Factory Organelles

Factory Organelles
The parts of a cell are very similar to the fundamental basics of a factory. Each organelle plays a
different role in the life of a cell. For instance, the nucleus of a cell is akin to a factory manager. As a
manager leads all other elements of the factory, so does the nucleus make sure all the necessary
operations within a cell are executed. The nucleus functions to oversee the cell's various activities
and contains the DNA–plans for production and factory blueprints–which dictates the jobs of other
organelles, providing regulation within the cell. A cell's cytoskeleton is the factory's structure itself.
Like the steel beams holding up the roof of a factory, the cytoskeleton provides all the necessary
support for the other organelles to operate
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Difference Between Plant And Animal Cells
CELL OBSERVATION LAB
By Alexandra Escaja–Heiss, Ashley Reeves, & Christine Constant
Period G1/B3a – Living Systems
10/22/15
Purpose To identify the difference between plant and animal cells, recognize their structures, and to
better understand the various functions of those cell organelles.
II. Background In 1665 Robert Hooke used an early light microscope to look at a thin slice of cork.
Under the microscope the cork looked to have thousands on empty chambers, which Hooke noted
looked like "cells", so he coined the term.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch scientist who was named the father of microbiology. He was
the first person to look at living cells and bacteria under a slightly more advanced single–lens
microscope in 1676 and 1683.
Matthias Schleiden was a German scientist who observed different plants in the late 1830's. His
observations concluded that the plants were all composed of cells. Another German scientist,
Theodor Schwann, observed that animals were also composed of cells.
Later on, Rudolf Virchow concluded that the nucleus was the structures responsible for cell division,
which created the third part of the cell theory, stating that all cells came from other pre–existing
cells.
The Cell Theory is as follows –
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure in organisms
3. All cells come from pre–existing cells
More Information on Cells:
Cell size is limited

Animal Cells And Their Functions
Animal cells and their functions
Cell Membrane
The cell "surface" membrane is a semi–permeable membrane whose function is to control the
exchange of substances between the cell and its environment. Semi–permeable means that only
certain molecules are allowed to be transported in and out of the cell. The membrane is mainly made
up of Lipid and protein. On the diagram, the Cell Membrane forms the "outer shell" of the animal
cell, and can be seen as the bold line around it.
Nucleus
The Nucleus has a sphere–shaped body that encloses a variety of organelles, including the
nucleolus, and is home to the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) of a cell
inside the chromosomes. It is typically seen as the largest part of the animal cell. The nucleus
controls many of the functions and activities inside an animal cell, and is known as the "control
centre" of a cell. On the diagram, the nucleolus can be located as the black dot in the middle of the
Nucleus, and is the main site for ribosome formation.
Nuclear Membrane
The Nuclear Membrane surrounds the Nucleus, which is known as a Porous Membrane. This is
covered in pores, which are tiny holes that allow the exchange of RNA to move between the nucleus
and the cytoplasm. Proteins that are desired by the Nucleus are also able to move through these
pores.
Nucleolus
The Nucleolus is the organelle structure inside the nucleus; it supports the synthesis of ribosomes,
which is where the Ribosomal RNA is produced. Some cells

Types Of Cells And Prokaryote And Eukaryote
M1
There are two types of cells; Prokaryote and Eukaryote. They have many differences including their
structures and functions. The main difference being that a Eukaryote cell has an organised nucleus
with a nuclear envelope, whereas a prokaryote cell does not have a nucleus at all.
Eukaryotes are much more complex than a prokaryote cell. They have multiple organelles with
many different functions. Eukaryotic cells are bigger in size than Prokaryotic cells. Some examples
of eukaryotic cells are: animals, plants, fungi etc. Most eukaryotic cells are multi–cellular. All
eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, genetic material, a plasma membrane, ribosomes and a cytoplasm.
They also have membrane–bound structures called organelles.
Eukaryotic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cytoplasm This is a gel–like substance that contains mostly water as well as nutrients, enzymes,
wastes and gases. They carry out functions for growth, metabolism and replication. Contains cell
structures e.g. ribosomes.
Nucleus This is where the genetic information is contained in the form of chromatin. It controls the
cell's growth and reproduction making it the most prominent organelle in a cell. The nucleus is
enclosed by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. The membrane has pores to allow
substances into and out of the nucleus.
Nucleolus This is a dense region of the nucleus where RNA is made as well as Ribosomes. It has no
membrane, it sits in the nucleus. The primary function is to assemble ribosomes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum that differ in both structure
and function; Rough and Smooth. Both endoplasmic reticulum consist of flattened membrane bound
sacs called cisternae. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes and Smooth
endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes. The Rough ER has the job of transporting proteins that
were made on the attached ribosomes. Whereas the Smooth ER is where lipid synthesis takes place.
(Kennedy, 2008)
Golgi apparatus It has a structure of flattened membranous sacs. The proteins made at ribosomes are
modified and packaged into vesicles. It modifies proteins. It then takes the molecules and

Membrane Proteins And Non Membrane Bound Organelles
Chapter 4: Membrane Bound Organelles and Non–Membrane Bound Organelles
Membrane Bound Organelles: are contained within an isolated environment surrounded by a
membrane. The composition of these organelles differ in composition, shape and enzyme inclusion.
Members of Membrane Bound Organelle Systems include the Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi
Apparatus, Lysosomes, Mitochondria and Peroxisomes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): is a continuous membrane system which forms flattened sacs within
the cytoplasm of Eukaryotic cells and acts a barrier between Cytosol and fluid with the structure.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum plays a variety of different roles including the synthesis, folding,
modification and transport of proteins. There are two different ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Lysosomes: contain hydrolytic enzymes which aid in the digestion of particles and disintegration of
cells. Formed by the Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes are surrounded by a membrane–bound cell
organelle which contain acidic enzyme material, because of their small sac–like appearance and the
digestive acidic material contained within, Lysosomes are often referred to as "suicide sacs" or
"suicide bags".
Mitochondria: are oblong in appearance and contain a double membrane. Present in the cytoplasm
of nearly all Eukaryotic cells, the primary function of Mitochondria is in the creation of energy.
Commonly referred to as "The Powerhouse of the Cell", Mitochondria is responsible for most of the
cell 's supply of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). Other vital roles include cell growth, cycle and
death, signaling and cellular differentiation.
Peroxisomes: are membrane–bound organelles similar in appearance to Lysosomes, yet they are
smaller in comparison. Peroxisomes contain catalese, peroxidase and oxidative enzymes which aid
in metabolic function, specifically in the beta–oxidation of fatty acid and the conversion of
hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
Non–Membrane Bound Organelles: are organized structures which are not bound by a membrane.
Members of Non–Membrane Bound Organelles are Centrosome, Cytoskelaton, Ribosomes and
Proteasomes.
Centrosome: are usually located near

