7.42 muslim spain
This ppt follows spi 7.42 . . . . . Outline the decline of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula that culminated in the Reconquista, Inquisition, and the rise of Spanish and Portuguese kingdoms.
The Islamic Art in the Iberian Peninsula
This document provides an overview of Islamic art in the Iberian Peninsula, including key architectural elements like horseshoe arches, carved wood ceilings, and muqarnas decorations. It describes important sites from the Umayyad period like the Great Mosque of Cordoba with its hypostyle hall and mihrab. Other influential periods and locations mentioned are the Taifa kingdoms, Aljaferia Palace in Zaragoza, and the Alhambra in Granada from the Nasrid era. Architectural styles evolved over time with influences from the Almoravids and Almohads, incorporating mosaics, calligraphy, and other Islamic decorative traditions.
The age-of-exploration
1) Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean, circumnavigating the globe for the first time.
2) The Age of Exploration from 1450 to 1750 saw Europeans discover new lands and expand their knowledge of geography.
3) Key motives for exploration were religious conversion, economic gain, and prestige.
The Roman Conquest Of Britain
The Romans conquered Britain in the first century AD, after previously conquering Gaul. In 55 BC, a Roman army of 10,000 men crossed the English Channel and invaded Britain, though Julius Caesar's earlier visits did not result in conquest. The Romans established towns and military outposts throughout Britain and introduced social changes among the local Celtic population during their 400-year rule over the island.
The Roman conquest in Britain
The Romans conquered Britain over 2000 years ago. They were attracted by resources and wanted to stop British aid to their enemies in Gaul. Under Julius Caesar and later Emperor Claudius, the Romans established control over southern Britain and built roads, towns, and walls. However, resistance continued in northern and western Britain. A major rebellion led by Boudica destroyed Roman towns before being defeated. Over centuries of rule, Roman culture influenced the Britons through language, religion, architecture and urban life. The Romans withdrew from Britain in the 5th century, leaving a lasting legacy.
European Exploration and Colonization power point
1. The Jamestown colony was the first successful English colony in North America, establishing the 13 original colonies.
2. The Plymouth colony followed, with the Pilgrims signing the Mayflower Compact to establish self-government.
3. The Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay colony for religious freedom, and it became the largest colony through trade, fishing, and industries. Dissenters later established Rhode Island and Connecticut for greater religious tolerance.
Al-Andalus & Christian Kingdoms 2º B
Here are 3 activities related to the document:
1. Name 3 Christian kingdoms that participated in the Reconquest.
2. Which kingdom conquered territories in Portugal and Andalusia?
3. What were some privileges offered to attract settlers to newly conquered lands?
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Colonization in the Iberian Peninsula: basic vocabulary
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Similar to C:\Fakepath\Chapter 21
Example
This chapter discusses the climate and vegetation of Africa. It talks about factors that influence climate such as distance from the equator, elevation, and rainfall. Certain geographic regions in Africa like rainforests, savannas, and deserts are described. Savannas receive some rainfall while deserts like the Sahara, Namib, and Kalahari receive very little and consist primarily of sand and small bushes. The climate and lack of water make living in these desert regions very challenging.
The Savanna Ecosystem
The document discusses the savanna ecosystem and pressures on the Sahel region of Africa. It describes the distinct wet and dry seasons in savanna climates and how plants and animals adapt. It explains how the movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone brings seasonal rains and how the Sahel is prone to desertification due to insufficient rainfall and overgrazing of grasslands.
Weather and climate IG
Weather and Climate
Class Presentation
IGCSE 1
Teacher :
RIMSHA JANJUA
Students:
Mahnoor
husnain
taha
zurdat
zeesham
Topics to be discussed :
What is weather?
What is Climate?
What are climatic zones? (In Pakistan)
What are highland zones and their climate?
What are lowland zones and their climate?
What are arid zones and their climate?
What are coastal zones and their climate?
What is river flood and what destruction can it possibly cause?
What are storms and there causes?
Chapter 16 - Geography of North Africa/Middle East
This document provides information about the physical geography and environment of the region of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia. It notes that this region has large oil and natural gas reserves, making it a key global supplier of fossil fuels. However, it also faces environmental challenges like scarce water resources, desertification, pollution from oil refining, and damage from irrigation practices. The arid climate and lack of water greatly impact how people live in the region.
