Causes And External Factors Of Extrinsic Ageing

Causes And External Factors Of Extrinsic Ageing
This essay will focus on the internal (Intrinsic) and external (Extrinsic) factors that will have an
effect on the aging process. Intrinsic ageing is when it is genetic or chronological ageing and
extrinsic is environmental or their lifestyle. There is a range of internal effects including hormones
and physiological decline, however, this essay will focus on genetics and ethnicity. The external
factors that will be discussed are sun exposure and lifestyle.
Genetics play a major part on skin ageing, "Your genetic factors dictate the rate at which the ageing
process processes" (Eucerin, 2017). Therefore, it can influence how quickly the skin ages and how it
affects the overall skin condition due to the skin being made of so many proteins, for example, the
basic structure of the skin is collagen which is a protein and also melanin which gives the skin its
pigment (Siddons, 2009). As well as, "Signs of aging [sic] occur when the fibroblast cells that step
in to repair damaged collagen fibers [sic] cannot complete their work – a product of aging [sic]
cells" (Dermascope, 2017). Once you start to get older your body's collagen slows down, which
provides the skin with its strength and flexibility. The body also replaces skin cells at a slower rate
as you age this and other influences cause the skin the to result in wrinkles, freckles and age spots
(Oz, 2017). Additionally, keeping hydrated is essential for the skin "the amount of hyaluronic acid
found in the dermis begins to
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The Effect Of Dl- 2 On Antioxidant Capacity And Its...
Effects of DL– 2–hydroxy–4(methylthio)butanoic acid supplementation on antioxidant capacity and
its related gene expression in lung and liver of broilers exposed to low temperature
J.P. Wang, G.L. Yang, K.Y. Zhang, X.M. Ding, S.P. Bai, Q.F. Zeng*
Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease–Resistance Nutrition of China
Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130
*Corresponding author：Prof. Qiufeng, Zeng
Tel (Fax): 86–28–86290922; Email: zqf@sicau.edu.cn
Abstract
DL–2–hydroxy–4(methylthio)butanoic acid (DL–HMTBA) exhibits a higher antioxidant capability
in vitro as compared to DL–methionine, but the mechanism is not known. A total of 400 8–d–old
broilers were allotted to a 2 [Low (14–16℃) or control temperature] × 2 (0.17% or 0.51% DL–
HMTBA) factorial arrangement to investigate effects of DL–HMTBA on the gene expression
related to oxidative stress in low temperature. The hepatic glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase
(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH–Px) activities were decreased, while protein carbonyl and
malodndialdehyde content in lung were increased in low temperature (P10–fold decrease in CβS
protein levels. Therefore, it indicated that DL–HMTBA supplementation may increase MAT–1A and
CβS gene expression, to enhance Met trans–sulfuration to GSH, then to increase antioxidant
capacity of broilers exposed to low ambient temperature (39). Further work is needed to determine
whether the

How Does Radiation Cause Biologic Damage?
Every day patients are exposed to radiation with diagnostic x–rays, computed tomography, and
radiation therapy. Exposure to radiation can cause biologic damage. Cellular damage can be
produced by direct action or indirect action. Direct action occurs when the DNA is directly hit by a
radiation photon, which can result in single–stranded breaks in DNA and two or more strand breaks.
Indirect action occurs through the radiolysis of water leading to the production of free radicals. The
hydroxyl radical and hydrogen radical are both unstable. The hydroxyl radical can result in the
production of hydrogen peroxide, and the hydrogen radical in the presence of oxygen results in the
production of the hydroperoxyl radical. Studies have been performed ... Show more content on
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Tomato products have the highest levels of antioxidants, which means they are more efficient than
tomatoes at lessening the occurrence of oxidation–related disease. If sixty grams of tomato puree is
consumed over a three–week period, the concentration of lycopene will increase. An increased
concentration of lycopene will strengthen the resistance of lymphocyte DNA to oxidative stress,
which is known as a large factor associated with increased cancer risk. An experiment was done to
study lymphocytes after being exposed to one, two, or four Gy. As exposure increased, there was an
increase in the number of micronuclei, dicentric chromatids, and translocation occurrences. When
pretreated with lycopene, the occurrence of the previous aberrations was reduced. These results
established that lycopene is efficient at protecting lymphocytes against damage caused by radiation.
Lycopene also has few adverse effects, and it is easy to access at an affordable price, which makes
lycopene a likely chosen radioprotectant. Knowledge of the adverse effects of radiation is important
because most, if not all, of the human population has been exposed to radiation at one point in their
life. It is also important for people to know what they can to protect their bodies from

Urate's Pro-Oxidant Effects
Urate's pro–oxidant effects could link hyperuricemia and inflammatory disease, yet the mechanism
is obscure. For humans, dietary purine is broken down and released as urate. Urate builds up in
human serum because we lack the enzyme Uricase to promote its excretion. In healthy doses urate
acts as an antioxidant and scavenges reactive oxygen species. Yet, high serum urate (hyperuricemia)
is associated with gout, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, the link being oxidative
stress. Urate promotes oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species or promoting
biomolecule oxidation. Concentration affects urate's antioxidant or pro–oxidant activity, ergo the
'dose makes the poison'.
Novel oxidant urate hydroperoxide could aggravate

Health Care For Chronically Ill Individuals
Abstract:
Provided the demographic changes affecting America, it is increasingly important to identify the key
factors in healthy aging and longevity. The prohibitive cost of health care for chronically ill
individuals makes it important to pursue all avenues of study related to health in an aging
population. Genetics is thought to comprise ~30% of the multi–faceted factors associated with
longevity. It is important to summarize the current information available on the molecular basis of
longevity to provide the foundation for future therapies. Two of the most highly associated genes
with longevity across populations are APOE and FOXO3A. Additionally, signaling cascades
associated with inflammation, immunity, nitrous oxide, and DNA ... Show more content on
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Although a multitude of factors does play a role in overall health, this specific article is concerned
with the genetic factor. Previous studies have posited that genes play roughly a 30% role in the
determination of longevity across various groups in the U.S. (Newman and Murabito, 2013). Our
position is that as future generations become more prosperous and lifestyle choices become more
standardized, the genetic factors will play an even more crucial role in driving longevity. In order to
make better lifestyle choices and seek loci for targeted therapy it is instrumental to continue research
on the specific genes and mechanisms that play a role in our longevity.
Results and Discussion: Based on previously conducted studies, two specific genes have reliably
demonstrated a link with longevity. The first is APOE, the gene encoding for a class of proteins
known as Apolipoprotein E (P–ApoE). The primary function of P–ApoE is to transport lipoproteins,
vitamins, and cholesterol throughout the body, utilizing the circulatory system (Schachter et al.,
1994). There are known to be 3 typical polymorphisms (e2, e3, and e4) of the APOE gene in the
general population. These polymorphisms lead to a total of 6 genotypes. For example, the e4 allele
plays a role in the development of Alzheimer's