Cell Theory : The Basic Structural Unit Of All Living...
Cell
Name
Institution
Cells In general, cells in plain words can be described as the basic structural unit of all living
organisms. These are very small particles which can be only observed under a microscope (Doerr,
2009). Moreover, the word cell is derived from a Latin word 'cella' which means a 'small room'. The
cell was first discovered in the year 1665 by Robert Hooke. However, the cell theory was developed
many years later in 1839 in which Matthias Jakob and Theodor Schwann stated that all living
organisms present consist of one or more cells (Nature, 2014). In addition, their theory also stated
that all cells are generated from preexisting cells and various functions incur within the cell and the
cells emerged on the Earth around 3.4 billion years ago.
Depending on this definition, all living organisms which include plants and animals on earth are
divided into cells. Actually, cells are tiny compartments, which hold biological equipment inside
(Doerr, 2009). The equipment which is inside the cells is necessary for any organism to live.
Moreover, cells were considered to be a simple box of chemical reactions, but today it is recognized
as a very complex system of molecular machinery that can easily surpass a modern city in
complexity. However, each cell consists of two essential parts which are known as the nucleus and
cytoplasm (Nature, 2014). Cytoplasm is the jelly type material found within the cell which contains
water, dissolved gases and food.

Legionella Pneumophila Experiment
Within in cells, there are many functions, systems, and structures. One such system is the
endomembrane system containing the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and
endosomes. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a significant role in protein and lipid synthesis
and membrane production. Once synthesized, proteins travel through the cell and the various
membranes to reach their final destination. But how? Vesicles transport everything through vesicular
transportation. However, sometimes the vesicles, which are relaying the information between
organelles within the cells, are intercepted by large molecules such as phagosomes. One type of
bacteria, Legionella pneumophila, which utilizes phagosomes for reproductive purposes, was
examined by Kagan and Roy (2002) in their experiment. They questioned how the bacteria spread
within the cell, why it could create a new organelle, and under what conditions this organelle would
be created. They hypothesized that Legionella pneumophila containing phagosomes (LCP) have 2
phases of maturation and this maturation allows for the replication of LCP infected cells within an
organism. Through the use of plasmid removal and cloning, bone marrow cell culture, localization
microscopy, and analysis of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there is one conclusion that I cannot agree with because they said that their results
contradicted the results of a previous study. In this experiment, Kagan and Roy (2002) found that
BFA did not allow for LCP infected organelle replication. In one of the previous studies that they
used as a reference, it was discovered that the LCP organelle replication was not prevented by BFA.
This discrepancy illustrates the need for more research and experiments to be performed in order to
discover which result is actually true and which one was a fluke. Other than that one result, I found
the rest of their conclusions

The Structure And Function Of Cell Organelles
The Structure and Function of Cell Organelles
Cells are surrounded with a boundary known as the cell surface membrane and as well as holding
the cell together, being semi–permeable, it controls the movement of materials across it. Within the
cell are a number of structures each which have specific functions. These structures are known as
organelles. The cell surface membrane and the membranes of any of the membrane bound
organelles described below are made of the same material, a double layer of phospholipid
molecules. Within the cell surface membrane, the intracellular space known as the cytoplasm,
contains all the organelles and a fluid known as cytosol. Within the cytosol is a network of
microtubules and fibres called the cytoskeleton. This cytoskeleton's main functions are to give
support to the cell helping to maintain its shape and aid the movement of organelles. Most cell
organelles and structures are common to both animal and plant cells but there are some differences
as outlined in the table below.
Organelles + structures Present in animal cells Present in plant cells
Cell surface membrane Yes Yes
Cytoskeleton Yes Yes
Nucleus Yes Yes
Endoplasmic reticulum Yes Yes
Ribosomes Yes Yes
Golgi body Yes Yes
Mitochondria Yes Yes
Lysosomes Yes Rarely ???
Centrioles Yes Not in higher plants
Cell wall No Yes
Chloroplasts No Yes
Vacuole No Yes
Nucleus
The nucleus is the organelle that controls the cell's activity and can be found in both animal and
plant cells. It is bound by a

Two Organelles Research Paper
The largest organelle, the nucleus is a membrane–bound organelle that contains the vast majority of
the cell's DNA. The nucleus is considered the defining feature of a eukaryotic cell because its
presence separates eukaryotes from the more ancient prokaryotic cell. The nucleus is often referred
to as "the control center" of the cell because the DNA that it contains directs all aspects of cellular
function (18). While most cells only have one nucleus, some cells (red blood cells) lack a nucleus
and are therefore unable to divide and produce daughter cells. In humans, some types of skeletal
muscle cells have multiple nuclei during their development; however multinucleated cells can also
be associated with inflammation (19) and tumor development (20).
The nucleus is bound by the nuclear envelope, a two membrane structure that forms an impermeable
barrier around the DNA and other nuclear components, separating them from the cytoplasm. The
inner nuclear membrane faces the chromosomes and is a phospholipid bilayer that contains many
different proteins. The outer membrane, also a phospholipid bilayer, faces the cytoplasm and in
many cells it is continuous with the rough ER (21). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each pore complex is composed of approximately 1000 proteins called nucleoporins (18). Each pore
is large enough to allow passage of ribosomal subunits, large protein–RNA complexes, and other
materials that are necessary for gene expression and chromosomal maintenance. Larger molecules
must be actively transported through the pore while small molecules and ions move freely between
the nucleus and the cytosol. Therefore in addition to providing a protected compartment for the
DNA, the nuclear envelope also regulates gene expression by controlling the movement of proteins,
RNA and other regulatory molecules into or out of the nucleus

