The document discusses the evolution of the role of underwriters from the 1980s to present. It describes how underwriting standards became loosened during periods of bubbles like the commercial real estate and dot-com booms, contributing to financial crises. In response, there has been a push to return to fundamentals of strict underwriting and risk management. The role of underwriters has evolved from general commercial lenders to specialized roles with underwriters leading deal teams to balance business interests and prudent credit standards.
Effective claims management has become a sophisticated process and one that draws upon numerous areas of expertise including data analysis, accident investigation, managed care, return to work, subrogation, alternative dispute resolution, structured settlements, and Medicare compliance as well as more traditional areas of claims expertise. Technology is continually evolving allowing the risk manager improved decision-making capabilities. Strong claims management fundamentals can apply to any major line of coverage including general liability, workers’ compensation, and auto liability. This session will explore how to identify key cost drivers, ways to better integrate claims resources, how to achieve faster reporting, the use of performance standards and guarantees, and how to evaluate the quality of your current claims services.
8 expert tips for creating maximum efficiency in your underwriting workflow. Keep your underwriters focused on what they do best - evaluating risk and writing business.
Effective claims management has become a sophisticated process and one that draws upon numerous areas of expertise including data analysis, accident investigation, managed care, return to work, subrogation, alternative dispute resolution, structured settlements, and Medicare compliance as well as more traditional areas of claims expertise. Technology is continually evolving allowing the risk manager improved decision-making capabilities. Strong claims management fundamentals can apply to any major line of coverage including general liability, workers’ compensation, and auto liability. This session will explore how to identify key cost drivers, ways to better integrate claims resources, how to achieve faster reporting, the use of performance standards and guarantees, and how to evaluate the quality of your current claims services.
8 expert tips for creating maximum efficiency in your underwriting workflow. Keep your underwriters focused on what they do best - evaluating risk and writing business.
CRISIL SME Rating indicates the SME's performance capability and financial strength. CRISIL SME Ratings are entity-specific ratings, unlike credit ratings, which are debt-obligation-specific.
CRISIL SME Rating reflects the level of creditworthiness of the SME, adjudged in relation to other SMEs.
It is important to consider the emerging risks surrounding commercial lending and commercial real estate lending. What stage are we in of this current economic cycle? The answer is uncertain, but it is important to consider the emerging risks surrounding commercial lending and CRE lending.
Managers use a short-term horizon to maximize their utility function. Short-term profitability of banking institutions is one of the most important determinants of bonus packages and managers are therefore motivated to produce highest possible returns on equity by lowering equity buffers to the lowest possible level. Framing effects approach shows that managers engage into risk seeking behavior in order to avoid sure loss (thus, to guarantee that they receive higher bonus), although risk adverse behavior is a preferred choice. Lessons learned from the financial crisis are the importance of introducing behavioral finance concepts into a daily banking activities, increase information transparency, and try to find alternative measures of managers’ efficiency – measures that would stimulate setting up long-term value functions.
Credit risk refers to the risk that a borrower will default on any type of debt by failing to make payments which it is obligated to do. The risk is primarily that of the lender and includes lost principal and interest, disruption to cash flows, and increased collection costs. The loss may be complete or partial and can arise in a number of circumstances. For example:
• A consumer may fail to make a payment due on a mortgage loan, credit card, line of credit, or other loan
• A company is unable to repay amounts secured by a fixed or floating charge over the assets of the company
• A business or consumer does not pay a trade invoice when due
• A business does not pay an employee's earned wages when due
• A business or government bond issuer does not make a payment on a coupon or principal payment when due
• An insolvent insurance company does not pay a policy obligation
• An insolvent bank won't return funds to a depositor
• A government grants bankruptcy protection to an insolvent consumer or business.
To reduce the lender's credit risk, the lender may perform a credit check on the prospective borrower, may require the borrower to take out appropriate insurance, such as mortgage insurance or seek security or guarantees of third parties, besides other possible strategies. In general, the higher the risk, the higher will be the interest rate that the debtor will be asked to pay on the debt.
This excerpt from RMA's Credit Risk Council's “2017 Industry Insights: Perspectives from the Front Line” talks about the challenges ahead and provides 8 tips on how risk managers can navigate today's banking environment.