The Diverse Ecosystems APBio
The document discusses factors that influence the distribution of life on Earth. Climate patterns are determined by variables like sunlight, atmosphere, oceans currents, elevation, and continent positions. These factors create different biomes across the planet based on temperature and rainfall levels. Biomes include tropical rainforests, savannas, deserts, grasslands, temperate forests, tundras, and aquatic ecosystems in rivers, lakes, oceans, and hydrothermal vents. The distribution of species is limited by the availability of water, nutrients, temperatures, and other conditions within each biome.
The geography of africa reg.2011
Africa is a large and diverse continent with many different geographic regions including the Sahara desert, Sahel grasslands, savannahs, rainforests, and Southern Africa. The Sahara divides the continent into North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahel south of the Sahara experiences problems with desertification as overgrazing and poor farming practices damage the land. Deforestation is also an issue across Africa as forests are cleared for agriculture, contributing to soil erosion, species loss, and environmental problems. Access to clean water is a challenge for many Africans as populations grow and rivers become polluted by industry and waste.
Some Climatic Regions Of The World
Grade 10 ICSE Geography Project on the various climatic regions present around the world, on planet Earth.
Grade 9 Geography Project
Copyright (c) 2021 - 2022 Ishan Ketan Bhavsar
TO BE USED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSE ONLY.
Ch 5 ed
Terrestrial biomes are areas sharing similar climate, topography, and soil conditions that support characteristic biological communities. The major terrestrial biomes include tropical rainforests, tropical savannas, deserts, grasslands, Mediterranean shrublands, deciduous forests, coniferous forests, tundra, and wetlands. Marine ecosystems include open ocean, coastal zones like coral reefs and estuaries, and tidal environments. Humans have significantly disturbed many ecosystems through habitat conversion, pollution, and overexploitation of resources.
Ch 5 ed
Terrestrial biomes are areas sharing similar climate, topography, and soil conditions that support characteristic biological communities. The major terrestrial biomes include tropical rainforests, tropical savannas, deserts, grasslands, temperate forests, boreal forests, and tundra. Human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, agriculture, and urbanization have significantly disturbed many biomes and are the primary cause of biodiversity loss globally.
Physical geography of africa i
Sub-Saharan Africa is comprised of four sub-regions: West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, and Southern Africa. The land is mostly high plateaus with escarpments along the edges, and lowlands bordering the coasts. Notable landforms include the Great Rift Valley, which stretches over 4,000 miles from Asia to Africa, and contains lakes and the beginnings of major river systems. Climate varies from tropical rainforest along the equator to savannah, steppe, and desert farther south, and is influenced by elevation and proximity to the coast.
Physical geography of africa i
Sub-Saharan Africa is comprised of four sub-regions: West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, and Southern Africa. The land is mostly high plateaus with escarpments along the edges, and lowlands bordering the coasts. Notable landforms include the Great Rift Valley, which stretches over 4,000 miles from Asia to Africa, and contains lakes and the beginnings of major river systems. Climate varies from tropical rainforest along the equator to savanna, steppe, and desert farther south, and is influenced by elevation and proximity to the coast.
P_P_T_LIFE_IN_TEMPERATE_GKRASSLANDS.pptx
Temperate grasslands are located on the interior of continents and characterized by rolling hills and vast plains. They include both tallgrass prairies and shortgrass steppes. Temperate grasslands experience hot, dry summers and extremely cold winters with moderate rainfall occurring mostly in spring and summer. Drought-tolerant grasses and flowers dominate the landscape, while climate extremes prevent trees from growing. A wide variety of wildlife including bison, prairie dogs, deer, and coyotes have adapted to life on the grasslands.
Biomes
This document summarizes the main biomes (regions) of the world, which include polar ice caps, tundra, forests, grasslands, deserts, and aquatic biomes. It provides details on the defining characteristics, climates, vegetation, and animals found in each biome type. Some of the specific biomes mentioned include boreal forests, taiga, temperate deciduous forests, prairies, steppes, savannas, rainforests, wetlands, estuaries, and oceans.
Ecosystems
The document summarizes three ecosystems: coniferous forests, tropical rainforests, and savannah grasslands. It describes the distribution, characteristics, and adaptations of plants and animals in each ecosystem. It also discusses human impacts such as deforestation and how these ecosystems are threatened by issues like desertification.