A Comparison of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells Essay
A Comparison of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
There are two main types of cells in the world. The simplest cells such as bacteria are known as
Prokaryotic cells, and human cells are known as Eukaryotic cells. The main difference between each
of these cells is that a eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and a membrane bound section in which the cell
holds the main DNA which are building blocks of life.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. The chromosomes which are found in prokaryotes are
usually spread in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells the chromosomes remain together inside the
nucleus and there is a clear nuclear membrane that is surrounding the nucleus.
Another difference between the two cells is that, in prokaryotic cells ... Show more content on
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A nucleus is a membrane which can be found in most eukaryotic cells.
The main functions of a nucleus cell are:
Being involved in cell division
All the functions of other cells are done under the instruction of the nucleus
DNA is the building blocks of life which are found within the nucleus.
The main function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum is to produce, store and transport proteins and
lipid to most of the cell organelles. The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a large organelle that looks like
sheets of folded membranes.
There are two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum the Smooth ER and the Rough ER. you can
distinguish that both of the ER's are different to each other, this is shown in the diagram above that
one is smooth ER and the other is rough ER the rough ER has ribsomes attracted to it while the
smooth ER does not have ribosomes attached to it. The two ER's have different function to each
other.
Structure of Endoplasmic reticulum: – Sheets of membrane with ribosomes outside (for rough ER).
– Forms a tubular network throughout the cell. Function of Endoplasmic reticulum: – Transports
chemicals, proteins, and lipids between cells and within cells – The endoplasmic reticulum provides
a large surface area for the organization of chemical reactions to take place and synthesis.
In size Ribsomes are about 25 un is diameter. They are arranged in to

Metaphor To The Cell Organelles
To any person who has ever taken a biology class has probably heard of or made an analogy to the
Cell Organelles. I will be making an analogy about how the cell organelles are just like the
imaginary movie land called "Whoville". In the cell the one organelle that keeps everything in order
in the cell is the Nucleus. For the analogy of the Nucleus I will be using the mayor of Whoville. The
mayor keeps order and everyone will follow what he says, just like the Nucleus. Another organelle
that has an analogy is the "Mitochondria". The Mitochondria is what makes or produces energy for
the cell. For this I will be using the people that made fudge for the Grinch, It provided him with
energy. The "Golgi Apparatus" also has the analogy of the post

Importance Of Intracellular Bound Nucleus And Organelles...
Describe, using named examples and annotated diagrams where appropriate, membrane–bound
nucleus and organelles within eukaryotes cells; explain evolutionary advantages of intracellular
compartmentalization.
Living cells are the functional biological building blocks of animals. They come together to form
complex organic tissues, organs, and whole bodies, as well as some of these organisms themselves
existing in a unicellular form. Cells vary in size and dimension, with Eukaryotes ranging from
1x10–3m to 1x10–4m in length, whilst the smaller and less structurally complex Prokaryotes exist
between measurements of 1x10–4m to 1x10–7m in length. This size is contained by the cell
membrane; providing surface area, whilst the three–dimensional formations offer volume to the cell,
which comes from the structural sum of all constituents present in the cytoplasm.
Cells have evolved; they are small in order to benefit from a large surface area to volume ratio. An
increased surface area is very advantageous as it allows more sites for protein carriers to transport
nutrients into the cell, as well as encouraging more biochemical reactions on the surface, and across
the membrane. With both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes having ability to transport multiple nutrients
and molecules into the cell, a range of reactions can take place within these cells. All the vital
catalysts, reactants and reagents required to make use of these transported substances are in the
cytoplasm of both types of

Organelle Primary Function Essay
ant Cell
Organelle Primary Functions
1. Smooth ER The main function of the smooth Ers to make cellular products like hormones and
lipids.
2. Plasmodesmata The most important function of plasmodesmata is to connect cells together to
facilitate water transport.
3. Mitochondria The main function of mitochondria is to metabolize or break down carbohydrates
and fatty acids in order to generate energy.
4. Cell Wall The cell wall of plants maintains the shape of plant cells, supports/strengthens plants,
controls cell growth, acts as a physical barrier for the plant.
5. Cell Membrane A cell membrane protects the structures within the cell. Cell membranes are
semipermeable, meaning that only certain objects are able to pass through them
6. Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers that provide the framework for
cellular movement, shape, organelle movement and cell division.
7. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Peroxisomes A major function of the peroxisome is the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids
through beta–oxidation.
8. Nucleus It stores the cell's hereditary material, or DNA, and it coordinates the cell's activities,
which include intermediary metabolism, growth, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division).
9. Chloroplast Chloroplasts' main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic
pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it. 10.Ribosomes
Their main function is to synthesize proteins for use throughout the cell. 11.Rough ER The rough
endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that produces proteins and helps them fold properly. 12.Golgi
Apparatus The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and bundle macromolecules
like proteins and lipids as they are synthesized within the

The Anatomical Structure Of Different Organelles
Analyze the anatomical structure of ten different organelles in the cell and their respective functions.
The cell's nonmembranous organelles include the cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia,
ribosomes, and proteasomes. Membranous organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
Organelle Location and function
Cytoskeleton Serves as the cell 's skeleton. It is an interior protein system that gives the cytoplasm
quality and adaptability. The cytoskeleton of all cells is made of microfilaments, halfway fibers, and
microtubules. Muscle cells contain these cytoskeletal parts in addition to thick fibers. The fibers and
microtubules of the cytoskeleton frame a dynamic system whose ceaseless rearrangement influences
cell shape and capacity.
Microvilli Numerous cells have little, finger–formed projections of the plasma film on their
uncovered surfaces. These projections, called microvilli (solitary, microvillus), significantly
increment the surface territory of the phone presented to the extracellular environment. Likewise,
they cover the surfaces of cells that are effectively engrossing materials from the extracellular liquid,
for example, the cells coating the stomach related tract. Microvilli have broad associations with the
cytoskeleton. A center of small scale fibers hardens each microvillus and grapples it to the
cytoskeleton at the terminal web.
Centrioles Matched, tube shaped bodies that lie at right edges

