cell structure
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The cell is the basic unit of life and consists of a nucleus surrounded by a plasma membrane and cytoplasm containing various organelles. Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 and observed that they resembled the rooms inhabited by monks. The cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells, cells come only from preexisting cells, and cells contain hereditary information to direct their functions and reproduction. Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together, while organs are composed of multiple tissue types grouped to perform specific functions.
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Cell theory
The cell is the basic unit of structure and life. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 when examining cork under a microscope. The cell theory states that all organisms are made of similar basic units called cells, cells come only from pre-existing cells, and all living things have similar chemical components. The modern cell theory includes that organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic functional units of life, and cells reproduce through division of pre-existing cells.
The cell
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms. Cells consist of a membrane that encloses cytoplasm and organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Organisms are either unicellular, made of a single cell, or multicellular, made of many cells. The cell was discovered in 1665 and contains the genetic instructions to direct its functions. Key parts of the animal and plant cell include the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria and in plant cells, chloroplasts and a cell wall. The organelles each have specific functions like producing energy, transporting materials, and carrying out genetic instructions.
Introduction to cell and cell theory
The document provides an overview of the history and development of cell theory from its earliest observations in the 1600s to modern understandings. Some key points include:
- Cell theory was first proposed in 1838 by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, stating that cells are the basic unit of life, organisms are made of cells, and cells only come from preexisting cells.
- Modern cell theory has additional components, such as cells containing genetic material that is passed to daughter cells and all cells having similar composition.
- Cells differentiate based on cues or transcription factors, internally or externally, to determine what type of cell they will become. All cells start as stem cells with flexibility before specializing.
The Cell
The document summarizes the history and key concepts of cell theory. It describes how Robert Hooke first observed "cells" using a compound microscope in 1665 and how Anton van Leeuwenhoek later observed pond water cells using a single lens microscope. It then outlines how Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann established in the 1830s that plant and animal cells are the basic units of life. Rudolf Virchow later determined that new cells are produced from existing cells, establishing the three main concepts of cell theory - that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic functional units of life, and new cells arise from preexisting cells.
Plm science
- The document provides content on the fundamental unit of life - the cell. It discusses key facts about cells, including that cells are the basic unit of structure and function for all living organisms.
- The content covers cell structures like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, and plastids. It also discusses the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- The document concludes with 10 multiple choice questions to test understanding of the material presented.
Cell structure and function
1. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
2. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells which are usually single-celled bacteria and eukaryotic cells which can be single-celled or multicellular.
3. Cells contain organelles that carry out specific functions and are surrounded by a cell membrane. The nucleus houses DNA in eukaryotic cells.
Cell theory
Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 when examining a thin slice of cork under a microscope. Anton van Leeuwenhoek later observed red blood cells, sperm cells, and single-celled organisms in 1674. In 1831, Robert Brown discovered the nucleus in cells and theorized it was a constant component. Later, in 1835, Felix Dujardin discovered that living cells contain an internal substance called sarcode. The cell theory, developed from these early discoveries, states that all living things are made of cells, cells come from preexisting cells through cell division, and cells are the basic functional units of living things.
Chapter 1 cell review
The document summarizes key information about cells and cellular life. It states that all living things are made of cells, which are the basic functional units of life that come from pre-existing cells. It describes the cell theory that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and organization in living things. The document outlines the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and explains how organisms can be classified by their cell type.
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Cell theory
The cell is the basic unit of structure and life. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 when examining cork under a microscope. The cell theory states that all organisms are made of similar basic units called cells, cells come only from pre-existing cells, and all living things have similar chemical components. The modern cell theory includes that organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic functional units of life, and cells reproduce through division of pre-existing cells.
The cell
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms. Cells consist of a membrane that encloses cytoplasm and organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Organisms are either unicellular, made of a single cell, or multicellular, made of many cells. The cell was discovered in 1665 and contains the genetic instructions to direct its functions. Key parts of the animal and plant cell include the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria and in plant cells, chloroplasts and a cell wall. The organelles each have specific functions like producing energy, transporting materials, and carrying out genetic instructions.
Introduction to cell and cell theory
The document provides an overview of the history and development of cell theory from its earliest observations in the 1600s to modern understandings. Some key points include:
- Cell theory was first proposed in 1838 by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, stating that cells are the basic unit of life, organisms are made of cells, and cells only come from preexisting cells.
- Modern cell theory has additional components, such as cells containing genetic material that is passed to daughter cells and all cells having similar composition.
- Cells differentiate based on cues or transcription factors, internally or externally, to determine what type of cell they will become. All cells start as stem cells with flexibility before specializing.
