Building on Strength at MSU Presented at the Ultrafast Interdisciplinary Forum 10/23/2015 Warren F. Beck Marcos Dantus Phil Duxbury Benjamin G. Levine Jim McCusker Chong-Yu Ruan

1. Center of Research Excellence
in
Ultrafast Science:
!
Building on Strength at MSU

4. • initiated in 2009 by Professor Phil Duxbury

5. • initiated in 2009 by Professor Phil Duxbury
• initial commitment of 5 years at $500,000/year

6. • initiated in 2009 by Professor Phil Duxbury
• initial commitment of 5 years at $500,000/year
• focus on infrastructure development, promotion and support for
interdisciplinary research teams across Chemistry, Physics, and
Engineering, and increase the visibility of materials research at MSU

7. • initiated in 2009 by Professor Phil Duxbury
• initial commitment of 5 years at $500,000/year
• focus on infrastructure development, promotion and support for
interdisciplinary research teams across Chemistry, Physics, and
Engineering, and increase the visibility of materials research at MSU
• over 25 faculty affiliated with CORE-CM, including 10 new faculty hires

8. • initiated in 2009 by Professor Phil Duxbury
• initial commitment of 5 years at $500,000/year
• focus on infrastructure development, promotion and support for
interdisciplinary research teams across Chemistry, Physics, and
Engineering, and increase the visibility of materials research at MSU
• over 25 faculty affiliated with CORE-CM, including 10 new faculty hires
• > $17M in external funding for multi-PI grants generated by projects
initiated through CORE-CM to date

9. • initiated in 2009 by Professor Phil Duxbury
• initial commitment of 5 years at $500,000/year
• focus on infrastructure development, promotion and support for
interdisciplinary research teams across Chemistry, Physics, and
Engineering, and increase the visibility of materials research at MSU
• over 25 faculty affiliated with CORE-CM, including 10 new faculty hires
• > $17M in external funding for multi-PI grants generated by projects
initiated through CORE-CM to date
• has supported multiple national and international symposia, funded
seminar programs within the colleges of Natural Science and Engineering,
and created new courses in energy science (among others)

10. • initiated in 2009 by Professor Phil Duxbury
• initial commitment of 5 years at $500,000/year
• focus on infrastructure development, promotion and support for
interdisciplinary research teams across Chemistry, Physics, and
Engineering, and increase the visibility of materials research at MSU
• over 25 faculty affiliated with CORE-CM, including 10 new faculty hires
• > $17M in external funding for multi-PI grants generated by projects
initiated through CORE-CM to date
• has supported multiple national and international symposia, funded
seminar programs within the colleges of Natural Science and Engineering,
and created new courses in energy science (among others)
• helped establish MSU’s presence in SOFI, a Solar Fuels Institute created by
Northwestern University and Uppsala University in Sweden

11. In-house Excellence in Ultrafast Science

12. • seminar program in Spring 2014
highlighted the unique strength
MSU currently has in ultrafast
science
In-house Excellence in Ultrafast Science

13. • seminar program in Spring 2014
highlighted the unique strength
MSU currently has in ultrafast
science
• >10 faculty across Chemistry and
Physics have active, well-funded
research programs in ultrafast
science
In-house Excellence in Ultrafast Science

14. • seminar program in Spring 2014
highlighted the unique strength
MSU currently has in ultrafast
science
• >10 faculty across Chemistry and
Physics have active, well-funded
research programs in ultrafast
science
• represents one of the fastest
growing areas of research in the
physical sciences
In-house Excellence in Ultrafast Science

15. • seminar program in Spring 2014
highlighted the unique strength
MSU currently has in ultrafast
science
• >10 faculty across Chemistry and
Physics have active, well-funded
research programs in ultrafast
science
• represents one of the fastest
growing areas of research in the
physical sciences
• ties in to a significant number of
so-called Grand Challenges that
are funding targets for several
agencies…
In-house Excellence in Ultrafast Science

16. Grand Challenges

17. Grand Challenges
• Grand Challenges identified by the
Office of Science at DOE (above) and
the White House office of Science and
Policy (left)

18. Grand Challenges
• Grand Challenges identified by the
Office of Science at DOE (above) and
the White House office of Science and
Policy (left)

19. Grand Challenges
• Grand Challenges identified by the
Office of Science at DOE (above) and
the White House office of Science and
Policy (left)
• ultrafast science plays a key role in
virtually all of these efforts