Essay about Describe the structural compartmentation of...
DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURAL COMPARTMENTATION OF MAMMALIAN CELLS
AND THE DIFFERING FUNCTIONS OF THESE COMPARTMENTS
All mammalian cells are eukaryotic, and whilst the eukaryotic type of cell is not exclusive to
mammals, mammalian cells differ from other eukaryotic cells because of the organelles that are or
are not present. For instance some plant cells have chloroplasts which are not present in mammalian
cells, but both plant cells and mammalian cells are eukaryotic in nature. The term eukaryotic refers
to the cell having specific membrane bound organelles, which are not present in prokaryotic cells.
The defining feature of a eukaryotic cell is usually its membrane bound nucleus (the exception being
the red blood cell) [1].
Because of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The small ribosomal subunit, amongst other things, is initiates the engagement of the mRNA and is
responsible decoding the genetic information during translation [4].
The endoplasmic reticulum is specialised for protein processing and lipid biosynthesis. One of its
primary functions is to regulate the ionic concentration in the cytoplasm via the movement of Ca2+,
via ionic pumps and channels. It also contains enzymes responsible for the metabolising of drugs.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can come in two forms. As depicted in Fig. 2 Rough ER has ribosomes
present as part of the membrane of the organelle, and together with these ribosomes takes
polypeptides and amino acids from the cytosol and synthesises proteins destined for attachment to
cell membranes. It is in the lumen of the rough ER that the proteins are folded into the specific three
dimensional shapes that are so important for biochemical recognition and linking sites [6]. It is
called rough because of the presence of ribosomes makes the surface of the membrane look rough,
unlike smooth ER, which lacks the ribosomes so the membrane looks smooth. Rough ER is
composed of a large but convoluted flattened sac. The main function of the smooth ER is the
production of lipids and the metabolism of compounds (such as the breakdown of glycogen into
glucose). Because of the different functions between the rough and smooth ER, different specialised
cells will have different amounts of each; for example, hepatic

Compare The Structure And Functions Of Organelles In...
1. Summarize the structure and function of organelles in eukaryotic cells and ways that these
organelles interact with each other to perform the function of the cell (must include: the nucleus,
plasma membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts and ribosomes).
Eukaryotic cells contain many important organelles that have unique structures and functions that
interact with each other to perform the essential activities within the cell. One of the most important
organelles is the nucleus which contains the hereditary material of the cell such as the chromosomes
and DNA. The nucleus also functions as a 'brain' or 'control center' of the cell by directing the
activities of other organelles such as protein synthesis. Another important organelle is the plasma
membrane ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The plasma membrane regulates the flow of materials such as organic molecules, ions like Na+ and
K+, water, oxygen, and waste products within the cell and out of the cell through passive and active
transport, and osmosis. A similar structure to the plasma membrane is found in prokaryotic cells
known as the cell wall. The cell wall is a rigid structure made of polysaccharides located outside of
the plasma membranes of plants, fungi, and bacteria cells that provide structural support, protection,
and filtering mechanism. The mitochondria or 'powerhouse of the cell,' is a double–membrane
structure with inner layers that fold to form layers called the cristae. The mitochondria use available
oxygen to convert chemical energy from food to ATP that the cell can use, through the citric acid or
Kreb cycle. The vacuoles are unique vesicles like structures that are found in the cytoplasms of cells
and are typically larger to provide structural support for plants than in animal cells. The vacuoles are
used to transport materials, isolate harmful materials, and store the essential nutrients, water, and
waste. In addition, plant cells also have an

An Organelle That
1) Lysosome: An organelle that is enclosed in a membrane. It contains digestive enzymes that are
able to break down polymers such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. They are
shaped like a dense sphere but vary in size depending on what material they have taken in to digest.
2) Microfilament: Microfilaments are narrow protein fibers within the cytoskeleton. They are made
up of two twisted proteins called actin; this is why they are also known as actin filaments. Their
function is to give the cell its shape and also aid in cellular movement.
3) Nuclear envelope: The nuclear envelope is a double lipid bilayer that borders the nucleolus and
separates it from the cytoplasm. It also protects the DNA by keeping it away from ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
8) Microtubules: Microtubules are different to microfilaments as they are much thicker and are
made up of a protein called tubulin. Microtubules and microfilaments form to make the
cytoskeleton. But they also aid in cell division, as they are a part of centrioles. This involves the
separation of chromosomes. They can also combine together to form cilia and flagella, these help
the whole cell to move.
9) Mitochondria: responsible for aerobic respiration where ATP is produced in the form of energy.
They have a double membrane where the inner membrane is folded into a cristae to maximise the
surface area and the inside is called the matrix where enzymes for aerobic respiration are found.
10) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Smooth ER transports materials throughout the cell. It
synthesises lipids and carbohydrates and distributes these around the cell and also other parts in the
organism.
11) Cell membrane: Separates the intracellular components from the extracellular components.
Selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules, controlling the movement of substances in and
out of cells. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer imbedded with proteins. The membrane is found
inside the cell wall of plant cells and on the surface of animal cells. It also has receptor molecules
which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones.
12) Ribosomes: assemble amino acids to make proteins. Also

Plant Cells : Occasion Homework
Plant Cells: Occasion Homework. 9/4/16
Plants have numerous cells inside them. They all have distinctive part and capacities. Together they
all out to make the plant empower itself to survive. Inside a plant are its cells. Inside a cell are its
organelles. These organelles are called cell organelles which are little individual parts of a phone
which complete distinctive particular capacities. There are a vast variety of different
Golgi Mechanical assembly: An arrangement (stack) of levelled, film bound sacs (saccules) required
in the capacity, alteration and emission of proteins (glycoproteins) and lipids bound to leave the cell
(extracellular) and for use inside the cell (intracellular). The Golgi device is plentiful in secretory ...
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Bigger particles (counting microscopic organisms) enter extraordinary white platelets (phagocytes)
through a type of endocytosis called phagocytosis. The Single adaptable cell is a unicellular protist
that ingests sustenance (counting algal cells) by phagocytosis.
Lysosome: A film bound organelle containing hydrolytic (digestive) catalysts. Lysosomes begin as
layer bound vesicles (called Golgi vesicles) that bud from the Golgi mechanical assembly. They are
basically required with intracellular processing. Lysosomes wire with vesicles (little vacuoles)
framed by endocytosis. The substance of these vesicles are processed by lysosomal chemicals. Auto
absorption by lysosomes likewise happens amid embryonic improvement. The fingers of a human
developing life are webbed at first, however are isolated from each other by lysosomal catalysts.
Cells in the tail of a tadpole are processed by lysosomal compounds amid the continuous move into
a frog.
Peroxisome: A layer bound organelle that contains particular catalysts imported from the cytoplasm
(cytosol). For instance, certain peroxisomes contain the compound catalase which quickly separates
dangerous hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. This response can be effectively exhibited by
pouring some hydrogen peroxide on crude meat or an open injury.
Glycolysis: An anaerobic oxidation pathway outside of the mitochondria in which glucose is