The Cell
The document summarizes the history and key concepts of cell theory. It describes how Robert Hooke first observed "cells" using a compound microscope in 1665 and how Anton van Leeuwenhoek later observed pond water cells using a single lens microscope. It then outlines how Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann established in the 1830s that plant and animal cells are the basic units of life. Rudolf Virchow later determined that new cells are produced from existing cells, establishing the three main concepts of cell theory - that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic functional units of life, and new cells arise from preexisting cells.
Plm science
- The document provides content on the fundamental unit of life - the cell. It discusses key facts about cells, including that cells are the basic unit of structure and function for all living organisms.
- The content covers cell structures like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, and plastids. It also discusses the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- The document concludes with 10 multiple choice questions to test understanding of the material presented.
Cell structure and function
1. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
2. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells which are usually single-celled bacteria and eukaryotic cells which can be single-celled or multicellular.
3. Cells contain organelles that carry out specific functions and are surrounded by a cell membrane. The nucleus houses DNA in eukaryotic cells.
Cell theory
Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 when examining a thin slice of cork under a microscope. Anton van Leeuwenhoek later observed red blood cells, sperm cells, and single-celled organisms in 1674. In 1831, Robert Brown discovered the nucleus in cells and theorized it was a constant component. Later, in 1835, Felix Dujardin discovered that living cells contain an internal substance called sarcode. The cell theory, developed from these early discoveries, states that all living things are made of cells, cells come from preexisting cells through cell division, and cells are the basic functional units of living things.
Chapter 1 cell review
The document summarizes key information about cells and cellular life. It states that all living things are made of cells, which are the basic functional units of life that come from pre-existing cells. It describes the cell theory that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and organization in living things. The document outlines the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and explains how organisms can be classified by their cell type.
Cells and it's organnlle
All living things are made up of cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of life. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells like bacteria that lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells like plant and animal cells that have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope. Both cell types contain cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane, and share some common structures like the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and in plant cells, chloroplasts. Organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from ancient prokaryotic cells living symbiotically within eukaryotic cells.
The fundametal unit of life
1. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 when examining a thin slice of cork under a microscope. He saw that the cork resembled a honeycomb structure made up of many small compartments, which he called cells.
2. The cell theory, developed by Schleiden and Schwann in 1838-1839, states that all living things are composed of cells, and the cell is the basic unit of life.
3. Cells can be unicellular, with a single cell constituting the whole organism, or multicellular, with many cells grouped together to form organisms like plants and animals.
The cell theory
This document summarizes the history and development of the cell theory. It describes early microscopic observations of cells by Hooke and van Leuwenhoek in the 17th century. Between these early discoveries and the 19th century, little progress was made due to a belief in spontaneous generation. Advances in the 19th century included disproving spontaneous generation by Pasteur and establishing the first two principles of the cell theory by Schleiden and Schwann - that organisms are composed of cells and cells are the basic unit of life. The third principle, that cells come from preexisting cells, was added by Virchow. The cell theory is now foundational to modern biology and medicine.
Cell,this micro universe
Cells are the basic unit of all living organisms, containing organelles and bounded by a plasma membrane. The cell theory, developed by Schleiden and Schwann in the 1800s, states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the fundamental unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Key cellular components include the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material (DNA or RNA), and ribosomes. Cells carry out functions like metabolism, communication, and inheritance of DNA.
The Cell Theory
The Cell Theory states that:
1) All living things are made of one or more cells.
2) The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
3) All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Endosymbiotic Theory Short Lecture
1) The Endosymbiotic Theory proposes that eukaryotic cells developed from ancient prokaryotic cells when aerobic prokaryotes were engulfed by anaerobic hosts, providing oxygen utilization and enabling the hosts to survive.
2) Evidence supporting this includes that mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA and replicate like prokaryotes.
3) Modern examples like Crithidia deanei show endosymbionts containing their own DNA but replicating inside host cells and being passed to daughter cells, supporting the endosymbiotic origin of organelles.
Cell Theory
The document outlines the development of the Cell Theory from early microscope observations of cells in the 1600s to the modern understanding. Key contributors include Hooke, who first observed cells; Leeuwenhoek, who observed single-celled organisms; Schleiden and Schwann, who concluded that plants and animals are made of cells; and Virchow, who stated that new cells come from existing cells. The Cell Theory states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells arise from existing cells. Cells come in various shapes and sizes but all have a cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, and organelles. There are two main types of cells - eukaryotic cells with
Cell theory By KK Sahu Sir
INTRODUCTION TO CELLS
INTRODUCTION TO CELL THEORY
HISTORY
FORMULATION OF CELL THEORY
CLASSICAL CELL THEORY
DRAWBACKS OF CLASSICAL THEORY
MORDEN CELL THEORY
EXCEPTION OF CELL THEORY
SIGNIFICANCE OF CELL THEORY
HOW HAS THE CELL THEORY BEEN USED
CONCLUSION
Cell Introduction and Cell Differentiation
1) The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Cells were first observed by Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the 1600s.