20. A Center for Ultrafast Science

21. A Center for Ultrafast Science
• builds on existing strengths at Michigan State University

22. A Center for Ultrafast Science
• builds on existing strengths at Michigan State University
• serve as a nexus for ultrafast science in the Midwest, eventually coupling
with the University of Michigan (a Michigan Ultrafast Sciences Corridor)
and several large-scale user facilities worldwide

23. A Center for Ultrafast Science
• builds on existing strengths at Michigan State University
• serve as a nexus for ultrafast science in the Midwest, eventually coupling
with the University of Michigan (a Michigan Ultrafast Sciences Corridor)
and several large-scale user facilities worldwide
• new faculty hires in both existing and emerging areas (e.g., energy science,
heterogeneous catalysis, natural and artificial photosynthesis)

24. A Center for Ultrafast Science
• builds on existing strengths at Michigan State University
• serve as a nexus for ultrafast science in the Midwest, eventually coupling
with the University of Michigan (a Michigan Ultrafast Sciences Corridor)
and several large-scale user facilities worldwide
• new faculty hires in both existing and emerging areas (e.g., energy science,
heterogeneous catalysis, natural and artificial photosynthesis)
• envisioned to consist of three parts:

25. A Center for Ultrafast Science
• builds on existing strengths at Michigan State University
• serve as a nexus for ultrafast science in the Midwest, eventually coupling
with the University of Michigan (a Michigan Ultrafast Sciences Corridor)
and several large-scale user facilities worldwide
• new faculty hires in both existing and emerging areas (e.g., energy science,
heterogeneous catalysis, natural and artificial photosynthesis)
• envisioned to consist of three parts:
✓ A CORE to serve as a catalyst for interdisciplinary efforts

26. A Center for Ultrafast Science
• builds on existing strengths at Michigan State University
• serve as a nexus for ultrafast science in the Midwest, eventually coupling
with the University of Michigan (a Michigan Ultrafast Sciences Corridor)
and several large-scale user facilities worldwide
• new faculty hires in both existing and emerging areas (e.g., energy science,
heterogeneous catalysis, natural and artificial photosynthesis)
• envisioned to consist of three parts:
✓ A CORE to serve as a catalyst for interdisciplinary efforts
✓ a user facility (staffed by a Ph.D.-level scientist with expertise in
ultrafast spectroscopy) to allow researchers across campus to
advance their research

27. A Center for Ultrafast Science
• builds on existing strengths at Michigan State University
• serve as a nexus for ultrafast science in the Midwest, eventually coupling
with the University of Michigan (a Michigan Ultrafast Sciences Corridor)
and several large-scale user facilities worldwide
• new faculty hires in both existing and emerging areas (e.g., energy science,
heterogeneous catalysis, natural and artificial photosynthesis)
• envisioned to consist of three parts:
✓ A CORE to serve as a catalyst for interdisciplinary efforts
✓ a user facility (staffed by a Ph.D.-level scientist with expertise in
ultrafast spectroscopy) to allow researchers across campus to
advance their research
✓ a center for ultrafast source development that will leverage already
established expertise (e.g., Dantus and Ruan) and place MSU at the
forefront of new developments in ultrafast technology

28. Acc. Chem. Res. 2003, 36, 876
Ultrafast Dynamics of Transition Metal Complexes

29. ✴ interest in the earliest stages of excited-state evolution in transition metal-
containing systems
Acc. Chem. Res. 2003, 36, 876
Ultrafast Dynamics of Transition Metal Complexes

30. ✴ interest in the earliest stages of excited-state evolution in transition metal-
containing systems
Nuclear coordinate (Q)
Energy
hν
Excited States
hν'
Acc. Chem. Res. 2003, 36, 876
Ultrafast Dynamics of Transition Metal Complexes

31. ✴ interest in the earliest stages of excited-state evolution in transition metal-
containing systems
Nuclear coordinate (Q)
Energy
hν
Excited States
hν'
Acc. Chem. Res. 2003, 36, 876
✴ What is the time scale of
excited-state evolution?
Ultrafast Dynamics of Transition Metal Complexes