Factors of Self-Funding: Evaluating the Pros and Consbenefitexpress
In a changing healthcare landscape, employers are increasingly considering taking the funding of their healthcare benefits into their own hands. If you're one of them, this webinar is the one-hour guide you must see.
Participants will learn:
- The legal implications associated with self-funding
- Common administrative pitfalls
- Solving employee issues involved in self-funded plans
- A full overview of laws and regulations governing self-funding
Our compliance expert will weigh in during a compact, one-hour guide.
Property & Casualty Commercial Lines Underwriting: The New PlaybookCognizant
P&C commercial lines carriers are experiencing a global transformation that will compel them to reexamine their operating models, implement direct-to-consumer strategies, reengineer their processes and technologies, and achieve and sustain profitable growth in the age of digital.
CRISIL SME Rating indicates the SME's performance capability and financial strength. CRISIL SME Ratings are entity-specific ratings, unlike credit ratings, which are debt-obligation-specific.
CRISIL SME Rating reflects the level of creditworthiness of the SME, adjudged in relation to other SMEs.
It is important to consider the emerging risks surrounding commercial lending and commercial real estate lending. What stage are we in of this current economic cycle? The answer is uncertain, but it is important to consider the emerging risks surrounding commercial lending and CRE lending.
Managers use a short-term horizon to maximize their utility function. Short-term profitability of banking institutions is one of the most important determinants of bonus packages and managers are therefore motivated to produce highest possible returns on equity by lowering equity buffers to the lowest possible level. Framing effects approach shows that managers engage into risk seeking behavior in order to avoid sure loss (thus, to guarantee that they receive higher bonus), although risk adverse behavior is a preferred choice. Lessons learned from the financial crisis are the importance of introducing behavioral finance concepts into a daily banking activities, increase information transparency, and try to find alternative measures of managers’ efficiency – measures that would stimulate setting up long-term value functions.
Credit risk refers to the risk that a borrower will default on any type of debt by failing to make payments which it is obligated to do. The risk is primarily that of the lender and includes lost principal and interest, disruption to cash flows, and increased collection costs. The loss may be complete or partial and can arise in a number of circumstances. For example:
• A consumer may fail to make a payment due on a mortgage loan, credit card, line of credit, or other loan
• A company is unable to repay amounts secured by a fixed or floating charge over the assets of the company
• A business or consumer does not pay a trade invoice when due
• A business does not pay an employee's earned wages when due
• A business or government bond issuer does not make a payment on a coupon or principal payment when due
• An insolvent insurance company does not pay a policy obligation
• An insolvent bank won't return funds to a depositor
• A government grants bankruptcy protection to an insolvent consumer or business.
To reduce the lender's credit risk, the lender may perform a credit check on the prospective borrower, may require the borrower to take out appropriate insurance, such as mortgage insurance or seek security or guarantees of third parties, besides other possible strategies. In general, the higher the risk, the higher will be the interest rate that the debtor will be asked to pay on the debt.
This excerpt from RMA's Credit Risk Council's “2017 Industry Insights: Perspectives from the Front Line” talks about the challenges ahead and provides 8 tips on how risk managers can navigate today's banking environment.
Factors of Self-Funding: Evaluating the Pros and Consbenefitexpress
In a changing healthcare landscape, employers are increasingly considering taking the funding of their healthcare benefits into their own hands. If you're one of them, this webinar is the one-hour guide you must see.
Participants will learn:
- The legal implications associated with self-funding
- Common administrative pitfalls
- Solving employee issues involved in self-funded plans
- A full overview of laws and regulations governing self-funding
Our compliance expert will weigh in during a compact, one-hour guide.
Property & Casualty Commercial Lines Underwriting: The New PlaybookCognizant
P&C commercial lines carriers are experiencing a global transformation that will compel them to reexamine their operating models, implement direct-to-consumer strategies, reengineer their processes and technologies, and achieve and sustain profitable growth in the age of digital.