Biomes m.sc.iii [autosaved] [autosaved]
This document defines and describes different terrestrial biomes, including taiga, tundra, desert, grasslands, chaparrals, and provides details about their climates, vegetation, and wildlife. It discusses the key characteristics of each biome such as the typical temperature and precipitation ranges, as well as the types of plants and animals found in each biome and how they have adapted to the environmental conditions.
P_P_T_LIFE_IN_TEMPERATE_GRASSLANDS.pptx
This document provides information about temperate grasslands. It begins by describing the characteristics of temperate grasslands, noting they are located on the interior of continents and characterized by rolling hills and vast plains. It then discusses the different types of grasslands found around the world, including prairies, steppes, and regional names like veldts and pampas. The document proceeds to describe the climate, vegetation, and animals commonly found in temperate grasslands. It concludes by outlining some human impacts and uses of temperate grasslands.
Chapt05 lecture
This document provides an outline of biomes and ecosystems around the world, including terrestrial biomes like rainforests, deserts, grasslands, and forests, as well as marine ecosystems from the open ocean to coastal areas. It also discusses freshwater ecosystems like lakes and wetlands, and notes several human impacts such as habitat loss, pollution, and climate change that are threatening biodiversity.
Climate powerpoint
This document discusses the climate and topography of Africa. It notes that over 50% of Africa has inadequate precipitation and 92% experiences climatic contrasts with shortage of water in some areas and oversupply in others. About 8% has a tropical climate with rainfall 10-12 months per year. Africa has about one-third of the world's arid lands and temperature variations are not excessive, though lower plains and desert regions experience great heat. The most important climatic differences are due to rainfall variations.
Sahara desert
The Sahara Desert ecoregion covers an area of over 4 million square kilometers in the hyper-arid center of the Sahara between 18° and 30° N. It has a hot desert climate with high temperatures year-round and extremely low rainfall. The landscape includes sand dunes, stone plateaus, gravel plains, and salt flats. Sparse vegetation is found along the northern and southern edges where rainfall is higher. Wildlife has adapted to the harsh conditions with physical features like the camel's hump that allow survival with little water. People have historically lived as nomads or in oases, with Berber and Arabic cultures predominating in the region.
Interactive Powerpoint Biomes
The document provides an overview of the major biomes on Earth, including freshwater, desert, tundra, grasslands, forest, and marine biomes. It classifies and describes the characteristics of different types within each biome. For example, freshwater biomes are classified as lakes and ponds, rivers and streams, and wetlands. Desert biomes include hot and dry, semi-arid, and coastal types. Each biome type has distinctive climate conditions and plant and animal life adaptations. Resources for further information are also listed.
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Chapter 16 - Geography of North Africa/Middle East
Chapter 16 - Geography of North Africa/Middle East
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Chapter 5
The document provides an overview of the geography, early civilizations, and development of religions in ancient India. It describes the physical features of India, including the Himalayan and Hindu Kush mountains and major rivers. It discusses the Indus Valley civilization and the later Vedic civilization brought by Aryan migrations. The document also outlines the emergence of Hinduism and Buddhism, the rise and spread of these religions under empires like the Maurya and Gupta, and their continuing legacy today.
Chapter 23
The document provides details about life in the United States during the Great Depression from 1929 to 1933. It describes how the stock market crash led to widespread unemployment that reached 25% as many industries declined. President Hoover initially responded through voluntary programs but the economic situation continued to deteriorate. When Franklin Roosevelt became president in 1933, he worked with Congress to pass New Deal programs that focused on relief, recovery, and reform. The New Deal provided jobs through programs like the CCC and WPA and sought to reform the financial system through agencies and acts. However, the Depression had severe impacts and the New Deal faced obstacles from the Supreme Court and other critics.
Blog notes
This document provides an overview of ancient Greek geography, society, and government. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The geography of Greece, including its mountainous landscape and lack of natural resources, made unity and trade difficult but also fostered the development of seafaring and city-states.
2) Greek society was organized around the city-state and centered on religion, mythology, and honoring the gods through festivals and the Olympics. Early literature like the Iliad, Odyssey, and Aesop's Fables were also important cultural influences.
3) Athens developed one of the earliest forms of democracy through reforms that increased citizen participation and distributed power, moving from monarchy to limited democracy
Chapter 7
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Greek geography, society, and government. It describes how Greece's mountainous landscape divided the region into small areas and made unity difficult. It discusses the rise of independent city-states and different forms of government, including monarchies, aristocracies, oligarchies, and tyrannies. It focuses on reforms in Athens that established a limited direct democracy, where male citizens voted directly on laws.