2) The Cell Theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. It also includes that energy flows through cells and heredity information is passed from cell to cell.
3) Cellular differentiation is the process where less specialized cells mature and develop into more distinct cell types with specialized shapes, sizes and functions that make up complex multi-system organisms.
Cell theory
The document outlines the key contributors to the development of the cell theory. It summarizes the major discoveries of Brown, Dujardin, Kolliker, Leeuwenhoek, Purkinje, Schleiden & Schwann, and Virchow that helped establish that cells are the fundamental unit of life. It then lists the main points of the cell theory: that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic functional units of life, and cells only arise from preexisting cells through division.
Cell structures, cell theory, biological diversity
This document provides an overview of cell structures and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It begins with an introduction to cells as the basic units of life and defines prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The main body compares characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells such as cell size, presence of organelles, genetic material, and mode of division. It then describes the basic structures of plant and animal cells including cell membranes, cell walls, mitochondria, plastids, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and nuclei.
Chapter 6 Introduction To Cells
This document introduces key concepts about cells, including the three main points of the cell theory: 1) All living things are made of cells, 2) Cells are the basic unit of life, and 3) Cells come from pre-existing cells. It describes the early discoveries of plant and animal cells in the 17th-18th centuries and experiments disproving spontaneous generation. The structures and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are compared, including organelles in plant and animal cells. Different cell types are discussed based on their specialized structures and functions.
The cell theory
This document outlines the key events in the discovery of cells and the development of the cell theory. It describes Robert Hooke observing cells in 1665, van Leeuwenhoek creating powerful microscopes to view cells in 1673, Robert Brown discovering the nucleus in 1827-33, Matthias Schleiden concluding that plants are made of cells in 1838, Theodor Schwann concluding that animals are made of cells in 1839, and Rudolph Virchow formulating the cell theory that all cells come from pre-existing cells in 1855. The cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic functional units of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
Cells
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope. The cell theory developed in 1839 states that all living things are composed of cells, cells come from preexisting cells, vital life functions occur within cells, and cells contain the hereditary information to direct their functions. Cells emerged on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago. Animal cells and plant cells have similar components but differ in structures like chloroplasts that allow plant cells to perform photosynthesis. Viruses consist of genetic material inside a protein coat and can only replicate within host cells.
9. the origin of cells
The document discusses the origin of cells. It states that the first cell must have arisen from non-living materials and that all subsequent cells come from pre-existing cells, as demonstrated by Pasteur's experiments. It describes the endosymbiotic theory, which explains the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells through the engulfment of bacteria that became mitochondria and chloroplasts. Evidence for this includes the similarities in size, structure, DNA, and division of mitochondria and chloroplasts to bacteria.
Cell and informations
A cell is the fundamental unit of life that can carry out all functions necessary to sustain life, such as nutrition, respiration, transport, response to stimuli, growth, and reproduction. All living organisms are composed of cells, which come in various shapes and sizes. A typical cell is enclosed by a membrane and contains a nucleus and organelles that carry out specific functions necessary for the cell's activities and survival. Key organelles include the mitochondria, which generates energy for the cell, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which package and transport cellular products. The cell theory states that all living things are made of one or more cells and that the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
Cell and cell theory
The document discusses cell theory and the history of cell discovery. It explains that Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope. Anton van Leeuwenhoek later discovered single-celled organisms. In the 1830s-1840s, scientists including Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow developed cell theory, which states that all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document also describes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Chapter 22 The Origin of Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes arose during the Proterozoic eon through endosymbiotic relationships between ancient bacteria and archaea. The nuclear genome is derived from an archaeon that engulfed a bacterium, while the mitochondrial genome comes from alpha-proteobacteria that was engulfed by the nascent eukaryotic cell. Chloroplast genomes originate from cyanobacteria that were engulfed by eukaryotes via endosymbiosis. DNA sequencing supports the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Biology Unit 2 Notes: The Endosymbiotic Theory
The endosymbiotic theory proposes that modern eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells living symbiotically with larger unicellular organisms. Chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free-living bacterial cells that benefited from living inside larger prokaryotes, which eventually took them inside their cells to form the first eukaryotic cells. Evidence for this includes chloroplasts and mitochondria having their own membranes, DNA, ability to replicate, and other cellular structures like ribosomes.