Organelles In Animal Cells Essay
Organelles are the internal structures of the cell that are important for the cell to survive. Each
organelle has a specific function for the cell. The types of organelles in the cell can be different from
each other depending on the type of cell. Plant cells and animal cells both have a cytoskeleton,
endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, nucleus, plasma
membrane, and ribosomes. Animal and plant cells also have vacuoles, but they are rarely found in
animal cells. Vacuoles in animal cells are very small compared to the vacuoles in plant cells.
Lysosomes are also rarely found in plant cells but mostly found in animal cells. The cytoplasm is a
semifluid in the plasma membrane. It is in all eukaryotic cells. In prokaryotes, this is where the
chemical processes of the cell take place. In eukaryotic cells, this is where organelles perform their
functions. Cellular respiration also takes place here. One of stages of cellular respiration is
glycolysis. Glycolysis is when glucose breaks down to form two pyruvates and 4 ATP. Its net result
of 2 ATP is important for another process called the Krebs Cycle. This process is important because
it begins cellular respiration. The cytoplasm also gives the cell its shape; without it, the cell would
be "deflated" and substances would not be able to move throughout the cell. Organelles would have
difficulty functioning too. It has been misunderstood that organelles float freely in the cytoplasm
even

Organelle Analogy Cell Wall
Part 1
The organelle I have chosen is the cell wall. The analogy I will use is that the cell wall is like
city/border wall. The wall allows for physical structure and also the ability to let things cross
through its walls, such as other living organisms or inorganic products. The border/city wall has the
choice to allow these things to pass or not to pass through this checkpoint. The ability to reject
certain things from crossing allows the city (cell) to protect itself from contamination or pollution.
The Cell wall is a hard, rigid layer that surrounds the cells of fungi, bacteria, and plants. The cell
wall is located just beyond the cell membrane. The key purpose of the cell wall is to provide
structure, flexible power, structure support,

Compare And Contrast Prokaryotes And Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells have structural advantages over Prokaryotic cells, due to the presence of specific
internal organelles, such as a nucleus; where DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and genetic codes are
found, as well as the presence of other organelles which are bigger in eukaryotes, such as
mitochondria. Also, eukaryotes can be considered structurally advanced as its organelles are
enclosed by a membrane, making it larger in size and stronger compared to a prokaryote. Both
prokaryotes and eukaryotes have the ability of movement, but the eukaryotes is more complex.
Although, the eukaryotic cell is more structurally advanced to that of a prokaryotic cell, prokaryotes
are simple in nature but are capable of performing the same processes to that of ... Show more
Internal organelles such as the nucleus; a membrane enclosed organelle that houses the genetic
material, the endoplasmic reticulum; where proteins and carbohydrates are produced, and
mitochondria, which provides fuel for the cell; assist in creating a specialized environment, which
"along with the ability to concentrate the right ingredients in a single place, give eukaryotes a big
structural advantage." This becomes significant as it functional groups becomes more complex and
increases its size and general strength, supporting the notion that eukaryotic cells are in fact more
structurally advanced to prokaryotes. The presence of a nucleus in a eukaryotic cell makes the cell
more specialised, as the DNA that is responsible for creating new cells becomes more efficient. It
must also be noted that "DNA in eukaryotes is neatly organized and packaged into chromosomes,
also increasing efficiency". This system of organised chromosomes, which is not found prokaryotes,
is intended to make eukaryotes efficient in its functional groups, and as a result making all
eukaryotic cells structurally

Eukaryotic Organelles
Introduction:
There are many questions frequently asked in the field of microbiology, one being which eukaryotic
organelle is the most crucial to the function of living organisms. Whilst all organelles are essential to
eukaryotes, undoubtedly the nucleus is the most important. Yet, many argue that the mitochondrion
or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are equally if not more important to cellular function. Although both
organelles have similarities with the nucleus and work with it to complete various functions it is
evidential that the nucleus is more crucial.
The Nucleus:
The nucleus' presence is used to classify cell as a eukaryote rather than prokaryote. The nucleus is
the most prominent organelle within the cell and is a large spherical shape, ... Show more content on
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These processes occur when ribosomes and RNA leave the nucleus and attach to the RER and begin
to synthesise proteins. Before moving on any required modifications to newly formed proteins are
made. These proteins can then pass through the translocon and into the lumen where they undergo
quality control (British Society for Cell Biology, 2017a). From there can be transported to different
parts of the RER and eventually to other organelles that require them such as mitochondria (Kaiser,
2007). This creates all the proteins that the cell and living organism need to function. These vary in
type and function from enzymes, used in all chemical reactions within the organism, to somewhat
simpler proteins such as hormones that organisms used to regulate their functions (Wilson, 2015).
The transportation network the ERs create is also vital in ensuring that all other organelles function

Mapping Organelle Activity By Using Succinate...
Mapping Organelle Activity By Using Succinate Dehydrogenase Assay
Cecilya Barba
Lab Partners: Brenda Gutierrez, Marleen Apodaca,
Date Conducted: 09/30/14 and 10/07/14
Bio02– Lab 05
Abstract: During this experiment,
Introduction:
A cell organelle is a membrane bound compartment inside all eukaryotic cells that function in a
variety of important cellular processes. Organelles include the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi
apparatus, and the mitochondria. It is important to know information about organelles because they
provide understanding of how the body functions everyday. In this experiment, cells are broken up
and the cellular components are separated on the basis of size, mass, and density using a variety of
centrifugation techniques (Lodish). Cell components of different densities, cell fractions, are
isolated and analyzed to find the organelle's function within the cell.
In this experiment, succinate dehydrogenase is an enzyme marker for mitochondria and an important
component for the citric acid cycle. Succinate dehydrogenase can reduce the dye DCIPIP
(dichlorophenol–indophenol), and succinate's oxidation to furmate requires an active succinate
dehydrogenase, which is in the inner membrane. In the mitochondria, the citric acid cycle takes
place and the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase lowers the activation energy for the reaction to allow
for the oxidation of succinate to fumarate (easternct.edu).
Differential centrifugation is a process that