Questions On Cold Storage
4. Discussion
4.1 Chilling injury index
We previously reported that a 15–d period of cold storage at 5 °C was enough to develop CI
symptoms in mature–green tomato fruit cv. Imperial (Vega–García et al., 2010). In agreement with
those results, in the present study we observed CI symptoms after the fruit was stored 10 d at 5 °C,
but they were more intense after 15 d of cold storage (Fig. 2). As expected, tomato fruit stored at 12
°C did not show CI symptoms (Malacrida et al., 2006; Bojórquez–Gálvez et al., 2010; Vega–García
et al., 2010). The highest increase in CI index was observed after 10 d of storage at 5 °C, suggesting
that the major events leading to the CI symptoms occurred within this period, at least under the
conditions used in the present study. Similar results were obtained by Zhao et al. (2009) in tomato
fruit stored at 2 °C for 15 d, who reported that after 10 d of storage the CI index was 3 or 4 times
higher than that observed after 5 d. In a similar way, Ding et al. (2001) observed that tomato fruit
stored at 5 °C showed the most dramatical changes before the first 2 weeks. Nevertheless, the
application of a HWT to the fruit prior to cold storage provided tolerance to CI, resulting in lower CI
index values than those of non–HWT fruits.
Several studies have reported the effectiveness of HWT to decrease CI symptoms in diverse fruits.
McDonald et al. (1999) found that application of HWT at several time and temperature conditions in
tomato cv. Sunbeam decreased

Dietary Antioxidants : Natural And Synthetic
Abstract:
Dietary antioxidants, both natural and synthetic have been recent research topics for cancer. They
have been utilized to see the prevention of cancer, use during cancer treatment, and long–term side
effects and/or outcomes. Antioxidants work to neutralize free radicals that are produced with the
body. When these free radicals, or Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are found in high quantities,
they can be very harmful to the body. It has been found that certain dietary antioxidants, such as
Selenium, Curcumin, EGCG, and Resveratrol have been used in studies of cervical cancer. These
patients yielded positive results in regards to limiting side effects as well as cancer treatment
outcomes. Synthetically made dietary antioxidants are not are effective in regards to human cancer
prevention or treatment. It has been found that these substances may cause adverse health effects in
humans or have no significant positive outcomes. It is important when utilizing these antioxidant
supplements to not engage in any negative health behaviors, like smoking, in order to decrease the
risk to having adverse side effects to the antioxidants. If a patient smokes and takes these
supplements, tumor metastasis could occur. It was also found that it is important to take the correct
amount of these supplements to reduce the risk of cancelling out chemotherapy treatment. During
chemotherapy, ROS are created to kill cancer cells and with too many antioxidant properties, the
chemotherapy will not

Antimicrobial And Antioxidant Activities Of Leaves
The present study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of leaves
of Elephantopus scaber by using different solvent (ethyl alcohol ,acetone and aqueous). The leaves
extract from Elephantopus scaber using different solvents to extract were evaluated for antioxidant
activity by using DPPH method using a different concentrations (1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100)
μg/ml. The results of this method was compared with ascorbic acid as standard. The IC50 value of
standard (ascorbic acid) was found to be 20 mg/ml. This study showed the strongest DPPH radical–
scavenging activity of (52.54±0.81)% inhibition at concentration of 40 mg/ml, and IC50 value was
30 mg/ml was found the scavenging activity of (44.92±0.26)% for ethyl alcohol extract. Acetone
extract of leaves was found at of concentration 60 mg/ml scavenging activity of 53.26±0.34%. The
IC50 value of aqueous extract of leaves was (60)μg/ml with percentage inhibition of (54.28±0.28)%
followed by (44.57±0.53)% at concentration 40 mg/ml. Introduction
Elephantopus scaber L. (Elephant's foot) is an important medicinal plant which is distributed
worldwide in all tropical regions [1]. The whole plant (root, leaf and bark) is used medicinally,
because of the presence of sesquiterpene lactones, deoxyelephantopin,isodeoxyelephantopin,
scabertopin, stigmasterol,epifriedelinol, lupeol and stigmasterol throughout the whole plant [2][3].
As per the traditional system of medicine, it is reported that the

The Effect Of Substrate Concentration On Activity Of Catalase
The purpose of this experiment was to analyze the effects of substrate concentration and temperature
on activity of catalase. The activity was measured by observing the amount of time it took for 10 mL
of oxygen to evolve as an outcome of the catalyzed breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. Increased
temperature and substrate concentration will both effect the activity of a catalase enzyme. We used 4
different temperatures of an enzyme, as well as a variety of scientific materials. The results of this
experiment confirmed the hypothesis that was tested.
Introduction:
A catalase is an enzyme that is typically found in all living organisms that are exposed to oxygen. A
catalase catalyzes the decompositions of hydrogen peroxide to hydrogen and water. Catalase are
categorized as tetramers because they are polymers consisting of four monomer units. The complex
structure of the catalase tetramer as well as the hydrophobic nature of heme and its potential in
generating reactive oxygen species indicate the need for tightly controlled and assisted assembly of
catalase (Baureder). They are much different from the peroxidases, with considerable pleated sheet
structure, and usually with a bound NADPH molecule (Dunford 12). Enzymes are important
because they protect the cell from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species. Catalase levels help
to define the oxidative state of cells (Terlecky).
Change was not predicted to occur if there was no catalase present. Although, the higher the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Acetaminophene
Acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the most commonly used analgesic and antipyretic drugs
worldwide and easily available for use without a prescription. In 2014, over 67,000 people receive
an overdose of APAP in the US, among which around 1,200 cases ended with severe liver failure or
death [1].
Over the past two decades, considerable effort has been made to understand the mechanisms of
APAP hepatotoxicity. Although the complex molecular mechanisms remain speculative, several
theories have been proposed to explain APAP–induced hepatotoxicity. During metabolism, around
5–10% APAP is biotransformed into a highly reactive metabolite, N–acetyl–p–benzoquinone imine
(NAPQI), by several cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) [2]. Normally, hepatic glutathione ... Show
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Among these cell lines, human hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2), an easy–to–handle and inexpensive
cell model, is one of most frequently used cell lines in hepatotoxicity studies. HepG2 cells, which
are isolated from a hepatoblastoma, exhibit many genotypic characteristics that are crucial for
toxicity responses [11, 12]. Indeed, these cells express a low level of CYP2E1, but the expression of
other CYPs playing essential roles in APAP metabolism (such as CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4)
are comparable with other more metabolic competent human hepatic models, such as HepaRG and
primary human hepatocytes (PHH) [13]. CYP2E1, exclusively located in the endoplasmic reticulum
(ER) as well as mitochondria, is an effective ROS generator in cells during catalyzing APAP
metabolism to NAPQI [14, 15]. Therefore, HepG2 cells, which has a minimal level of CYP2E1–
induced ROS formation, could be a useful model to study the contribution of non–CYP2E1–
mediated mitochondrial–specific oxidative stress in APAP–induced hepatic injury. In fact, the
CYP2E1 expression and enzyme activity vary substantially in both non–compound–exposed and
compound–exposed liver slices obtained from human donors [16, 17]. Moreover, genetic variation
of CYP2E1 (CYP2E1*5, *1B and *1D), which have been associated with