Chapter 21 blog notes
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and escalated due to rising nationalism, imperialism, and a system of alliances that drew more countries into the war. The U.S. initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 on the side of the Allies after German submarine attacks and the Zimmermann Telegram. With the addition of American troops and resources, the Allies were able to turn the tide of war and force Germany to sign an armistice in 1918. The resulting Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany in an attempt to prevent future aggression but ultimately helped pave the way for WWII.
The beginnings of rome
The document provides an overview of the origins and early history of ancient Rome. It discusses:
1) The founding of Rome in 753 BC by the twins Romulus and Remus according to legend, with Romulus killing Remus and tracing the city boundaries around Palatine Hill.
2) How the Etruscans conquered Rome in the 600s BC but the Romans overthrew the Etruscan kings to regain self-rule, marking the beginnings of the Roman Republic.
3) How Rome was established on seven hills along the Tiber River for its strategic location and fertile farmland, and grew from a city to a large empire over centuries of expansion.
American history chapter 20
The United States expanded its overseas interests between 1853-1915. In 1853, Commodore Perry opened trade with Japan through force. The U.S. later purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867. By the late 1800s, expansionists argued the U.S. needed new frontiers overseas for economic growth and to spread American values. This contributed to the U.S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898 and acquisition of territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines after defeating Spain in the Spanish-American War. The U.S. then built the Panama Canal between 1904-1914 to further economic and military interests in Latin America and Asia.
The beginnings of rome
The document summarizes the origins and early history of ancient Rome. It describes how Rome was founded by Romulus around 753 BC and established on Palatine Hill. Over subsequent centuries, Rome grew from a city to a large empire through expansion across the Italian peninsula and defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars. The early Roman Republic established a tripartite government consisting of legislative, judicial, and executive branches to govern the growing city-state.
Chapter 19 blog notes
The document summarizes the key events and reforms of the Progressive Era in the United States from the late 19th to early 20th centuries. It describes the rise of political corruption and the influence of big business that spurred calls for reform. Key reforms included civil service laws, antitrust acts, women's suffrage, conservation efforts, consumer protections, and the 18th Amendment establishing Prohibition. Progressive presidents like Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson supported many of these reforms through new laws and constitutional amendments. Women played an increasing role in reform movements and campaigns for women's rights during this period.
Chapter 6 blog notes
Ancient China was shaped by its geography. The Yellow and Yangtze Rivers supported agriculture and civilization, while surrounding deserts and mountains isolated China. Three influential philosophies emerged during a period of conflict: Legalism emphasized strong government and law; Confucianism focused on social harmony through respect and proper conduct; Daoism viewed nature and individual harmony as most important. The Qin and Han dynasties unified China under centralized rule, expanding the empire while adopting elements of Chinese culture. The Silk Road opened trade routes that spread goods, ideas, and religions like Buddhism across Asia and into Europe. Chinese innovations in agriculture, paper, and silk had lasting global impacts.
Blog notes
The document discusses the expansion of industrialization in the United States during the late 1800s. Key developments included the discovery of natural resources which fueled industry, the use of tariffs to protect American industry, and technological innovations like steel production. Industries like oil, railroads, electricity, communications, and automobiles grew rapidly. Large corporations and monopolies formed, led by entrepreneurs and financed by bankers, though working conditions were often poor. Unions struggled to gain influence among the growing urban workforce.
Blog notes
The document provides an overview of ancient Egypt and the Kush civilization. It describes the geography of Egypt along the Nile River which provided fertile land for agriculture. Egyptian society was organized around pharaoh rule and religion, with jobs including farmers, craftspeople, traders, and priests. Major accomplishments were early forms of writing, math, and science. The Old Kingdom saw the rise of pyramid building under pharaohs like Kufu. The New Kingdom was a period of Egyptian power under rulers like Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, and Ramses II. To the south, the kingdom of Kush also rose in power at times controlling Egypt.
Blog notes chapter 1
Early humans lived as hunter-gatherers but began settling into permanent villages around 10,000 years ago as agriculture developed. Farming allowed for food surpluses which supported larger populations and more complex societies with specialized workers. One such early complex village was Catal Huyuk in Turkey, which had over 8,000 residents and evidence of agriculture, animal domestication, trade, and occupational specialization. The development of permanent settlements and agriculture marked a major transition from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles.