Middle School El Students- Carlos
Name: David Hendershot Scenario: Middle School EL Students– Carlos
Content Objectives:
S.7.LS.2 develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and ways parts of
cells contribute to the function.
 SWBAT: Students will be able to identify the different parts of a plant and animal cell
 SWBAT: Students will be able to describe/ define the function of the parts of a cell
 SWBAT: Students will create a model of a cell.
WV ELP Standards: 1, 2, 5, 7
Language Objectives:
 SW be able to orally describe the structure and function of a cell to a partner
 SW define and use scientific terms for cells, organelles, and functions
 SW be able to orally explain the differences and similarities between plant ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Show students a PowerPoint on cells and their functions. Students will fill in their graphic
organizers as they listen to the PowerPoint presentation. Students will then identify cell parts and
their function using cell models provided.
Day 2– The students are going to make an edible cell, either animal or plant using sugar cookies or
different candies. Students will use their completed graphic organizers to make an edible model of a
cell. They will select items to represent various cell structures and justify their choices by describing
how the items they have chosen represent the actual parts of a cell.
Day 1 –
1. Think/Pair/Share– describe cells, give examples of cells, and draw a picture of a cell in their
notebooks. In pairs, students will compare answers. Share ideas with class. (5 min.)
2. Introduce vocabulary by showing students a PowerPoint on cell organelles and their function
(include pictures of cells and their organelles).
3. SW complete the graphic organizer of cell terms and provide an illustrations of each (20 min.).
4. Handout model cells to students.
5. Working in pairs, have students identify each organelle in the model cell and

Structure and Function of Eukaryotic Cell Organelles
Structure and Function of Eukaryotic Cell Organelles
What are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells
The Nucleus.
Nearly all animal cells have a nucleus, with the only exception being the red blood cell. The nucleus
has two major functions, which are housing the DNA and controlling the cell's activities. In the
centre of the nucleus is the nucleolus. This doesn't have a membrane, but holds itself together. In the
nucleolus, ribosomes are created through the mixture of RNA and proteins. These proteins are
originally found in the cytoplasm, outside the nucleus, but they travel through the pores in the
nuclear envelope, through the chromatin and into the nucleolus. The structure of the nucleolus
allows easy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The body has two faces, the cis face which fuses with incoming transport vesicles, and the trans face
which excretes the secretory vesicles. The cis face fuses with vesicles coming from the ER
effectively from many directions due to its convex shape, whereas the concave trans face can direct
the secretory vesicles to their destination. When fusing with the cis face, the transport vesicles
release their proteins to be absorbed for modification. Each cisternal layer of the Golgi body holds
different enzymes which each modify the passing proteins in separate ways. Between the layers the
proteins are moved through the gaps by small vesicles. When a protein has been modified correctly,
it leaves the Golgi body via secretory vesicles which then carry the modified proteins to the cell
membrane or another organelle. The proteins that are transported to the cell membrane are either
excreted from the cell, or absorbed into the membrane to aid with its function. Some of the secretory
vesicles which hold hydrolytic enzymes stay within the cytoplasm and function as lysosomes.
Lysosomes.
Lysosomes are specialized vesicles that are created by the Golgi body. Their role is to digest any
worn out, excess or unwanted bodies within the cell. This could include bacteria or viruses as well
as mitochondria which are no longer effective. To do this they contain an

8 Cell Organelles
When creating my game I included 8 organelles that are found in the cell. One of these organelles is
the nucleus. The nucleus is a large membrane–enclosed structure that contains genetic material in
the form of DNA and controls many of the cell's activities. The job of the nucleus is to protect the
DNA and the RNA from anything outside the nucleus. Another organelle is the ribosome.
Ribosomes are small particle of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in all cells. The
ribosome is responsible for making protein by following the coded information from the DNA. The
endoplasmic reticulum is where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with
proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is in charge
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The golgi apparatus is an organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials
from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell. The job of the
golgi apparatus is to package the proteins so that they are able to travel out of the cell. The vacuole
can be found inside the cell. The vacuole is a saclike, membrane–enclosed structure. The vacuole is
in charge of storing materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. Another organelle found
in the cell is a lysosomes. A lysosome is a small organelle filled with enzymes. This organelle breaks
down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell.
The cell wall is an important organelle in the plant cell. The cell wall is a strong supporting layer
around the membrane. The cell wall is responsible for protecting the cell and providing structure to
the cell. Lastly, the vesicles are very important to the cell. Vesicles are membrane enclosed storage
organelles that are smaller than vacuoles. The job of vesicles is to store and move materials between
organelles and to and from the cell

Eukaryotic Cells And Its Functions
"Eukaryotic cells are complex and include all animal and plant cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller
and simpler, e.g. Bacteria" – (AQA 2008)
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane–bound organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells do not contain
these.
Although both of these cells contain DNA, only eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus. The nucleus is
the largest organelle, surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope) containing lots of pores.
The nuclear membrane protects contents of the nucleus and controls the transport of substances in
and out. The nucleus contains linear DNA in chromatin which protects the DNA from damage.
Chromatin is formed of DNA which controls the activities of the cell. The nucleus often contains a
structure called the nucleolus. This structure produces ribosomes which enter the cytoplasm in the
cell through the nuclear pores, as well as transcribing DNA into RNA.
Prokaryotic cells do not contain nuclei. Instead of having a nucleus to carry the DNA, these cells
contain plasmids with circular DNA, as well as having most of the DNA float freely inside the
cytoplasm. The plasmids carry the information necessary to keep the cell alive. For example
including genes that make the bacteria cell resistant to antibiotics.
Both cells transcribe DNA into RNA in order to translate RNA and produce proteins on ribosomes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum is present in eukaryotic cells. There are two types of ER: Smooth and
rough. "This organelle is formed of a network of

Why Are Eukaryotic Cells Unique
Eukaryotic cells are unique because they have unique organelles. These organelles are membrane
bound. These organelles have an additional transportation system. The membranous organelles are
enclosed by the same type of material as the plasma. Therefore the can move through the cell easier.
I thought this was really interesting because it like the organelles have like a car to use for
transportation. The eukaryotic animal cells have many parts. As we go deeper will explain their
importance.
The organelles
There are five membrane bound organelles in the eukaryotic cell. These membrane bound organelles
are the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and vacuoles.
The nucleus controls what

Unicellular Organelles
Now, what does it do you may be asking? These tiny things provide a lot for many unicellular
eukaryotes. The main function of both of these organelles is movement which is powered by ATP.
Cilia beat in unison on the outside of the cell in a whip like motion. Flagella have a rotational
movement which makes them also act as whips to allow cells to swim through fluids. Cilia allows
the cells to move through water, being locomotor appendages. Also, when the cilia is a part of a cell
that is bound to one place, they will aid in the movement of water over itself. Other than movement,
cilia and flagella act as sensory organelles, receiving information from outside the, like different
chemicals and temperature, and informing the cell about what