Effective Commercial Underwriting using Big Data and Risk Analyticsintellectseec
How can property and casualty insurers effectively use Big Data and Risk Analytics to underwrite better? This presentation explains the role of Big Data in insurance, talks about how to use Big Data along with traditional data methods and presented information about the technology around Big Data and its use for commercial insurance.
Key discussion points:
How do Claims and Underwriting typically relate? Why align Underwriting and Claim departments at Society? What changes did Society make and how? What impact did the change have on results?
1-INSURANCE COMPANY OPERATIONS
The most important insurance company operations consist of the following:
Ratemaking
Underwriting
Production
Claim settlement
Reinsurance
Insurers also engage in other operations, such as accounting, legal services, loss control, and information systems.
2-RATING AND RATEMAKING
Ratemaking refers to the pricing of insurance and the calculation of insurance premiums .
A rate is the price per unit of insurance.
An exposure unit is the unit of measurement used in insurance pricing, which varies by line of insurance.
The person who determines rates and premiums is known as an actuary . An actuary is a highly skilled mathematician who is involved in all phases of insurance company operations, including planning, pricing, and research.
3-UNDERWRITING
Underwriting refers to the process of selecting, classifying, and pricing applicants for insurance . The underwriter is the person who decides to accept or reject an application.
Statement of Underwriting Policy:Underwriting starts with a clear statement of underwriting policy.
An insurer must establish an underwriting policy that is consistent with company objectives.
4-PRODUCTION
The term production refers to the sales and marketing activities of insurers. Agents who sell insurance are frequently referred to as producers .
Life insurers have an agency or sales department. This department is responsible for recruiting and training new agents and for the supervision of general agents, branch office managers, and local agents.
Property and casualty insurers have marketing departments. To assist agents in the field, special agents may also be appointed.
A special agent is a highly specialized technician who provides local agents in the field with technical help and assistance with their marketing problems.
5-CLAIMS SETTLEMENT
Every insurance company has a claims division or department for adjusting claims. This section of the chapter examines the basic objectives in adjusting claims, the different types of claim adjustors, and the various steps in the claim-settlement process.
Basic Objectives in Claims Settlement:
Verification of a covered loss
Fair and prompt payment of claims
Personal assistance to the insured
6-REINSURANCE
Reinsurance is an arrangement by which the primary insurer that initially writes the insurance transfers to another insurer (called the reinsurer) part or all of the potential losses associated with such insurance .
The primary insurer that initially writes the insurance is called the ceding company .
The insurer that acceptspart or all of the insurance from the ceding com pany is called the reinsurer .
The amount of insurance retained by the ceding company for its own account is called the retention limit or net retention .
The amount of insurance ceded to the reinsurer is known as the cession
Michael Bischof, President of Biltmore Financial Bancorp, Inc. located in South Barrington, Illinois, shares with financial advisors and clients a unique and innovative approach to proper integrative mortgage planning techniques.
Rather than shy away from some of the more efficient non-core funding techniques, we believe it wise to make certain your Board and your Examiners understand what is being accomplished through the use of wholesale funding tactics and our third webinar on the ALCO Process is designed to describe an approach to this issue. We will provide guidance on:
1. Where to describe your strategy.
2. Limits to place on non-core funding.
3. Reporting the use of non-core funding.
4. Non-core funding products and services that are in use today.
5. Pros and Cons of these funding sources.
The system of organized lending can never run out of risks. Be market, liquidity, credit, interest or operational, risk is inevitable for banks and other financial firms.
Hence, a primary importance is given to risk profiling in all financial institutions.
One of the omnipresent risks that have taken a toll on banks regularly is credit risk. In simplest terms, this risk can be defined as non repayment of a loan as per agreed conditions, to the lender, thus ruining the lender’s investment.
The non repayment can be intentional (willful default), due to failure of an industry (systemic risk), failure of cross currency settlement (settlement risk) etc.
In this article, we are going to explore credit risk. We will discuss its basic meaning, types, causes, effects and how banks all over the world have made attempts to monitor, mitigate, transfer and at times, accept the risk.
The Subprime Crisis & Implications for Microfinance (SVMN, 05/18/08)Dave McClure
Presentation on the US Subprime Crisis & Impact / Implications on Microfinance, by Katherine McKee, CGAP, to the Silicon Valley Microfinance Network (SVMN.net).