32. ✴ interest in the earliest stages of excited-state evolution in transition metal-
containing systems
Nuclear coordinate (Q)
Energy
hν
Excited States
hν'
Acc. Chem. Res. 2003, 36, 876
✴ What is the time scale of
excited-state evolution?
✴ Mechanistic details?
Ultrafast Dynamics of Transition Metal Complexes

33. ✴ interest in the earliest stages of excited-state evolution in transition metal-
containing systems
Nuclear coordinate (Q)
Energy
hν
Excited States
hν'
Acc. Chem. Res. 2003, 36, 876
✴ What is the time scale of
excited-state evolution?
✴ Mechanistic details?
✴ To what extent do factors such
as electronic and/or geometric
structure, solvation, etc. play a
role?
Ultrafast Dynamics of Transition Metal Complexes

34. ✴ interest in the earliest stages of excited-state evolution in transition metal-
containing systems
Nuclear coordinate (Q)
Energy
hν
Excited States
hν'
Acc. Chem. Res. 2003, 36, 876
✴ What is the time scale of
excited-state evolution?
✴ Mechanistic details?
✴ To what extent do factors such
as electronic and/or geometric
structure, solvation, etc. play a
role?
✴ Can we control these various
factors in such a way as to
influence energy redistribution?
Ultrafast Dynamics of Transition Metal Complexes

35. Acc. Chem. Res. 2003, 36, 876
Ultrafast Dynamics of Transition Metal Complexes

36. TiO2-Based Photovoltaics:The Grätzel Cell
hν
e-e-
load
e-
(R/R-)
e-
O
O
e-
e-
N
N
e- injection
Ru
N
N
(S+/S)
O
O
(S+/S*)
NCS
NCS
counterelectrodeTiO2 particle
chromophore shifts
energy required for
photoconduction
into visible
ΔV
TiO2
• introduced by O‘Regan and
Gratzel in 1991
• extended previously known
concept of semiconductor
sensitization
• inexpensive and easy to
manufacture
• highest overall conversion
efficiency currently reported
is ca. 12%
O’Regan, B.; Gratzel, M. Nature 1991, 335, 737

37. TiO2-Based Photovoltaics:The Grätzel Cell
hν
e-e-
load
e-
(R/R-)
e-
O
O
e-
e-
N
N
e- injection
Ru
N
N
(S+/S)
O
O
(S+/S*)
NCS
NCS
counterelectrodeTiO2 particle
chromophore shifts
energy required for
photoconduction
into visible
ΔV
TiO2
• introduced by O‘Regan and
Gratzel in 1991
• extended previously known
concept of semiconductor
sensitization
• inexpensive and easy to
manufacture
• highest overall conversion
efficiency currently reported
is ca. 12%
• broad-based utility tied to
cost reductions, significant
improvements in overall
efficiency, and scalability
O’Regan, B.; Gratzel, M. Nature 1991, 335, 737

38. First-row Sensitizers
LF
CTCT
CB
VB
Ru,Os Fe
LF
• Potential benefits:
substantial reduction in
cost (particularly for multi-
component cells)
expands palette of possible
chromophores
scalable
• Scientific issues:
‣ potential for low-lying excited
states to impact injection
dynamics

39. First-row Sensitizers
LF
CTCT
CB
VB
Ru,Os Fe
LF
• Potential benefits:
substantial reduction in
cost (particularly for multi-
component cells)
expands palette of possible
chromophores
scalable
• Scientific issues:
‣ potential for low-lying excited
states to impact injection
dynamics

40. First-row Sensitizers
LF
CTCT
CB
VB
Ru,Os Fe
LF
• Potential benefits:
substantial reduction in
cost (particularly for multi-
component cells)
expands palette of possible
chromophores
scalable
• Scientific issues:
‣ potential for low-lying excited
states to impact injection
dynamics
‣ qualitatively explains low
efficiency of Fe-based DSSCs

41. First-row Sensitizers
LF
CTCT
CB
VB
Ru,Os Fe
LF
• Potential benefits:
substantial reduction in
cost (particularly for multi-
component cells)
expands palette of possible
chromophores
scalable
• Scientific issues:
‣ potential for low-lying excited
states to impact injection
dynamics
‣ qualitatively explains low
efficiency of Fe-based DSSCs
‣ need to elucidate factors
controlling ultrafast dynamics

42. Ultrafast Lasers:
A universal light source perspective
Marcos Dantus
dantus@msu.edu
dantus@msu.eduCOI Disclosure: Dantus is the Founder and CTO of
1
Ultrafast TED at MSU, October 23, 2015