How Organelles Work Together to Make and Secrete the...
Human Biology Unit 1 Assignment
The human body is made up of 100 trillion cells. All cells have the same basic structure (see figure
1) however some cells are specialised to suit a specific purpose. An example of this is the pancreatic
beta cells found in the islets of Langerhans. These cells are specialised to synthesise the protein
insulin that is involved in the metabolism of glucose in the cells. (Layden, 2010)
Figure 1 – Picture to show basic structure of a cell.
(Farrabee, M J. 2007)
But how is insulin made? The production of insulin starts in the nucleus which is the cellular
organelle where the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is found. They form a series of multiple linear
molecules which are then folded in the nucleolus in to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Mandal, no Date)
The rough ER is an extensive organelle composed of a greatly convoluted but flattened sealed sac.
Studded on its outer surface are ribosomes. It is involved in the production, folding, quality control
and despatch of proteins. (BSCB, 2013)
The smooth ER is a separate sealed interconnecting network. It is associated in the; metabolism and
production of lipids, steroid and hormone manufacturing, the transport of intracellular products and
detoxification. (BSCB, 2013)
A vesicle is bubble like membranous structure that stores and transports cellular products and
digests metabolic waste in a cell. (Biology Online, 2008)
The golgi complex is a structure composed of flattened sacs known as cisternae. It is involved in the
modification and packaging of proteins, the manufacturing of lysosomes and transport of products
via vesicles. (Bailey, R, 2013)
(Bailey, R. 2012)
Exocytosis is the process of how hormones, digestive enzymes and lipids are released from the cell.
Vesicles containing the product pinch off from the sacs of the golgi apparatus and move towards the
plasma membrane. The vesicles then fuse with the plasma membrane and release the product outside
the cell. (CGP, 2009) The cell membrane surrounds all living cells, and is the cell's most important
organelle. It controls how substances can move in and out of the cell and allows cell

Animal Cell Dbq
For a plant cell, the nucleus, without a doubt, is the most important organelle; but in the animal cell,
the most vital structure is the mitochondria. First of all, the most important structure in the animal
cell is the mitochondria. The mitochondria is the vital because it provides energy for the cell (Doc.
2). For example, without the mitochondria, organelles would function slowly because the cell has no
energy (OI). In Document 3, it states "Breaking down the food and releasing' energy" (Doc. 3). "The
mitochondria are organelles that act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them
down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell" (OI). According to Ms. Quitmeyer, the
mitochondria is crucial to the animal cell, and

Endosymbiosis and evolution of Organelles Essay
Endosymbiosis is important as it enables us to understand the evolution of eukaryotes from the
common ancestor. This essay will focus on: the early evolution of our eukaryote ancestor during
Precambrian period, plastids origin along the algae family due to second endosymbiosis; discuss the
evidence that supports the theory, including further examples of endosymbiosis. The theory, as
discussed by Lynn Margulis, states that mitochondria originated from α–proteobacteria bacterium
which was engulfed by the ancestral anaerobic eukaryotic cell, through endocytosis, and retained
within the cytoplasm due to atmospheric oxygen increase. Prokaryote organism produced ATP,
through oxidative phosphorylation, by receiving organic compounds from ... Show more content on
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They all have a double membrane chloroplasts, but the glaucophytes plastid morphology is unusual
because it resembles cyanobacteria, as they still include the outer peptidoglycan layer between the
chloroplast envelopes, and also resemble Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta plastid. Both Rhodophyta
and Glaucophyta consist of various features that are derived from the cyanobacteria but absent from
Chlorophyta. These are phycobilins pigments and phycobilisomes on the surface on thylakoid
membranes. Because of sequencing algae chloroplast genomes it is evident that glaucophytes,
rhodophytes and chlorophytes have evolved from a second endosymbiotic event, since they are
closely related to the ancestral cyanobacteria (Tomitani, 2006). Alternatively, some algal groups
have chloroplast with more than a double membrane, such as photosynthetic dinoflagellates and
stramenophile, implying that secondary endosymbiosis occurred due to heterotrophic eukaryote
engulfing chloroplast containing eukaryote. The secondary endosymbiosis event is suggested as
nucleomorphs', traces of primary host's nucleus, are present in the periplastid space between the
second and third chloroplast membranes of cryptomonads and chlorarachniophytes. In the
cryptomonads the nucleomorphs is formed due to the reduction of red algal nucleus and in the
chlorarachniophytes due to the reduction of green algal nucleus. Thus, plants had multiple
endosymbiotic events and each evolved independently

Plant Cell Structures
Name: Ezeugo Okechukwu David
Date: 5/16/17
Instructors name: Mathew Routh
Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 2 Lab Report
Title: Animal and Plant Cell Structures
Animal cell
Number Cell structure Description and Function
1 Nuclear pore This is a protein lined channel or Microscopic channel which allows ions and small
molecules in and out of nucleus
2 Chromatin (DNA) It consists of DNA and histones, it helps to put the DNA into a small Volume
and serves as a body that helps to control DNA and expression.
3 Nucleolus It is located inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cell and sits in the nucleus and assembles
the ribosomes
4 Nuclear envelop It separates the nucleus from cytoplasm in the eukaryotic cells and It encloses the
nucleus and allows content to move ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
16 Peroxisomes Organelle present in the cytoplasm of many cells, bound by a single membrane and
roughly spherical.
17 Plasma membrane Every living cells possess a plasma membrane which encloses their content.
18 Centrioles An organelle which is made up of protein strands called microtubules. that makes
copies of themselves and helps divide cells
19 Golgi body A layered organelle located near the nucleus which is present in most eukaryotic
cells. It processes a bundle lipids and protein as they are synthesized within the cell
20 Centrosome An organelle located inside the nucleus of a cell which are made from two
centrioles. They help to organize microtubules which are utilized during cell

Cell Organelles And Structures
tion of Cell Organelles
Cells are surrounded with a boundary known as the cell surface membrane and as well as holding
the cell together, being semi–permeable, it controls the movement of materials across it. Within the
cell are a number of structures each which have specific functions. These structures are known as
organelles. The cell surface membrane and the membranes of any of the membrane bound
organelles described below are made of the same material, a double layer of phospholipid
molecules. Within the cell surface membrane, the intracellular space known as the cytoplasm,
contains all the organelles and a fluid known as cytosol. Within the cytosol is a network of
microtubules and fibres called the cytoskeleton. This cytoskeleton's main functions are to give
support to the cell helping to maintain its shape and aid the movement of organelles. Most cell
organelles and structures are common to both animal and plant cells but there are some differences
as outlined in the table below and as seen in fig. 1 and fig. 2.
Organelles + structures Present in animal cells Present in plant cells
Cell surface membrane Yes Yes
Cytoskeleton Yes Yes
Nucleus Yes Yes
Endoplasmic reticulum Yes Yes
Ribosomes Yes Yes
Golgi body Yes Yes
Mitochondria Yes Yes
Lysosomes Yes Rarely ???
Centrioles Yes Not in higher plants
Cell wall No Yes
Chloroplasts No Yes
Vacuole No Yes
Animal Cell (Fig.1) Plant

