Computer applications are now widely used in pharmacy for tasks like storing patient data, analyzing drug interactions, monitoring medications, and providing drug information. Some key uses of computers discussed include using software programs to analyze patient pharmacokinetic data and predict drug concentrations, developing mathematical models for drug design, and maintaining patient records and inventory in hospitals. Mobile technologies and automated dispensing systems are also discussed as emerging areas where computers are being applied in pharmacy.

1. Lecture Topic:
Subject: Computer applications in Pharmacy
(BP204TP)
Semester: 2nd sem B.Pharm
A.Y : 2019-2020
Presented by:
Dr. Mitali Shrimanker
Associate Professor
Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu Institute of Pharmacy

2. Computer are now a days used in
 Pharmaceutical in industries
 Hospitals
 Education
 Evaluation
 Analysis
 Maintenance of medication history and financial records.
 Development of clinical pharmacy, hospital pharmacy and
pharmaceutical research.
 For patient profile monitoring, Medication, database management
and material management.
 Providing information on drug interactions, drug information
services and patient counseling.

3. 1. Drug information storage and retrieval
 A computer system is described which stores patients data relating to
clinical pharmacokinetic assessments made by clinical pharmacists,
who are participating in a clinical pharmacokinetics service.
 The system was developed to assist in the documentation of service
activities and storage of patients' pharmacokinetic data. An additional
component of the system is the ability for retrospective review of the
stored data.
 Application of this system to the derivation of new information on
drug pharmacokinetics and drug efficacy/toxicity in various patient
groups is discussed. The implications for phase IV drug studies and
toxicity screening studies is also described.)

4.  Over the past 20 years, pharmacokinetic programs have been
developed for clinical decision making. These clinical pharmacokinetic
software programs are designed to assist the clinician in the analysis,
interpretation and reporting of serum drug concentration data for a
variety of medications.
 Information is presented to clinicians to better their understanding of
the features of these computer-based clinical resources.
 Those programs demonstrate the ability to assist in the analysis of
serum or plasma drug concentration data for most of the medications
that warrant therapeutic drug monitoring. They provide both Bayesian
and non-Bayesian methods for predicting serum drug concentrations.
 Standard personal computers were sufficient to run each of the
programs reviewed. In addition, most programs offered technical and
clinical support. However, the quality of the user manuals and training
material varies among software programs.
2. Pharmacokinetics

5.  Mathematical model in drug design
A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical
concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical
model is termed mathematical modeling . Drug is considered as one of
the most important necessity to all of us. A mathematical model plays
an important role in drug development and drug discovery.
 Computational approaches
They are useful tools to interpret and guide experiments to expedite
the antibiotic drug design process. Computer-aided design (CAD) is
the use of computers (or workstations) to aid in the creation,
modification, analysis, or optimization of a design.
CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, imp
rove the quality of design, improve communications through docume
ntation, and to create a database for manufacturing.
Structure based drug design (SBDD)
Ligand based drug design (LBDD)
3. Drug Design

6.  Hospital pharmacy is division of hospital which monitors on
the receiving and allotment of drugs and medicines and professional
supplies, stores them and dispenses to inpatient, outpatient and may
have a manufacturing extension to manufacture pharmaceuticals and p
arenteral in bulk.
 Clinical pharmacy is the branch of Pharmacy where pharmacists and
pharmaconomists provide patient care that optimizes the use of
medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention.
4. Hospital and clinical pharmacy

7. Patient record maintenance is vital job in hospitals but with the help of co
mputers, data can be maintained easily and also updated time to time. Mai
ntenance of stock means inventory control can be achieved very well by us
ing computers. Computers can play role like,
• To detect the items which have reached minimum order level.
• To prepare list of items to be purchased and their quantities.
• To prepare purchase orders for vendors and to avoid duplication.
• To detect the infrequently purchased items for possible return or elimina
tion from pharmacy’s drug supply.
• To produce periodic summary and purchasing and inventory control sta
tistics.
• Maintaining patient medical record.
• Drug information services.
• Patient monitoring.
Softwares like Microsoft Excel are useful in maintenance of all type of nu
4. Hospital and clinical pharmacy

8.  Softwares like Microsoft Excel are useful in maintenance of all type of
numerical data. Computer program are designed to calculate drug
dosage to suit individual patients need.
 Apart from this, drug interactions may be screened by using programs
like MEDIPHOR (monitoring and Evaluating of Drug interactions by a
pharmacy oriented reporting) and PAD (Pharmacy Automated Drug In
teraction Screening).
4. Hospital and clinical pharmacy

9.  Electronic prescribing (EP) systems automate prescribing, supply and
administration of medicines in hospitals, where they have been shown
to reduce medication errors and have a major impact on patient safety.
 Recently, many hospitals have adopted electronic discharge systems.
However, these systems may have inadequate decision support
functions, and data fields that are not in a standard format. Also, they
route the discharge information to GPs, not to community pharmacists.
 There are a number of local and national initiatives being developed to
address these issues, such as the NHS Connecting for Health Electronic
Discharge Implementation Toolkit with standard discharge headings,
schemes such as the East Lancashire “Refer to pharmacy” system,
designed to ensure that community pharmacists are in the discharge
communication process.
5. Electronic prescribing and discharge

10.  Barcode identification of medicines has been used with EP systems and
has been shown to reduce medicine administration errors, as well as
improve the completeness of the medication history.
 However, barcode medicine identification at the point of
administration is an interruptive process and, for this reason, health
professionals often develop “work arounds” to circumvent barcode sca
nning.
6. Barcode medicine identification