43. Why ultrafast lasers?
• Faster than nuclear motion: Femtochemistry, Nobel Prize 1999
• High peak power:
• Broad bandwidth:

44. Why ultrafast lasers?
• Faster than nuclear motion: Femtochemistry, Nobel Prize 1999
• High peak power:
• Broad bandwidth:
• Ultrahigh resolution metrology: 10-18s, Physics Nobel Prize 2005
• Gateway to attosecond and zeptosecond science

45. Why ultrafast lasers?
• Faster than nuclear motion: Femtochemistry, Nobel Prize 1999
• High peak power:
• Broad bandwidth:
• Ultrahigh resolution metrology: 10-18s, Physics Nobel Prize 2005
• Gateway to attosecond and zeptosecond science
Defense Medicine Industry CommunicationsEnergy
Physics Chemistry Biology
Sensing Measuring Cutting Imaging
Enabling and Transforming
Processing Information/Materials

46. MIIPS over 20 issued patents
Technology commercialized, over 130 systems worldwide.
MIIPS characterizes and corrects femtosecond pulses
A Breakthrough at MSU
MSU laser
4 fs pulses

47. Extreme Light Sources
U.
Michigan:
Hercules
Ohio
State
U:
Scarle7
U.
Nebraska:
Diocles
UT
Aus>n:
Texas
Petawa7
Laser
European
Union
ELI
project
Osaka
Japan
LFEX
Need for spatial and temporal
shaping to achieve highest
focused intensities.

48. Opt.
Express
19,
12074
(2011)
Fiber
laser
oscillators
capable
of
genera>ng
35fs
pulses
Development of new ultrafast laser sources at MSU

49. 25
um
25
um
100
um
100
um
140
um
140
um
800
nm
1060
nm
800
nm
1060
nm
Sub-40 fs 1060 nm Yb-fiber laser enhances penetration
depth in non-linear optical microscopy of human skin

50. Label-free chemical imaging of cancer with
programmable light
Figure S3.2. Epi-detected CARS-3050 cm-1
imaging of unstained rat mammary tumor from a 15-week-old carcinogen-
injected rat. Water-rich regions and an area of protein granules are revealed. One water-rich area (delineated by blue
solid line) indicates a region of dense collagen (see Fig. S3.5), while another marked area (delineated by green broken
line) reveals several FAD-rich microparticles (see Fig. S3.4).
Figure S3.3. Epi-detected CARS-2850 cm-1
imaging of unstained rat mammary tumor from a 15-week-old carcinogen-
injected rat. The unconfirmed nerve and blood cells resemble those reported nerve (Fig. 2A in Ref. 12) and blood cells
(Fig. 11f in Ref. 13). A marked lipid-poor area (delineated by solid line) indicates a region of dense collagen (see Fig. S3.5),
while another marked area (delineated by broken line) reveals several FAD-rich microparticles (see Fig. S3.4).
Figure S3.4. Epi-detected i2PF imaging of unstained rat mammary tumor from a 15-week-old carcinogen-injected rat.
The image reveals a region of thin elastin fibers, 2 interstitial cells among adipocytes (see Fig. 3.3 for positive contrast of
adipocytes), 5 cells on adipocyte boundaries, 5 free cells in various stromal regions, 2 tumor cells on a tumor boundary
(confirmed by bright-field imaging), and several FAD-rich microparticles inside the corresponding solid tumor. A
marked area of no obvious structure (delineated by red solid line) indicates a region of dense collagen (see Fig. S3.5). A
natural question arises whether the visible elongated features are of the same origin, which can be answered by the dual-
modal i2PF/i3PF image analysis (see Fig. S3.10).
Figure S3.5. Epi-detected SHG imaging of unstained rat mammary tumor from a 15-week-old carcinogen-injected rat.
One marked area (delineated by red solid line) indicates a region of dense collagen, while another area forms a collagen
Figure S3.6. Epi-detected i3PF imaging of unstained rat mammary tumor from a 15-week-old carcinogen-injected rat.
Figure S3.14. Epi-detected tri-mode SHG/THG/CARS-2850cm-1
imaging of unstained rat mammary tumor from a 15-