Describe The Relationship Between Organelles And Eukaryotes
a.
Firstly, the cytoskeleton is one of the many membrane bound organelles which is only found in
eukaryotic cells and not prokaryotic counterparts. The cytoskeleton is a series of proteins within the
cell which provides the cell with shape and support. The cytoskeleton also mediates some aspects of
movement by helping the cell move in its environment and by controlling the movement of other
cell components. A second organelle which eukaryotes possess and prokaryotes do not possess
includes the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus initiates Golgi bodies towards modifying, sorting,
and packaging macromolecules for cell secretion (also known as exocytosis). The Golgi bodies also
modify and regulate proteins which are provided by the ER. In ... Show more content on
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Some the evidence for this theory include the mitochondria and plastids which can be identified in a
eukaryot; however, prokaryotes originally also have the same functional capabilities as the
mitochondria, as well as plastids. Perhaps the mitochondria's development is simply a result of
condensing the process of energy creation into a single organelle and the development of plastids
was a result of prokaryotes also being capable of completing a similar task; however, felt the need
for condensing this task into a single

Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
There are two basic types of cells, prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. The main difference
between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. The nucleus is
where cells store their DNA, which is the genetic material. The nucleus is surrounded by a
membrane. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Instead, their DNA floats around inside the cell.
Organisms with prokaryotic cells are called prokaryotes. All prokaryotes are single–celled
(unicellular) organisms. Bacteria and Archaea are the only prokaryotes. Organisms with eukaryotic
cells are called eukaryotes. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes. All multicellular
organisms are eukaryotes. Eukaryotes may also be single–celled.
Both prokaryotic and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some eukaryotic species have just a few chromosomes, others have close to 100 or more. These
chromosomes are protected within the nucleus. In addition to a nucleus, eukaryotic cells include
other membrane–bound structures called organelles. Organelles allow eukaryotic cells to be more
specialized than prokaryotic cells. Pictured below are the organelles of eukaryotic cells (Figure
below), including the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. These will be
discussed in additional concepts.
Organelles of a eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and various other special compartments surrounded by
membranes, called organelles. The nucleus is where the DNA (chromatin) is stored. Organelles give
eukaryotic cells more functions than prokaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells (Figure below) are usually smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells. They do not
have a nucleus or other membrane–bound organelles. In prokaryotic cells, the DNA, or genetic
material, forms a single large circle that coils up on itself. The DNA is located in the main part of
the

Describe The Relationship Between Two Organelles
instructions from DNA. Proteins from the cytoplasm enter the the nucleus through the nuclear pores
and combine with rRNA to make subunits of ribosomes. The small and large subunits of ribosomes
then exit the nucleus also through the nuclear pores and then join in the cytoplasm to make a
ribosome. Ribosomes are either bound or free in the cytoplasm. Free ribosomes in the cytoplasm
make proteins that function in the cytoplasm. Bound ribosomes are bound to the nuclear envelope or
the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they make proteins that are later packaged into vesicles .
The endoplasmic reticulum is made up of cisternae, cisternae consists of connected flattened sacs
and tubules. The inside of the endoplasmic reticulum is called the endoplasmic

Eukaryotic And Prokaryotic Of Cells
There are two major groups that cells can be grouped into to. These are eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells. All eukaryotic cells contain a plasma membrane, as well as cytoplasm and organelles such as
mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, smooth ER, ribosomes, a
nucleus which is surrounded by a double membrane known as the nuclear envelope, and secretory
vesicles. There are some eukaryotic cells which contain more organelles as well as theses. Some
eukaryotic cells, specifically in plants, have chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are organelles that contain
stacks of granum known as thylakoid stacks. The granum contains chlorophyll, and the first stage of
photosynthesis occurs here. Some eukaryotic cells contain centrioles, which are strands of protein
involved in the process of mitosis and meiosis. Pant cells have a cell wall made from cellulose. This
prevents the cell from bursting from too much water uptake via osmosis. Fungi do not have
chloroplasts. They do have a cell wall like plant cells, but whereas the cell walls in the plant cells are
made from cellulose, the cell wall in a fungal cell is made from chitin. This is a polymer made from
N–acetylglucosamine. Prokaryote is the name of a kingdom for organisms, and all bacteria fall into
this kingdom. The prokaryote kingdom is enormous, and prokaryotes are found in every known
habitat on the planet. Bacteria are very useful, they can be used in biomedical sciences to help
develop medicines, and

Why The Cytoskeleton: The Most Important Organelles
The cytoskeleton is the most important organelle. Without it in place, all the other organelles inside
the cell would be randomly floating around with no sense of order. This would make the cell's job
much harder and could create multiple different outcomes, since the cells would not have the same
organelles in the same areas. The cytoskeleton keeps all the other organelles in the cell and in the
proper areas. The cytoskeleton also anchors the cell to its neighboring cell and to the protein
network in which that cell is sitting. This organelle provides the cells shape, which also provides the
function of that particular cell. The cytoskeleton additionally allows the cells to shrink and grow
very quickly.
Another function is the assisting of moving materials in and out of the cell. The cytoskeleton
facilitates movement through three main components which are microfilaments, ... Show more
The cytoskeleton has a very dynamic nature, because it is necessary for cells to change shape and
complete cell division, or migrate. In cell division, the cytoskeleton plays an essential role in equally
distributing the chromosomes into each of the new cells. Each of these self–assembling proteins has
"critical concentration," a characteristic concentration. In which, below is the monomer state and
then above is the polymer state. The concentration favors the building up of filament, and decreasing
the filament deconstruction. The allows the cell to quickly control the cytoskeleton structure.
One third that makes up the cytoskeleton are microfilaments. These are also commonly called actin
filaments. These are filamentous structures which are in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and form
part of the cytoskeleton. When they are in cells which are modified by and also interact with
multiple proteins. Polymers of actin are what mostly make up

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