Zebrafish Synthesis
Abstract
Oxygen is essential for human life, but an excess of oxygen could easily become toxic and have an
adverse effects on the mammalian brain due to excessive formation of reactive oxygen species,
commonly known as ROS. In previous studies, changes in hippocampal DNA material have been
observed in validated animal models of PTSD (Chertkow–Deutsher, Cohen, Klein, & Ben–Shachar,
2010). These changes in the genome may very well be the underlying cause of long–term traumatic
memories. Previous studies conducted at Texas A&M University – Commerce used zebrafish as a
model for post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), however, the results not only proved that zebrafish
show symptoms of PTSD, but in fact we observed modification in the neural progenitor cells around
the hippocampal area of the zebrafish brain. High concentrations of ROS can be the reason behind
the modification of the neural cells. Therefore, the importance of this study is to investigate the
molecular pathways of ROS in the zebrafish brain. We hypothesize that using an antioxidant, N–
acetyl–L–cysteine (NAC) could reduce the concentrations of trauma induced ROS, which would
ultimately prevent the modifications in the neural progenitor cells in zebrafish.
Introduction
Zebrafish: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2013;90:118–126). Zebrafish are not only cost–efficient, but also easy to house. Therefore, they are
considered ideal species for studying genetic mutations and molecular pathways (Ali S, et
al.2012;228:272–283). Zebrafish are known to be social animals, which is an effective
representation of human nature. Zebrafish also make very good research models to test for long–
term stress disorders since they have the ability to show a wide variety of behavioral changes that
can be observed in human

Chloroplast Essay
The mitochondria and the chloroplast are important intracellular generators of reactive oxygen
species (ROS). In chloroplasts, ROS can be generated by direct transfer of excitation energy from
chlorophyll to produce singlet oxygen, or by univalent oxygen reduction of photosystem I, in the
Mehler reaction (Gill and Tuteja, 2010).The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) harbours
electrons with sufficient free energy to directly reduce O2 which is considered the unavoidable
primary source of mitochondrial ROS generation, a necessary accompaniment to aerobic respiration
(Gill and Tuteja, 2010).
However, ROS production in mitochondria takes place under normal respiratory conditions but can
be enhanced in response to various biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Complex I and III of
mitochondrial electron transport chain are the sites of O2ˉ production. In aqueous solution, O2ˉ is
moderately reactive, but this O2ˉ can further reduced by SOD dismutation to H2O2 (Quan et al.,
2008)
In the absence of any protective mechanism ROS are highly reactive and they can seriously disrupt
normal metabolism through oxidative damage to protein, lipids and nucleic ... Show more content
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These results are similar in part to results obtained by Garratt et al., (2002) who found enhanced
SOD activity under P deficient condition in cotton cultures. Tewari et al., (2004) reported that, the
SOD activity in maize was significantly enhanced due to deficient supplies of all macronutrients
except calcium, in which the increase in SOD activity was insignificant. They also explained that,
deficiency of each of the macronutrients not only intensified the achromatic bands of SOD activity
compared to those in the control but also indicated new SOD isoforms. While in the control plants,
six SOD isoforms were detected, deficiencies of P and Mg caused induction of three new SOD

Antioxidants And Its Effects On Health
Most of us have heard of antioxidants and their flabbergasting health properties. Since the onset of
early scientific findings linking antioxidants to better health the supplement industry has lured
consumers who want a life with fewer health complications and an increase in overall wellness. But
beyond the hype of crunchy granolas, Toms, and antioxidants what should we all know about these
compounds? What do they protect against and how is this accomplished? What is their relation to
aging and disease? Can we trust the fad diet claims or more specifically, those in the supplement
industry? If you are interested in the answer to any of these questions and more just stick around, I
promise your time will be well spent.
In short, antioxidants do exactly what their name implies, i.e., they protect against oxidative stress
and damaged caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) otherwise known as free radicals, but a
foundational knowledge of these ROS is essential to understand the role of antioxidants in body
dynamics. To begin we need to understand what free radicals are and where they come from.
Concisely free radicals are highly reactive molecules with an unequal number of electrons that have
the potential to create chain reactions to further "radicalized" other molecules (this is exactly how
plastics are made) and cause cellular damage, for our discussion it is appropriate to focus solely on
oxygen. Molecular oxygen (O2) accounts for approximately 20 percent of the air we

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Lunasin
Antioxidant and Anti–inflammatory Properties of Lunasin:
Experimental, clinical and epidemiological studies have revealed that chronic inflammation is
involved in the development of approximately 15–20% of malignancies worldwide52, being clearly
associated with increased risk of cancer and cancer progression53. It is believed that persistent
inflammatory cells recruitment, repeated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), pro–
inflammatory mediators and continued proliferation of genomically unstable cells contribute to
neoplasic transformation which ultimately result in tumor invasion and metastasis54. Determination
of anti–inflammatory and/or antioxidative properties has been proposed as a good indicator for
screening any anticancerous agents55,56. Oxidative stress and inflammation are two of the most
critical factors implicated in carcinogenesis and other degenerative disorders such as colon cancer
and inflammatory bowel diseases respectively. Hernandez–Ledesma and co–worker investigated
how lunasin, affect these factors. Lunasin inhibits linoleic acid oxidation and acts as 2, 20–azino–bis
(3–ethylbenzothiazoline–6–sulfonic acid) (ABTS) diammonium salt radical scavenger. Furthermore,
using Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, lunasin reduced the
production of ROS by LPS induced macrophages in a significant dose–dependent manner. Lunasin
also inhibited the release of pro–inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor–a [TNF–a] and
interleukine–6