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
NO1 Uk Black Magic Specialist Expert In Sahiwal, Okara, Hafizabad, Mandi Bah...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
NO1 Uk Rohani Baba In Karachi Bangali Baba Karachi Online Amil Baba WorldWide...Amil baba
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
7. 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s Tech Boom/ Dot-Com Bubble Dot-Com Bust 9/11/2001 Greenspan Lowers Fed Funds to 1% Real Estate Boom Real Estate Bust Credit Crisis 30 years of Bubbles CommercialReal Estate Boom Commercial Real Estate Bust
8.
9. G-20 Leaders Summit November 15, 2008 “Declaration of the Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy” “ During a period of strong global growth, growing capital flows, and prolonged stability earlier this decade, market participants sought higher yields without an adequate appreciation of the risks and failed to exercise proper due diligence. At the same time, weak underwriting standards, unsound risk management practices, increasingly complex and opaque financial products, and consequent excessive leverage combined to create vulnerabilities in the system.”
15. THE FDIC SPEAKS “ A decline in loan underwriting standards belongs on any list of the factors responsible for the current crisis.” Summary of comments from George French, Deputy Director of Supervision and Consumer Protection in, FDIC Supervisory Insights, Summer 2009, Vol. 6, Issue 1
24. Evolution of Underwriting Ancient History (prior to 1990’s): Commercial Lender (Relationship/Account Manager) Did It All
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28. A New Role for Underwriting Bridging Business Development and Credit Culture
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Editor's Notes
The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) conducted its 15th annual underwriting survey to identify trends in lending standards and credit risk for the most common types of commercial and retail credit offered by national banks. The survey covers the 12-month period ending March 31, 2009. This is the most recent survey available. The 2009 survey includes examiner assessments of credit underwriting standards at the 59 largest national banks with assets of $3 billion or more. This population covers loans totaling $3.6 trillion as of December 2008, approximately 84 percent of total loans in the national banking system.
The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) conducted its 15th annual underwriting survey to identify trends in lending standards and credit risk for the most common types of commercial and retail credit offered by national banks. The survey covers the 12-month period ending March 31, 2009. This is the most recent survey available. The 2009 survey includes examiner assessments of credit underwriting standards at the 59 largest national banks with assets of $3 billion or more. This population covers loans totaling $3.6 trillion as of December 2008, approximately 84 percent of total loans in the national banking system.
The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) conducted its 15th annual underwriting survey to identify trends in lending standards and credit risk for the most common types of commercial and retail credit offered by national banks. The survey covers the 12-month period ending March 31, 2009. The 2009 survey includes examiner assessments of credit underwriting standards at the 59 largest national banks with assets of $3 billion or more. This population covers loans totaling $3.6 trillion as of December 2008, approximately 84 percent of total loans in the national banking system. Large banks referenced in the subsequent comments are the 15 largest banks by asset size supervised by the OCC’s Large Bank Supervision department; the other 44 banks are supervised by the OCC’s Midsize/Community Bank Supervision department. This year’s survey indicates that the majority of banks now use generally the same underwriting standards regardless of the intent to hold or distribute. A key lesson learned from the financial market disruption is the need for bankers to apply sound, consistent underwriting standards regardless of whether a loan is originated with the intent to hold or sell. The OCC reminds bankers that underwriting standards should not be compromised by competitive pressures or the assumption that the loan will be sold to third parties. The financial market disruption continues to affect bankers’ appetite for risk and has resulted in a renewed focus on fundamental credit principles by bank lenders. For the 12 months covered by the 2009 survey, examiners reported tightening of underwriting standards in 86 percent of the surveyed banks compared with 52 percent in the 2008 survey. The tightening of standards reported in the last two surveys reflects concerns about unfavorable external conditions and product performance. On a product-by-product basis, tightening was most significant for commercial real estate, large corporate, middle market, small business, residential real estate, home equity, and indirect products. Once again, examiners reported that the surveyed banks used pricing as their primary method to modify underwriting standards for commercial products. However, loan covenants and collateral requirements were also used to tighten standards. Covenants, as well as other structural underwriting criteria, afford banks a greater measure of control in managing