11.  Robots have been used in logistics and distribution for many years, but
only recently in pharmacy. In 2001, the Audit Commission’s “Spoonful o
f sugar” report advocated the use of automation to transform pharmacy
services and, since then, many UK hospitals installed dispensary robots.
Pharmacy robots have been shown to reduce the incidence of dispensin
g errors, improve the speed and efficiency of the dispensing process, an
d optimise use of space in the pharmacy.
 Robot use in community pharmacy in the UK is still relatively limited.
However, robots have the potential to handle high volumes of dispensin
g in community pharmacies, or dispensing “hubs”, and to release phar
macists to develop and deliver patient-centred services.
 As newer, smaller and more efficient machines become available, robot
use in all sectors of pharmacy is likely to increase. Similarly, automated
methadone dispensing machines (eg, Methameasure, Methadose) offer a
ccuracy and efficiency in the laborious methadone dispensing process a
nd their use is likely to increase, too, especially in pharmacies with a hig
h volume of methadone dispensing.
7. Automated dispensing

12.  The use of mobile telephones is widespread in society.
 Some pharmacists are using text alerts to remind patients that repeat
prescriptions are ready or to offer services, but sophisticated apps have
been developed for disease monitoring, for example, recording of peak
flow readings in asthma, monitoring of blood glucose levels,
medication adherence support and health education.
 These apps will have a greater impact on pharmacy practice in future.
8. Mobile Technology

13.  Various technologies are now available to support approaches to adhere
nce monitoring.
 A number of vendors have developed “smart” packaging, where a
microchip-containing tablet blister pack is able to monitor when doses
are popped out (not necessarily taken) and prompt the patient to record
side-effect monitoring information for the medicine in question. These
data can then be transmitted to a mobile telephone or tablet device.
 A more invasive adherence monitoring technology is the “smart” pill,
for example, the Lifenote system, piloted by Lloydspharmacy.
 This consists of a sensor pill, ingested by the patient, which transmits
data on doses taken, heart rate, body posture to a mobile telephone or
tablet device, via a receiver patch on the patient’s skin. At present, this is
available only as a dummy pill, but eventually it will be incorporated
into medicines.
9. Adherence monitoring

14.  Systems is a global leader of products and instruments used for
diagnosing infectious diseases.
 Products are used in the clinical market to screen for microbial
presence, grow and identify organisms, and test for antibiotic
susceptibility.
 In the industrial market, Diagnostic Systems' products are used for the
testing of sterile and non-sterile pharmaceuticals and medical devices,
for environmental monitoring and to detect food pathogens.
10. Diagnostics Systems

15.  A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a laboratory where clinical
pathology tests are carried out on clinical specimens to obtain
information about the health of a patient to aid in diagnosis, treatment, a
nd prevention of disease.
 Clinical Medical laboratories are an example of applied science, as oppo
sed to research laboratories that focus on basic science, such as found in
some academic institutions.
 Medical laboratories vary in size and complexity and so offer a variety
of testing services. More comprehensive services can be found in acute-c
are hospitals and medical centers, where 70% of clinical decisions are ba
sed on laboratory testing. Doctors offices and clinics, as well as skilled n
ursing and long-term care facilities, may have laboratories that provide
more basic testing services. Commercial medical laboratories operate as
independent businesses and provide testing that is otherwise not provid
ed in other settings due to low test volume or complexity.[
11. Lab-Diagnostic system

16.  The Patient Monitoring System (PMS) is a very critical monitoring
systems, it is used for monitoring physiological signals including
Electrocardiograph (ECG), Respiration , Invasive and Non-Invasive
Blood Pressure, Oxygen Saturation in Human Blood (SpO2), Body Te
mperature and other Gases etc.
 During treatment, it is highly important to continuously monitor the
vital physiological signs of the patient. Therefore , patient monitoring
systems has always been occupying a very important position in the
field of medical devices.
 Classes of Patient Monitoring System
In the past, the dominant products manufactured by medical device
manufacturers are mainly those for single parameter measurement.
Nowadays however, a multi-parameter patient monitor is commonly
used.
1.Single-Parameters Monitoring Systems
2.Multi-Parameter Patient Monitoring Systems
12. Patient Monitoring System

17.  The PMIS(pharmaceutical management information system) integrates
pharmaceutical data collection, processing, and presentation of
information that helps staff at all levels of a country’s health system
make evidence-based decisions to manage pharmaceutical services.
 Function
1. An effective PMIS is able to synthesize the large volume of data
generated by pharmaceutical management operations.
2. It then processes the data into information for use in planning
activities, estimating demand, allocating resources and monitoring and
evaluating pharmaceutical management operations.
3. This information is often in the form of a few key indicators. Indicators s
hould be targeted toward staff at all levels so that they can monitor both
their own performance and that of the units for which they are
responsible.
4. Another important function of a PMIS is to improve accountability. Muc
h of ther ecording and reporting in a PMIS is intended to create an audit
trail for products asthey enter or leave a pharmaceutical supply system.
13. Pharma Information System

18.  Importance of a pharmaceutical management information system
A good PMIS provides the necessary information to make sound
decisions in the pharmaceutical sector.
 Effective pharmaceutical management requires policymakers, program
managers, and health care providers to monitor information related to
patient adherence, drug resistance, availability of medicines and
laboratory supplies, patient safety, post market intelligence, product
registration, product quality, financing and program management,
among other issues.
13. Pharma Information System