Effects Of Renal Intoxication
Renal injury due to KBrO3 intoxication could be evaluated by assessment of serum urea, creatinine,
and uric acid, which were used as early indicators of renal dysfunction [39].The significant increase
in serum urea, creatinine and uric acid in the KBrO3 –treated rats indicate the development of renal
dysfunction and reduced glomerular filtration rate. The increase in uric acid level also may be due to
degradation of purines and pyrimidines which strongly related to the significant increase in xanthine
oxidase activity resulted in overproduction of uric acid. The increase in xanthine oxidase activity
does not only catalyze the formation of uric acid but also generate ROS. Therefore, the elevated
xanthine oxidase activity could explain the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pro–inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF–α) and IL–6, are thought to
act as a central factor in the pathophysiology of chronic kidney disorders [43]. Oxidative stress is
also involved in the inflammatory response. ROS can induce inflammatory processes by activation
of transcription factors, which induce secretion of pro–inflammatory cytokines, including TNF–α
and IL–6 [44]. In this study, results illustrated that KBrO3 induced an inflammatory reaction
indicated by increasing renal TNF–α and IL–6 levels . However, treatment with taurine and /or
vanillin prior KBrO3 administration suppressed the overproduction of TNF–α and IL–6 in renal
tissue provided a protective effect against kidney pathological changes. Interestingly, the observed
results show that pretreatment of rats with vanillin also caused the apparent reduction in levels of
proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)–1β, IL–6, and tumor necrosis factor–alpha . This
is in accordance with the previous results obtained [45] reported that pre–treatment with vanillin
resulted in a normalization

Summary: The Shortage Of Skin Cells
As cells age they are unable to multiply to make new cells and they will start to decline in
efficiency. The fewer healthy cells someone has the more signs of aging they will show. For
example, when your skin cells die or get damaged, your skin gets thinner and begins to wrinkle. The
main reasons why cells get damaged are the excess production of free radicals in the inner
mitochondrial membrane, which then leads to the damage of DNA in both the nucleus and the
mitochondria (Weintraub, 2014). This damage to the DNA causes a decline in intercellular
communication, another cause for cell disrepair. However, there are ways to reverse these effects.
These include supplementing your diet with nutrients proven to reduce free radicals and repair
DNA. There is also the potential that one day scientists could remove the damaged mitochondria
from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overall, the decline in mitochondrial function accelerates the aging process due to the increase in
free radical production and the lack of communication between DNA and the mitochondria.
Fundamentally, free radicals are a natural occurrence in cells, however, excess free radicals can
attack DNA. Young cells are able to produce substances called antioxidants to defend organelles, but
with time this process declines in efficiency (Finkel et al., 2016). One of the free radicals produced
in the inner mitochondrial membrane is called superoxide. It is eventually converted into one of the
most damaging forms of free radicals called the hydroxyl radical (Bratic and Larsson, 2013). In
younger cells this free radical would typically get destroyed so that it wouldn't accumulate in the
cell. However, the mitochondria's

Lead Poisoning Research Paper
Heavy metal poisoning is nothing new. It has been known for centuries that some heavy metal
compounds are quite toxic to people. A particularly infamous and widely known heavy metal is lead.
Lead has been a particular useful element in early human history. It saw many uses from making
jewelry to the height of its use in the ancient world as Roman plumbing. Most people would shudder
at the thought of drinking water from lead pipes with all the hysteria associated with lead; however,
lead pipes or more commonly lead solder are still around today though mainly in outdated water
lines that have been grandfathered. Oddly enough, the Romans were actually aware of the toxic
properties of lead. Lead workers were even described as being notoriously ... Show more content on
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It rather is becoming a problem due to pollution. A recent and highly publicized lead poisoning case
was that of Flint, Michigan's water supply. Lead poisoning in the U.S. is generally caused by
contaminated water. Lead in the public water supply is generally due to absorption from lead pipes
or solder. Absorption of lead into water has been found proportional to the temperature of the water.
Unsurprisingly, the warmer the water, the higher the lead concentration; however, the change in lead
concentration compared to the temperature shift is quite surprising. Ơ Between 10 and 23 degrees
Celsius, it has been shown that a 1 degree shift in temperature can change the dissolved lead
concentration by 5 percent. Δ Another factor which impacts the amount of dissolved lead in tap
water is water

Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Report
Smooth muscle founded in the gastrointestinal tract of the Northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens,
contracts through myogenic activity. However, neurotransmitters from the parasympathetic and the
sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous can influence the strength of these myogenic
contractions. To explore myogenic activity under the influence of the autonomic control, we
examined the contractile activity with and without additions of chemical compounds associated with
the autonomic nervous system. We also wanted to observe contractile activity under the influence of
mechanical stimulus by manually stretching the gastrointestinal smooth muscle. With the addition of
acetylcholine and eserine a significant increase in contraction amplitude and ... Show more content
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The addition of acetylcholine caused a significant increase in contraction amplitude from 0.00983 +
0.00109 N (N=3) to 0.0740 + 0.00807 N (N=3) (Fig. 1). It also caused a significant increase in
contraction duration from 17.3 + 1.44 s (N=3) to 47 + 10.5 s (N=3), the maximum duration observed
(Fig 3). The second compound added was eseine. The amplitude of these contractions significantly
increased to 0.117 + 0.0126 N (N=3), the maximum amplitude observed (Fig. 1). The frequency of
contractions also significantly increased from 1.67 + 0.577 (N=3) to 3 + 0 (N=3), the maximum
frequency observed (Fig. 2). Moreover, contraction duration significantly increased to 41.8 + 5.01 s
(N=3) when compared to the baseline (Fig. 3). There was a third and fourth treatment that added the
chemical compounds atropine and epinephrine respectively, but due to the flat lining of the
gastrointestinal smooth muscle, measurements were not obtained. After the manual stretch of the
gastrointestinal smooth muscle only one contraction was observed. The amplitude of these stretches
decreased to 0.00167 + 0.000404 N (N=3), the minimum amplitude observed