credit risk. Underwriting standards tightened for all commercial loan products surveyed. The most prevalent tightening occurred in CRE loans, middle market, small business, and large corporate loans. Examiners reported a few isolated instances of eased commercial credit underwriting standards in asset-based and other CRE products. Originate to Hold Versus Originate to Sell This is the second annual survey to assess the differences in underwriting between loans originated to hold in the banks’ own loan portfolios and loans originated to sell in the marketplace. Of the 59 banks surveyed, 29 percent originated loans both to hold or to sell. In this year’s survey, examiners indicate that the majority (86 percent) of the banks originated loans in the various product lines with generally the same underwriting standards regardless of intent to hold or distribute. When standards differed, banks typically mitigated risks of loss through conservative limits on exposures held. These limits were breached in some banks when secondary market liquidity declined. The most notable difference in underwriting standards in this year’s survey is for leveraged loans. While most leveraged loans underwritten with the intent to sell were underwritten on the same terms as those held for investment, examiners observed a higher incidence of leveraged loans underwritten differently than was observed for other loans types. New leveraged loan volume was low in the 2009 survey. Examiners noted that loans underwritten in the current market were generally more conservatively underwritten as evidenced by reduced leverage, higher debt service coverage, and increased loan covenants. The continued tightening of underwriting standards for all loans, whether intended for sale or investment, is a direct result of changes in the economic outlook and market liquidity.
Asset based lending my be the area that rebounds the fastest and grows the most over the next 3 years.
The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) conducted its 15th annual underwriting survey to identify trends in lending standards and credit risk for the most common types of commercial and retail credit offered by national banks. The survey covers the 12-month period ending March 31, 2009. This is the most recent survey available. The 2009 survey includes examiner assessments of credit underwriting standards at the 59 largest national banks with assets of $3 billion or more. This population covers loans totaling $3.6 trillion as of December 2008, approximately 84 percent of total loans in the national banking system.
Any commercial bank , and even traditionally non-bank lenders that opted to change to bank holding company status during the recent crisis, should consider the FDIC an important constituency. The FDIC issues numerous …….. Supervisory Highlights is published periodically by the FDIC and contains several articles intended to promote best practices of bank supervision, and thereby, bank management. Following is an excerpt from the introduction to the Summer 2009 issue: In the annals of bank supervision, 2008 will be remembered as a year in which some old assumptions were shattered and some old truths relearned. Some of the old banking basics— prudent loan underwriting, strong capital and liquidity, and the fair treatment of customers—re-emerged as likely cornerstones of a more stable financial system in the future. Comments from George French, Deputy Director, FDIC Division of Supervision and Consumer Protection A look back on the buildup to the financial crisis reveals similarities to earlier cycles of boom and bust. During the expansion, financial firms engage in a competitive relaxation of credit standards and risk tolerances to gain and maintain revenue growth. Easy credit allows borrowers to refinance ever-greater obligations in lieu of repayment, driving down default rates. This fuels the perception that credit risk is minimal, stimulating further loosening of credit terms in a self-perpetuating cycle. To some banks operating in such an environment, traditional lending standards can appear an unnecessary impediment to revenue growth. To varying degrees, subprime mortgages, other consumer loans, construction loans, loans to leveraged corporate borrowers, and commercial real estate loans, have all exhibited weakness in underwriting standards. Underwriting weaknesses have contributed to investor uncertainty about the quality of bank assets and amplified the adverse impact of the economic downturn on bank performance. A decline in loan underwriting standards belongs on any list of the factors responsible for the current crisis.
Deputy Director French also had this warning for regulated institutions: Over the years, the banking agencies have issued a number of supervisory guidance documents regarding adverse credit risk trends. These guidance documents indicate that the agencies were generally aware of, and concerned about, emerging potential credit risks. A future focus of supervision in responding to such emerging risks may well include a careful look at where the line should be drawn between guidance and informal supervisory expectations on the one hand, and more tangible requirements on the other. Ignore this FDIC warning at your own risk – - Cease and Desist Orders, other negative regulatory consequences for the institution
Three C’s of Credit – Character, Capital and Capacity
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