51. Temporal dephasing from individual nanoparticles

52. Figure S3.14. Epi-detected tri-mode SHG/THG/CARS-2850cm-1
imaging of unstained rat mammary tumor from a 15-
week-old carcinogen-injected rat. Collagen attains the large-scale strand-like structure in Fig. S3.5 to enclose and protect
the confirmed nerve.
Current
Collabora4ons
Manooch
Koochesfahani
(MSU,
Engineering,
Fluid
dynamics)
Benjamin
Levine
(MSU,
ab
ini4o
and
MD
simula4ons)
Ned
Jackson
(MSU,
organic
chemistry)
Gavin
Reid
(MSU,
Chemistry,
Proteomics)
Chong-­‐Yu
Ruan
(MSU,
ultrafast
electron
diffrac4on)
Warren
Beck
(MSU,
Mul4dimensional
Microscopy)
Arnoczky,
Steven
(MSU,
Chair
of
Vet.
Surgery)
Shaul
Mukamel
(UC
Irvine,
NLO
pathway
assignment)
Bruce
Tromberg
(UC
Irvine,
Beckman
Laser
Ins4tute)
Sunney
Xie
(Harvard,
SRS
microscopy)
Conor
Evans
(Harvard,
Biomedical
imaging)
Frank
Wise
(Cornell,
fiber
laser
design)
Stephen
Boppart
(UIUC,
femtosecond
endoscopy)
Jim
Gord
(Air
Force
Research
Lab,
CARS)
Sukesh
Roy
(Spectral
Engines
LLC,
CARS,
Machining)
Addi4onal
collabora4ons
through
Biophotonic
Solu4ons
Inc.

53. (a) Next generation biomedical/plant imaging
(b) Next generation laser sources
• Time Resolved Broadband XAFS
Element sensitivity for materials research
• Ultra-short and Ultra-intense in Vis and Mid-IR
Gateway for relativistic optics
Gateway for attosencond and zeptosecond pulse generation
Ultrafast Science, Sources and Applications
Next Sources and Grand Challenges
3 cm

54. Material Imaging at Space-Time Limit
Based on SPG/NSF-MRI/DOE seed (2009-2015)
Chong-Yu Ruan, Department of Physics & Astronomy

55. High-brightness ultrafast electron microscope (UEM) technology
Key areas:
Photonics
RF accelerator technology
Beam dynamics
Laser-RF synchronization
Laser pulse shaping
Material science
Photocathods
Electron microscopy
MSU has the foundation
for the key technologies to
be combined and
developing a mature UEM
system

56. New Frontiers in Science Enabled by fs-EM
High-Tc superconductor
Key areas
Laser machining
Water splitting
Photo-catalysis
Nano-electronics
Photo-voltaics
Protein-folding

57. Current Capabilities and Development
PhotochemistryMaterial science/
Nano-electronics
Biological scienceNanoscience
Advanced capabilities at MSU
• Femtosecond high-brightness electron probe
• Ultrafast electron diffractive imaging
• Ultrafast electron microdiffraction
Already demonstrated as a proof of principle in areas of .. (* work implemented at MSU)
* Nano letters 7, 1290 (2007)
* Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 077401
(2008)
Science 291, 458 (2001)
Proc. Natl. Aca. Sci. 98,
7117 (2001)
Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 133202
(2012)
* Phys Rev Lett 109, 166406 (2012)
Science 318, 788 (2007) Science 304, 80 (2004)
Quantum physics
UEM
UED
*Science Advances
1, e1400173 (2015)
Before
After
VO2
20 nm
Charge density waves
Interfacial water

58. Next-generation instruments at MSU
Combining imaging and spectroscopy with high sensitivity
•300 fs to 3 ps; 0.3 eV to 0.05 eV
•Core level spectroscopy, near-edge EELS
•Element sensitivity
•Imaging 3D electronic structures
Ultrafast electron microdiffraction
(Current beamline, Upgrade optics and environment control)
•300 fs high-brightness beam; e dose > 10 e/um2
•Coherence length > 30 nm
•Spatial resolution < 0.1 angstrom
Substituting ultrafast ARPES
Complementary to ultrafast
XAS
(Develop new spectrometer)
Ultrafast angle-resolved ultrafast electron
spectroscopy

59. Ultrafast electron imaging and spectroscopy technology can play a
part in broader MSU’s efforts for center and facility development
Collaboration leads to new opportunities!