The Signs Of Aging And Aging
When a person thinks of aging, they can think of many things, from a baby getting taller, to an older
person growing gray hair. A person's body changes constantly throughout the span of their life.
There is no helping it. While most people think of a person getting older as a person getting
wrinkles, losing hair, and becoming more fragile, there are actually many other affects than just
those. There are visible effects, and effects that are not visible by just looking at someone. In this
paper, both types of effects will be discussed.
The Signs of Aging
There are many different signs of aging. When a person is an infant, they show aging as the grow
and develop. They show it through their brain development and through learning things. After the
early year of adults however, aging becomes a little more different. Aging is no longer so flashy, it is
more minimal and less noticeable. Throughout the middle adult years of a person's life, some
outside changes include things such as differences in the skin. For example, wrinkles and age spots
can occur. Age spots are caused by the chemical melanin, which darkens a person's skin when they
tan. When a person grows older, melanin can begin to clump together with causes dark spots on the
skin, or age spots. Wrinkles are caused by the skin losing some elasticity and the epidermis
becoming less firmly attached to the dermis. Gravity also causes skin to sag which can cause
wrinkles too. Other visible aging signs include changes in a

Oxidative stress promotion: Disturbance of the...
Oxidative stress promotion: Disturbance of the prooxidant–antioxidant balance in favour of the
former is termed as oxidative stress (Aly et al. 2010; Uchendu et al. 2012). The outcome of this
multistep process is tissue damage which builds a path from the onset of tissue damage through
diseases to finally apoptosis (Agrawal and Sharma 2010). Damage induced by oxidative stress
occurs through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which includes oxygen derived free
radicals such as superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and non radical derivatives as hydrogen
peroxide (Tebourbi et al. 2011; Verma et al. 2007). ROS induces alterations and damage to
macromolecules like lipids and proteins, most common phenomena being lipid peroxidation ...
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Pyrethroids also interfere with Ca balance. They inhibit both Ca–ATPase and Ca–MgATPase. This
results in impact on neurotransmitter release and inhibition of Ca uptake (Coats 1990).
Xenobiotics may enhance the sensitization to allergens because of their modulating effect on T–
cells. Neoantigen formation, metabolism of xenobiotics into reactive–haptenic metabolites,
induction of costimulatory enzymes and sensitization of T–cells can give rise to autoimmunity and
allergies (Reichrtova et al. 1999).
Health Impacts of pesticide exposure:
Human exposure whether directly or through diet may result in acute and delayed health effects.
Food contaminated with toxic pesticides is associated with severe effects on human health (Kaushik
et al. 2009, Forget 1991; Amoguis et al. 2010; Androutsopoulos et al. 2012). WHO estimates show
that over 500,000 people died from self poisoning in South East Asia and Western Pacific during
2000 alone (WHO 2001; Litchfield 2005). In developing countries, the estimated annual incidence
rate in agricultural workers was found to be 18.2 per 100 000 full–time workers and 7.4 per million
school children (Bolognesi and Merlo 2011). In India, poisoning due to pesticides was first reported
in 1958 in Kerela where over more than 100 people died after consuming parathion contaminated
wheat flour (Karunakaran 1958) and the proportion has been quite

Pros And Cons Of Ageing
What is ageing:
According to the oxford dictionary, ageing is the process of change in the properties of a material
occurring over a period, either spontaneously or through deliberate action.
In biology, the term Senescence is used, which describes biological ageing. Each cell in the human
body experience stress and damage from exogenous and endogenous sources. These cells then
respond, in a manner, which could lead to cell death or cell recovery. This is where ageing comes
into play, where the cells try to recover, but fail in doing so correctly. The remaining cells
subsequently have permanent damage, which hinders them from working at their full potential. This
process continuously happens inside the human body. Aging is also a good ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This would reduce the need for old age homes. As figure 4.1 shows, with age comes experience.
This means that by raising the life expectancy and health of people, you would also increase the
availability of experienced gathered, that could be shared and utilised.
Cons:
As a person gains years to their life, they experience many heartaches, friends dying or just plainly
tragedies that occurred. This could cause a build up of psychological damage, and tend to make a
person non–functional. Therefore, if a person were to live an extended lifespan, they might not live
it happily. Increasing the average lifespan of people, would also decrease the mortality rate in the
populations, which would only add to the current problem of overcrowding in the world. Ethics
When we look at the ethics behind an extended lifespan, you also need to take a look at the
consequences of these actions. The main ethics are mainly; Will everyone have an equal chance to
an extended lifespan and will there be enough room for the new

Stress And Oxidative Stress
Aerobic organisms need molecular oxygen (O2) for respiration or oxidation of nutrients to obtain
energy. There are some reactive by–products of cellular respiration, derived from molecular oxygen,
that are generated continuously in cells grown aerobically, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
superoxide anion radical (O2–), and the highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (OH).These reactive
oxygen species (ROS) are essential for various functions such as homeostasis and cell signaling but
an imbalance in favor of reactive oxygen species results in oxidative stress (OS) (Kashmiri et
al.,2014). Oxidative stress (OS) result in interference in the functioning of biological systems that
maintain levels of environmentally produced reactive oxygen species (ROS), by readily detecting
and detoxifying them (Lucana et al., 2012). Living organisms have adopted mechanisms to protect
themselves against oxidative stress, by producing enzymes such as catalase and superoxide
dismutase, small proteins like thioredoxin and glutaredoxin, and molecules such as glutathione (
Cabiscol et al.,1999). Metallo–enzymes such as superoxide dismutases are the primary antioxidant
enzymes that protect cells from oxidative damage of superoxide radicals, by catalyzing dismutation
of superoxide (O2–) to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. Superoxide dismutases, as name suggests
dismutes superoxide. Dismutation reaction is that in which two equal but opposite reactions occur
on two separate molecules. SOD takes two

Factors That Affect The Growth Of Cells And Their Cellular...
Significance
Age is a universal time–dependent deterioration factor that affects all organisms and their cellular
functions, thus, determining their lifespan. Actin organization and function declines with age in
many cells, tissues and organs. For example, age–associated declines in myosin and actomyosin
ATPase activities, changes in myosin structural state, and oxidative damage to actomyosin occur and
may contribute to sarcopenia [1]. Similarly, the age–associated deficit in the motility of fibroblasts,
which contributes to impaired wound healing, has been linked to a progressive decline in actin
organization [2]. There is an age–associated decline in immunological synapse formation between
CD4+ T cells and the antigen presenting cells (APC) in which actin cytoskeletal structure and
dynamics are critical for this formation and activation of T cells (6 and 14 – CS). Defects in T cell
activation are shown to be a result of defects in recruiting actin binding protein talin, which is
critical for reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, and development of lamellipodia, which is
responsible for increasing the communication surface area between CD4+ T cell and APC at the
immunological synapses (6 and 14 – CS). Finally, actin cytoskeleton integrity declines in
Alzheimer's patients affecting the integrity of dendritic spines by disrupting its morphology and
impinging memory and learning (20n21 – CS). In Alzheimer's patients there is a disproportionate
expression of cofilin,