Endosymbiotic theory
The endosymbiotic theory proposes that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from endocytosis of aerobic bacteria and cyanobacteria by ancient prokaryotic cells. Over billions of years, these engulfed bacteria developed a symbiotic relationship with the host cell and transferred genes to the host genome, eventually evolving into permanent organelles. Evidence for this includes mitochondria and chloroplasts containing circular DNA like prokaryotes and mitochondria having 70S ribosomes and protein synthesis mechanisms found in bacteria. However, the theory does not explain the origin of non-photosynthetic organelles and there are differences between bacterial and mitochondrial membranes.
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Cells and it's organnlle
All living things are made up of cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of life. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells like bacteria that lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells like plant and animal cells that have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope. Both cell types contain cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane, and share some common structures like the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and in plant cells, chloroplasts. Organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from ancient prokaryotic cells living symbiotically within eukaryotic cells.
The fundametal unit of life
1. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 when examining a thin slice of cork under a microscope. He saw that the cork resembled a honeycomb structure made up of many small compartments, which he called cells.
2. The cell theory, developed by Schleiden and Schwann in 1838-1839, states that all living things are composed of cells, and the cell is the basic unit of life.
3. Cells can be unicellular, with a single cell constituting the whole organism, or multicellular, with many cells grouped together to form organisms like plants and animals.
The cell theory
This document summarizes the history and development of the cell theory. It describes early microscopic observations of cells by Hooke and van Leuwenhoek in the 17th century. Between these early discoveries and the 19th century, little progress was made due to a belief in spontaneous generation. Advances in the 19th century included disproving spontaneous generation by Pasteur and establishing the first two principles of the cell theory by Schleiden and Schwann - that organisms are composed of cells and cells are the basic unit of life. The third principle, that cells come from preexisting cells, was added by Virchow. The cell theory is now foundational to modern biology and medicine.
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Cells are the basic unit of all living organisms, containing organelles and bounded by a plasma membrane. The cell theory, developed by Schleiden and Schwann in the 1800s, states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the fundamental unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Key cellular components include the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material (DNA or RNA), and ribosomes. Cells carry out functions like metabolism, communication, and inheritance of DNA.
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The Cell Theory states that:
1) All living things are made of one or more cells.
2) The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
3) All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Endosymbiotic Theory Short Lecture
1) The Endosymbiotic Theory proposes that eukaryotic cells developed from ancient prokaryotic cells when aerobic prokaryotes were engulfed by anaerobic hosts, providing oxygen utilization and enabling the hosts to survive.
2) Evidence supporting this includes that mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA and replicate like prokaryotes.
3) Modern examples like Crithidia deanei show endosymbionts containing their own DNA but replicating inside host cells and being passed to daughter cells, supporting the endosymbiotic origin of organelles.
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The document outlines the development of the Cell Theory from early microscope observations of cells in the 1600s to the modern understanding. Key contributors include Hooke, who first observed cells; Leeuwenhoek, who observed single-celled organisms; Schleiden and Schwann, who concluded that plants and animals are made of cells; and Virchow, who stated that new cells come from existing cells. The Cell Theory states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells arise from existing cells. Cells come in various shapes and sizes but all have a cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, and organelles. There are two main types of cells - eukaryotic cells with
Cell theory By KK Sahu Sir
INTRODUCTION TO CELLS
INTRODUCTION TO CELL THEORY
HISTORY
FORMULATION OF CELL THEORY
CLASSICAL CELL THEORY
DRAWBACKS OF CLASSICAL THEORY
MORDEN CELL THEORY
EXCEPTION OF CELL THEORY
SIGNIFICANCE OF CELL THEORY
HOW HAS THE CELL THEORY BEEN USED
CONCLUSION
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1) The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Cells were first observed by Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the 1600s.
2) The Cell Theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. It also includes that energy flows through cells and heredity information is passed from cell to cell.
3) Cellular differentiation is the process where less specialized cells mature and develop into more distinct cell types with specialized shapes, sizes and functions that make up complex multi-system organisms.
Cell theory
The document outlines the key contributors to the development of the cell theory. It summarizes the major discoveries of Brown, Dujardin, Kolliker, Leeuwenhoek, Purkinje, Schleiden & Schwann, and Virchow that helped establish that cells are the fundamental unit of life. It then lists the main points of the cell theory: that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic functional units of life, and cells only arise from preexisting cells through division.