Chapter 17 for blog
Mining and railroads transformed the American West in the late 19th century. Gold and silver strikes attracted miners who established boomtowns near mining sites. The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 connected the West to markets and facilitated further settlement. Farming on the plains was difficult due to scarce water and unpredictable weather, and many homesteaders could not last the required 5 years to own their land. Native Americans struggled as settlers and loss of buffalo encroached on their traditional lands and way of life.
Chapter 17 for blog
Mining and railroads transformed the American West in the late 1800s. Gold and silver strikes attracted miners who established boomtowns near mining sites. The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 connected the West to markets and further accelerated settlement. Native Americans struggled as settlers encroached on their lands, breaking treaties. Battles like the Little Bighorn and Wounded Knee marked the decline of Native cultures. At the same time, cattle ranching became a major industry on the open range of the West.
Blog notes
The document summarizes Reconstruction and the New South after the Civil War. It describes the huge problems in the South after the war ended, including widespread ruin and refugees needing food, shelter, and work. It outlines Lincoln and Johnson's plans for Reconstruction and Congress' push for stricter plans. It discusses the Freedmen's Bureau, black codes, and the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments. It also summarizes the rise and fall of Radical Reconstruction, the emergence of Jim Crow laws and segregation, and the transition to a "New South" economy.
Section 3
The Reconstruction era came to an end due to declining support for Radical Republican policies and several scandals under President Grant that hurt his reputation. Both Northerners and Southerners wanted the withdrawal of federal troops and amnesty for Confederates. Republicans began losing control of Southern states in 1869 and African American rights were reduced. The disputed 1876 presidential election was decided by a special commission that awarded the election to Republican Hayes, on the condition that he would remove federal troops from the South to end Reconstruction. After the troops withdrew, Southern states implemented Jim Crow laws and practices like poll taxes and literacy tests that suppressed African American voting and instituted segregation. The Supreme Court upheld segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson, establishing the "
Section 2
The document summarizes the political conflict over Reconstruction between President Andrew Johnson and Congress. Johnson proposed a lenient Reconstruction plan that did not protect the rights of freed slaves, while Congress passed laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the 14th Amendment to guarantee citizenship and equal protection for African Americans. Radical Republicans gained control of Congress and imposed stricter Reconstruction plans, dividing the South under military rule until new governments were formed that protected black rights. However, the Ku Klux Klan used violence and terror to resist Reconstruction, leading to ongoing political battles over civil rights.
Chapter 16 section 1
The document summarizes Reconstruction efforts after the Civil War. It discusses Lincoln's lenient reconstruction plan, opposition from Radical Republicans who wanted a stricter plan, the establishment of the Freedmen's Bureau to provide relief to freed slaves and refugees, and its roles in education, job placement, and dispute resolution. It also notes the assassination of Lincoln in 1865 and Andrew Johnson becoming the new President.
Chapter 15 sections 1 5
The document summarizes key events at the start of the Civil War, including President Lincoln calling for troops after the attack on Fort Sumter, additional states seceding from the Union, and the divided loyalties in border states like Kentucky and Maryland. It also outlines early military strategies between the North and South, including the South's defensive strategy and the North's goal of gaining control of the Mississippi River. The First Battle of Bull Run resulted in the first major defeat for the Union and showed both sides the challenges of the war.
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C:\Fakepath\Chapter 21
- 1. West Africa Chapter 21
- 3. Landforms & Climate Region of plains Some low & high mts. Region’s climates are zonal 4 Zones The Sahara: largest desert; northernmost parts of region; few to no people Steppe Climate: the Sahel an area of dry grasslands (the Sahel); rain fall varies; harmattan winds in the winter (dry, dusty winds); 1960s drought led to failed crops, overgrazing by animals, cutting of trees for firewood, & winds blowing away fertile soil causing death to many people & animals The Savanna: good soil, thick grass, & scattered tall trees; dangerous tsetse fly lives here, caused sleeping sickness & death The Coast & Forest: many of largest cities are here, wet, humid climate; plentiful rain supports rain forests; trees have been cut to back way for expanding populations; environmental damage is a serious problem
- 4. The Niger River Most important in West Africa Starts 150 miles from Atlantic Ocean & flows east & southward for 2,600 miles Brings life-giving water to West Africa Divides into network of channels, swamps, & lakes in areas (inland delta)
- 5. Resources Mineral riches: diamonds, gold, iron ore, & manganese, & bauxite Nigeria is a major exporter of oil 95% of exports