The Effects Of Irradiation
Exposure to ionizing radiation induces oxidative damage that leads to alteration of tissue
physiological function as observed in the present study. This was evidenced by significant elevation
in kidney MDA content. These results match the increase in lipid peroxidation post irradiation
obtained by Srinivasan et al. (2007) and Pratheeshkumar and kuttan (2011). Free radicals generated
by irradiation react with unsaturated lipids generating hydroperoxides, which in turn can induce
changes in lipid bilayer thereby altering the membrane permeability and inducing lipid peroxidation
(Suzuki et al. 1997). Also, significant elevation of kidney GSH contents were observed in irradiated
rats. This increase in GSH level may be due to transcriptional ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
1997) or due to radiation–induced deterioration in liver detoxification function (Robbins et al.
2001). In addition, the increment in serum urea level which is the major end–product of protein
catabolism may be also due to excess degradation of protein post irradiation (Moulder et al. 2002).
Results of the present study also showed that whole body gamma irradiation at 6.5Gy evoked a
sharp increase in glucose level and decrease in Mg kidney content. Hyperglycemia has been found
post irradiation due to minimized utilization of glucose by injured tissues as well as acceleration of
gluconeogenesis which is indirect result of irradiation (Abdel–Salam et al. 2006). The
hypomagnesaemia may be due to insufficient renal function or excess release through damaged cells
post irradiation (Kotb et al. 1990).
Lipid metabolism abnormalities, is a characteristic consequence of renal insufficiency (Trevisan et
al. 2006). In the present study, significant elevation was observed in serum cholesterol, triglycerides
and LDL levels while there was a significant decrease in HDL serum level of irradiated rats. This
confirms that previously reported by Baker et al. (2009); Anees et al. (2014) and Abd El kader et al.
(2015). This indicates that ionizing radiation–induced oxidative stress might alter hepatic lipid
metabolism and serum

The Human Body And Its Effects On The Body
Introduction: Astaxanthin is a carotenoid, belonging to the xanthophyll family. It has oxygen atoms
in it which differentiates it form carotenes, which are pure hydrocarbons. It has a very unique
structure, even among xanthophylls, which places it accurately within cell membranes and
lipoproteins. It is conferred with anti oxidative, anti inflammatory powers due to this precise
positioning. (Kidd P., 2011) It also protects the mitochondrial double membrane system along with
improving its energy production capacity. Due to different metabolic processes in the human body, a
large number of free radicals are continuously being generated. The human body possesses
inhibitors which scavenge these free radicals and maintain homeostasis. Sometimes the amount of
these radicals exceeds the normal anti oxidant capacity. These free radicals then cause damaging
effects on the organelles in the cells of the body by oxidative stress.
Literature review: Sources:
Astaxanthin cannot be produced in the human body. Sea food is the primary source of Astaxanthin
for human beings at present. Sea algae, few bacteria and fungi produce it. It is consumed by humans
through larger fish like salmon, krill, lobsters, crabs, and crayfish etc. which feed on these micro
organisms and accumulate it in their bodies. Synthetic Astaxanthin is also available, but shows
variation in molecular profile. Heamatococcus pluvialis is an alga which is cultured on commercial
scale to obtain Astaxanthin. Tablets,

Oxidative Stress Lab Report
Biochemistry of Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress
The research was done by Sabry M. El–Bahr at the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 22758, Alexandria University, Egypt. The overall purpose of this
experiment was to study the causes of oxidative stress that is caused by free radical. It is known that
the free radicals and the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are used interchangeably. ROS can
damage DNA, biomembrane lipids, proteins and other macromolecules. The primary source of ROS
is the leakage of electron from the respiratory chain during the reduction of molecular oxygen to
water generating superoxide anion. The classification of ROS includes oxygen centered radicals and
oxygen centered non– radicals. Moreover, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The system can take care of those reactive oxygen species, some of them are enzymes, including
glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase which are the most major antioxidant
enzymes that are capable to minimize oxidative stress in the organelles, and some are non–enzyme
antioxidants such as glutathione, selenium, vitamin C and E. Oxidative stress is when the balance is
in favor of oxidase, so when the antioxidants systems in the cell cannot keep up, something gets out
of whack and things start to come oxidized. This can happen in a lot of ways, we have endogenous
sources of ROS; things that are happening in the cell like aerobic cellular respiration where the ROS
are being produced as a result of some byproduct or some cellular process that supposed to be
occurring like electron transport in cellular respiration or breaking down fatty acid and peroxisome.
In this study, scientist found that there are levels of free radicals reactivity of the compounds that are
being produced in the cell; some with least reactivity such as H2O2, and some are highly reactive
such as OH. The free radicals can affect the cell negatively. One of the element that generates free
radicals and causes oxidative stress is cadmium. It increases lipid peroxidation and/or changes
intracellular glutathione levels. However, investigators found that some plants such as curcumin is a
natural drug that works

Effects Of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species ( MPROS )
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) can have two effects on the mitochondria when
produced in excess. It can result in the activation of protective pathways in the mitochondria as well
as activate the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). The mPTP core is
speculated to have come from the ATP synthase dimer and can arrange into a nonselective channel.
The opening function of the mPTP is normal within the mitochondria, but long and frequent opening
of the pore is predicted to increase aging and the chance of developing degenerative diseases. mROS
is further produced when the mPTP opens for long periods of time as well as the release of calcium,
NAD+, and glutathione. Excessive release of these metabolites ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This new study further supported the idea that frequent and long openings of the mPTP are
associated with the advance of aging. Another example of this circular effect is the opening of the
mPTP leads to the release of NAD+ which also leads to longer openings of mPTP. The original
opening of the mPTP can be caused by the excessive production of mROS which can either cause
further opening of the mPTP due to the release of NAD+ or interestingly enough, induce a
protective pathway that protects the mitochondria from the damage of the openings. However, the
loss of NAD+ can lead to inflammation and, in even small amounts, inhibit the protection pathways
that protect the mitochondria from the pore openings. Aging increases the amount of mROS
produced and results in more frequent openings of the mPTP. It is possible that the pore opening
event can lead to the exit of mROS into the cytosol of the cell, however it could also lead to more
oxidative stress and further opening of the pore. mROS also effects the electron transport chain
which forces these complexes to become part of the circular effect causing more oxidative damage
and more openings of the pore. The researchers in this study believe that is it possible that aging is
not fully responsible for the inhibition of the electron transport chain since it could be just a result of
prolonged opening of the mPTP. To support this theory, old rats that were observed to have inhibited
electron transport chains were given