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This document introduces key concepts about cells, including the three main points of the cell theory: 1) All living things are made of cells, 2) Cells are the basic unit of life, and 3) Cells come from pre-existing cells. It describes the early discoveries of plant and animal cells in the 17th-18th centuries and experiments disproving spontaneous generation. The structures and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are compared, including organelles in plant and animal cells. Different cell types are discussed based on their specialized structures and functions.
The cell theory
This document outlines the key events in the discovery of cells and the development of the cell theory. It describes Robert Hooke observing cells in 1665, van Leeuwenhoek creating powerful microscopes to view cells in 1673, Robert Brown discovering the nucleus in 1827-33, Matthias Schleiden concluding that plants are made of cells in 1838, Theodor Schwann concluding that animals are made of cells in 1839, and Rudolph Virchow formulating the cell theory that all cells come from pre-existing cells in 1855. The cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic functional units of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells.
Cells
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms. Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope. The cell theory developed in 1839 states that all living things are composed of cells, cells come from preexisting cells, vital life functions occur within cells, and cells contain the hereditary information to direct their functions. Cells emerged on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago. Animal cells and plant cells have similar components but differ in structures like chloroplasts that allow plant cells to perform photosynthesis. Viruses consist of genetic material inside a protein coat and can only replicate within host cells.
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The document discusses the origin of cells. It states that the first cell must have arisen from non-living materials and that all subsequent cells come from pre-existing cells, as demonstrated by Pasteur's experiments. It describes the endosymbiotic theory, which explains the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells through the engulfment of bacteria that became mitochondria and chloroplasts. Evidence for this includes the similarities in size, structure, DNA, and division of mitochondria and chloroplasts to bacteria.
Cell and informations
A cell is the fundamental unit of life that can carry out all functions necessary to sustain life, such as nutrition, respiration, transport, response to stimuli, growth, and reproduction. All living organisms are composed of cells, which come in various shapes and sizes. A typical cell is enclosed by a membrane and contains a nucleus and organelles that carry out specific functions necessary for the cell's activities and survival. Key organelles include the mitochondria, which generates energy for the cell, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which package and transport cellular products. The cell theory states that all living things are made of one or more cells and that the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
Cell and cell theory
The document discusses cell theory and the history of cell discovery. It explains that Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope. Anton van Leeuwenhoek later discovered single-celled organisms. In the 1830s-1840s, scientists including Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow developed cell theory, which states that all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document also describes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Chapter 22 The Origin of Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes arose during the Proterozoic eon through endosymbiotic relationships between ancient bacteria and archaea. The nuclear genome is derived from an archaeon that engulfed a bacterium, while the mitochondrial genome comes from alpha-proteobacteria that was engulfed by the nascent eukaryotic cell. Chloroplast genomes originate from cyanobacteria that were engulfed by eukaryotes via endosymbiosis. DNA sequencing supports the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Biology Unit 2 Notes: The Endosymbiotic Theory
The endosymbiotic theory proposes that modern eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells living symbiotically with larger unicellular organisms. Chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free-living bacterial cells that benefited from living inside larger prokaryotes, which eventually took them inside their cells to form the first eukaryotic cells. Evidence for this includes chloroplasts and mitochondria having their own membranes, DNA, ability to replicate, and other cellular structures like ribosomes.
Endosymbiotic theory
The endosymbiotic theory proposes that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from endocytosis of aerobic bacteria and cyanobacteria by ancient prokaryotic cells. Over billions of years, these engulfed bacteria developed a symbiotic relationship with the host cell and transferred genes to the host genome, eventually evolving into permanent organelles. Evidence for this includes mitochondria and chloroplasts containing circular DNA like prokaryotes and mitochondria having 70S ribosomes and protein synthesis mechanisms found in bacteria. However, the theory does not explain the origin of non-photosynthetic organelles and there are differences between bacterial and mitochondrial membranes.
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- 3. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life and are often called the "building blocks of life".
- 4. A CELL IS A MASS OF PROTOPLASM HAVING A NUCLEUS AND SURROUNDED BY A DEFINITE MEMBRANE- THE PLASMA MEMBRANE. A CELL CONSISTS OF VARIOUS ORGANELEIS SUCH AS MITOCHONDRIA , PLASTIDS , RIBOSOMES , GOLGI BODIES , ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM , VACUOLES , ETC. {CYTOPLASOM + NUCLEUS = PROTOPLASOM}
- 5. The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, who named the biological unit for its resemblance to cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery. The cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that all cells come from preexisting cells, that vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells. Cells emerged on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago.
- 8. STRUCTURE OF HUMAN CELL…
- 13. MEMBRANE CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS
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- 18. Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organ. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues.
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