The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and organization. It describes the nucleus as containing genetic material and controlling cell activities. The cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus and contains organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria that carry out specialized functions. It also notes that plant cells contain chloroplasts and a cell wall, while animal cells do not have a cell wall.

3. Made up of many other substances

4. Most of these substances are proteins, fats and carbohydrates

5. Protoplasm in cells may be different from one part of the body

6. Protoplasm of the muscle cells is different from that of brain cells

8. It surrounds the cytoplasm

9. It is selectively permeable as it has pores

10. It is composed of proteins, lipids, phosphate groups, fats

12. It is rigid and surrounds the cell membrane

13. It is made up of cellulose, a type of complex carbohydrate

14. It is fully permeable because it is made up of cellulose, which is an excellent fibre (it is fibrous/porous)

16. The site where most cell activities occur

17. Cytoplasm contains enzymes and hold specialized structures called organelles in place, which carry out certain functions in the cell

18. Cytoplasm can exist in 2 states:

19. Sol(cytosol) / Liquid state

20. Gel / Semi-solid state (Jelly-like)

22. Surrounded by a thin membrane, Nuclear Envelope

23. The nucleus has one or more "nucleus" within itself, called

24. nucleolus(singular) / nucleoli(plural)

25. The nucleus also contains chromatin, which stores genetic information

26. The nucleus controls cell activities such as cell growth, repair of worn out parts

28. Chromatin controls cell activities like cell division

29. Each chromatin thread is made up of proteins and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

30. Hereditary information is stored in DNA

31. DNA contains the instructions that a cell needs for carrying out all the chemical reactions within itself

33. Rough ER

34. Smooth ER

35. Ribosomes

36. Golgi apparatus

37. Mitochondria

38. Vacuoles

39. Animals

40. Plants

41. Chloroplasts

43. The endoplasmic reticulum appears rough because ribosomes are attached to its outer surface

44. Outer surface of RER is continuous with the nuclear envelope

45. Ribosomes attached to the membrane of RER make proteins that are transported by the RER out of the cell

47. SER does not have any ribosomes attached to its membrane

48. It is connected to the RER

49. SER synthesizes substances such as fats and steroids(sex hormones in mammals)

51. Either attached to the membrane of RER or left lying freely in the cytoplasm

52. Synthesizes proteins

53. In the RER, proteins are transported by the RER into the Golgi apparatus and out of the cell

55. Consists of a stack of flattened spaces surrounded by membranes

56. Substances packaged into vesicles will fuse from one side of the Golgi apparatus and will pinch off from the opposite side

57. Golgi apparatus :

58. Stores and modifies substances made by ER

59. Packages these substances in vesicles for secretion out of the cell

60. Stores substances in from the endoplasmic reticulum temporarily till they are ready to be secreted out of the cell

61. Pinched off from ER, transported to the Golgi apparatus as vesicles. Vesicles fuse with GA and contents are released into GA for modification