Facial Massage Research Paper
Say Goodbye To Aging With This Five Minutes Facial Massage
How a 5 minutes facial massage can bid adieu to anti–aging? When you massage your face it
stimulates good blood circulation, boosts the skin to promote collagen which it vital to fade
wrinkles, fine lines. Blood circulation will let your skin breathe which is very important for a natural
glow. So along with anti–aging and dewy face, a good facial massage will unwind the stress in your
body and keep your relaxed. Read further to know about the quick five minutes facial massage.
1. You can do this early morning or before hitting the bed. Take your favorite facial oil, serum or
cream and rub it all over your palms.
2. Start from your temple area, massage the center point of your eyes

Enzymic Stroke Research Paper
4. Functions of ROS in ischemic stroke Under normal condition, ROS production in the brain is
balanced by the endogenous enzymatic and non–enzymatic anti–oxidative mechanisms. The
enzymes include superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase. SOD
catalyzes dismutation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, providing the first line against ROS
damage [46, 70]. GPX and catalase further metabolize hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen [71].
In the process, reduced glutathione (GSH) is oxidized to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and it can be
recycled by the NADPH–dependent GSSG reductase [72]. Non–enzymatic endogenous anti–
oxidative small molecules also play very important roles in defending against oxidative stress,
especially in extracellular space that the enzymes are absent or in very low levels [73]. Small–
molecule anti–oxidant can be water–soluble or lipid–soluble, these molecules include glutathione,
vitamin E and C (inhibits ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ROS can react with side chains of amino acids, such as Arginine, Lysine, Cysteine and Proline form
oxidation of protein [78, 79]. ROS can also react with the backbone of the protein that can lead to
peptide bond cleavage and to protein degradation [78, 80, 81]. ROS oxidation of protein can also
lead to protein–protein cross–linkage and aggregation [82, 83]. ROS caused protein oxidation and
cleavage leads to formation of protein carbonyl derivatives , which can be used as a marker for
ROS–induced protein oxidation [84]. Protein oxidation can lead to functional change of the proteins,
such as enzyme inactivation [85] or ion channel activity modification [86]. Ischemic stroke causes
extensive protein oxidation in human [87] and animal model of stroke [88]. Oxidative inactivation
of glutamine synthetase has been proposed as an important factor in the neurotoxicity caused by
cerebral ischemia in gerbil brain [89]

Essay On Clopidogrel
Clopidogrel is a second–generation thienopyridine antiplatelet agent used in humans and other
species including cats to reduce the risk of thromboembolic diseases secondary to cardiovascular
diseases and other systemic diseases. Once it's converted to clopidogrel active metabolite by
Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, clopidogrel irreversibly inhibits one of the platelet ADP receptors
leading to an inhibition of platelet activation and aggregation. Several large clinical trials revealed
that clopidogrel administration in human patients significantly reduced the platelet activation and
aggregation in vivo, and decreased the frequency of developing thromboembolic events (Sabatine
MS et al. JAMA 2005, Yusuf S et al. NEJM 2001, Chen ZM et al. Lancet 2005). ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Approximately 15 – 30% of humans shows decreased efficacy of clopidogrel due to decreased
inhibition of ADP receptors, called clopidogrel resistance. Clopidogrel inhibits the purinergic ADP
receptor P2Y12, and genetic polymorphisms of this gene was reported to be associated with
clopidogrel resistance (Fontana P, et al. Circulation 2003, Ziegler S et al. Stroke 2005). Stimulation
of another ADP receptors on platelets, P2Y1, causes conformational change of platelet surface and
weak transient platelet aggregation. It has been speculated that mutations of P2Y1 increase function
of the P2Y1 receptor and allow an escape from P2Y12 blockage by clopidogrel and leads to
clopidogrel resistance (Kunapuli SP et al. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2003, Hetherington SL et al.
Thromb Vasc Biol, 2005). Loss–of–function variant alleles in the CYP2C19 gene in human patients
also have been investigated in associated with clopidogrel resistance, which has been identified
approximately 2–14% of people depending on the

Depression Case Study
A treatment for depression could be exercise. A supervised trail was administered by the effects of
adding exercise as a treatment for twenty–six severe depressed inpatients. Eleven patients were put
into a control group and fifteen patients were put into an exercise group. These patients in the
control group were not allowed to use any form of tobacco. The patients in the exercise group had a
dose of 16.5 kcal/kg a week of aerobic exercise, they would exercise for 3 times a week across the
time period that they were in the hospital, while the control group was not exercising while they
were in the hospital. The patients in the exercise group had the option to choose from a stationary
bike, treadmill, or a transport, they also were able to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the exercise group, these patients had nine sessions, the average length of the sessions were
43.51 minutes long and the median intensity was 9.7 of the heart rate reserve. The median of kcal
used was 270.64 (52.6) kcal each session. The one machine that was used the most was the
treadmill, and the average time that was spent on the treadmill was elven minutes. Just by adding
exercise to a severely depressed person, it decreased the patients TBARS serum levels, in just three
weeks. There was no difference in the second week of the experiment, pertaining to the TBARS
serum levels of the exercise or the control group. But there was a difference between the two group
when the patients had completed the treatment and were discharged from the hospital. It showed that
having an add–on exercise to the basic treatment, it will decrease the TBARS serum levels. This
treatment has also been used on patients who have chronic pulmonary disease. It shows that in just
three weeks it can start making alterations in the stress system. This stress therapy's hypothesis to
working is that a little amount of exercise advocates a transient increase in some of the reactive
oxygen species. Also, it shows that it promotes an increase in antioxidant enzymes that prevent
reactive oxygen species and oxidate stress. This results in an abundant activity of the antioxidant
enzymes, which