60. C H E M I C A L B I O D Y N A M I C S
U LT R A FA S T B I O L O G Y
Warren F. Beck
Department of Chemistry

61. U LT R A FA S T B I O L O G Y
H O W B I O L O G I C A L M O L E C U L E S W O R K
• Structures:
Intermediates and Mechanisms
• Dynamics:
Motion and Relaxation
• Energy:
Conversion and Storage
• Information:
Coherence and Correlation

62. U LT R A FA S T B I O L O G Y
C H A R A C T E R I S T I C T I M E S C A L E S
• Vibrations: 10 fs–1ps
• Energy Transfer: 50 fs–100 ps
• Electron Transfer: ps–μs
• Protein Folding: μs−s

63. U LT R A FA S T B I O L O G Y
C U T T I N G E D G E M E T H O D S
• Two-Dimensional Spectroscopies
• 2DES: Electronic
• 2DIR: Infrared
• 2DEV: Electronic–Vibrational
• Femtosecond X-ray Diffraction

64. Theory of Ultrafast
Processes: Dissecting
Complexity
Benjamin G. Levine
Department of Chemistry

65. Through Theory We Directly Model
Complex Molecular Motions
• Even modestly sized molecules are
composed of dozens or hundreds of
particles which may react to light
• Ultrafast experiments provide time-
resolved information in low
dimension

66. The Three Big Questions
MSU has a strong footprint in all three areas (Chemistry: Cukier, Hunt, Levine, Merz,
Piecuch, Wilson; Biochemistry: Dickson, Feig; Physics: Duxbury, Tomanek;
Engineering: Yue Qi; Math: Christlieb, Hirn, Liu, Promislow)
Electronic
Structure: What
are the
electrons doing?
Molecular
Dynamics: How
do the nuclei
move?
Nonadiabatic
Dynamics: How
do nuclear and
electronic
motions influence
one another?

67. More Complex Experiments Need
More Complex Theories
• Complex materials and
biological macromolecules
 Multiscale modeling
 Quantum molecular dynamics in
complex environments
 High performance computing
• Shorter, stronger laser pulses
 Real-time electron dynamics
 Non-linear and relativistic effects

68. Ultrafast Physical processes
- Beam simulations for ultrafast electron microscopes
- Photo-induced phase transitions
- Simulation of swift heavy ion effects on materials
Three nuggets
Four grand challenges in ultrafast science
that are interesting targets for MSU/physics

69. Creation of fs Electron pulse with millions of electrons:
Accelerator physics with intense beams
Experiment

70. Photo-induced phase transitions (PIPT) in TaS2, VO2 etc.
CCDW
NCCDW
ICCDW
VO2 : Tao et al. Phys. Rev.
Letts. 109, 166406 (2012)
TaS2 : Han et al. Science
Advances, June 26th (2015).
Non-adiabatic response

71. Keldysh contour
• Single-particle Green’s
function along the
Kadanoff-Baym-Keldysh
contour is defined as:
Calculating NEQ electron
dynamics

72. Response of materials to radiation e.g. a single swift
heavy ion passing through a material (FRIB)
J. Zhang et al. J. Mater. Res. 25, 1344 (2010)
Materials for FRIB
- Titanium
- Graphite
- Diamond
Electron scattering
Nuclear scattering
Nuclear reactions
At high ion energy
most of the energy
transferred to electrons

73. Ultrafast grand challenges
• Design and build a functional transmission electron
microscope with ns to fs time resolution and micron to
Angstrom spatial resolution (Ruan)
• Computationally solve the NEQ quantum dynamics of
nuclei and electrons simultaneously, in complex materials
and molecules (Levine, McCusker, Tomanek).
• Control photo-induced phase transitions and molecular
switching at ultrafast timescales (Ruan, Dantus, McCusker).
• Develop ultrafast tabletop sources of x-rays, electrons and
ions. (i) Sources to generate one particle at a time on
demand at fs time resolution. (ii) Ultrafast, high intensity,
low emittance, broadband sources. (Dantus, FRIB team)

75. MSU

76. MSU
U of M

77. MSU
U of M

78. MSU
U of M
APS at ANL

79. MSU
U of M
APS at ANL

80. MSU
U of M
APS at ANL
LCLS at SLAC

81. MSU
U of M
APS at ANL
LCLS at SLAC