Uranium Exposure
Uranium Exposure and Oxidative Stress
There are many ways for cancer to get in the body, like exposure to uranium and oxidative stress.
[8]. When the mechanisms of the body loose the protein Glutathione it leads to making oxygen free
radical neutral. Two of the most important proteins in the body are glutathione (GSH) and
superoxide dismutase (SOD). Glutathione (GSH) works as an antioxidant [9]. Also, glutathione
(GSH) has an important job that removes toxic metals out of the body because glutathione (GSH)
has a sulphydryl group. This group strongly binds with toxic metals, effectively [3]. When uranium
enters the body, it will reduce glutathione (GSH). When there is a reduction of glutathione (GSH), it
leads to an increase of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Superoxide dismutase has a job of repairing the damage to the cells that the reactive oxygen species
causes. When glutathione decreases in the body, it leads to the increase of reactive oxygen species
and damages the DNA in the body. Also, glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) help
the brain to clean and remove the toxicity bypass easily into the brain tissues. Glutathione combines
to toxic metals from the brain and tissues, and then removes it by a pathway through the bile to the
feces, and out of the body. When the amount of glutathione falls, because of exposure to toxic
metals, it leads to loads of toxicity in the kidney. Then, because these toxic metals are very large and
destroy the renal tubule cells, it leads to less excretion and an acid shift of the blood. When
glutathione fails to remove the toxicity of metals from the body, it causes more damage to the
kidney, and the increase of toxicity will increase reactive oxygen species levels. Then, this leads to
the risk of cancer and immune linked illnesses. Porphyria in the urine can show us that the kidneys
have failed to work. In addition, because glutathione has a function that works as an antioxidant and
neutralizes free radicals, this helps

How Does Oxidative Stress Affect The Body
in todays world people being busy in their work fitness life family friends technology many more
they are shifting from not taking proper care of themselves. becoming fit is not the solution. there
are many infirmities related to body cell which can cause loss of happiness wealth etc. diseases can
be caused because of microbes unclean environment pathogens etc. but some diseases or infirmities
occurs due to various changes inside the body. these changes are chemical changes and one such
change is oxidative stress occurring in the body; inside the cells and its consequences could be acute
as well as chronic. oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between the reactive oxygen species
the biological systems to reduce or detoxify the reactive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
the defensive systems can be enzyme hunters of reactive oxygen species such as catalase enzyme
etc. they can also be non–enzyme hunter molecules like certain vitamins like vitamin a c e also can
consist of various antioxidants present in food chemical biological effects the oxidative stress can
have two types of effects. they are:– chemical effects of oxidative stress is mainly due to increased
production of reactive oxygen species reactive nitrogen species. due to this increased production of
reactive species there is a decrease in the efficiency of antioxidant or detoxifying defences. the effect
of oxidative stress depends upon the types of changes it brings. if changes are small cells can
overcome these changes thus retains its original state. if the changes are moderate then oxidative
stress can cause programmed cell death while on the other hand heavy or intense changes can cause
either direct cell death or can cause any type of cell injury which ultimately causes cell death. the
generation of ros is a destructive aspect of oxidative

Free Radicals Are Over-Reactive
Free radicals are molecules that are over–reactive because they contain an unpaired electron which
make them electronically unbalanced. The unpaired electron often makes the molecule unstable and
highly reactive(Subudhi et al.,2009).
The free radical species formed in the body may be oxygen derived, reactive oxygen species (ROS)
or nitrogen derived, Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS). The oxygen derived species include Super
Oxide (02),
Hydroxyl (HO), Hydroperoxyl {H02),Peroxyl (ROO), Alkoxyl (RO) as free radicalsand Hydrogen
Peroxide (H2O2),Hypochlorous Acid(HOCL), and Ozone (03).Similarly, the nitrogen derived
species aremainly Nitric Oxide (NO), Nitrogen Dioxide (N02), Peroxynitrite Anion(ONOO) and
Dinitrogen Trioxide (N2O3) . ROS are produced

Investigating The Protective Effect Of Spermine Against...
Abstract
The current study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of spermine against toxicity of
lead and /or gamma irradiation in male rats. Eight groups of rats were used in this study (control,
irradiated group (6 GY), lead (40 mg/kg b.wt.), spermine (10 mg/kg b.wt), lead plus irradiation,
irradiation plus spermine, lead plus spermine, irradiation plus lead co–treated with spermine) for
consecutive 14 days. Complete blood count (CBC) and blood glucose–6–P–dehydrogenase (G6PD)
were measured in blood. Moreover, malondialdhyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), metallothionin
(MT) levels and catalase (CAT) activity were investigated in liver, kidney and brain. G6PD
significantly decreased post exposure to lead and /or gamma irradiation. Hepatic, renal and brain
MDA, GSH, MT and CAT were significantly increased in lead intoxicated group, while GSH, CAT
and MT were significantly decreased in gamma–irradiated group. Spermine administration
alleviated changes in CBC, G6PD, MDA, GSH, CAT and MT to normal control levels, but with
significant increase in G6PD activity and platelets count. In conclusion, spermine acts as antioxidant
and plays a prophylactic role against intoxication with lead and/or gamma irradiation exposure.
Keywords: Rat, lead, gamma irradiation, spermine, antioxidant.
Introduction
Exposure to lead is inescapable as it occurs through many routes including contaminated air, water,
soil, food, and consumer products. The safe threshold for lead exposure has

A Short Note On Blue Light Receptors : The Synthesis Of...
Cryptochromes are flavoprotein blue light receptors found throughout the biological Kingdom with
many important signaling roles. Recently, it has been shown that cryptochromes catalyse the
synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the course of flavin reoxidation after blue light
exposure. Although ROS are themselves important cellular regulators, it has remained unclear
whether biosynthesis of ROS contributes to cryptochrome signaling. Here we show by fluorescence
imaging techniques that ROS accumulates in the plant nucleus within minutes after cryptochrome
activation by blue light, resulting in the activation of ROS regulated genes. Mutant alleles of
cryptochrome that retain the capacity to synthesize ROS are active in redox regulation even though
they have lost the ability to regulate photomorphogenesis. We conclude that ROS formation by
cryptochrome has a cellular signaling role that is distinct from the known mechanisms of light
induced conformational change regulating growth and development. These results suggest novel
optogenetic tools to induce ROS through targeted illumination of cryptochrome. Introduction
Cryptochromes are blue light sensing receptors that regulate many aspects of plant growth and
development, including de–etiolation, photomorphogenesis, the initiation of flowering, stress
response, and hormone signaling (ref). They play a particularly large role in nuclear transcript
regulation, with almost 10% of plant genes directly or indirectly under

Protective Role Of Garlic Oil Against Oxidative Damage...
Protective role of garlic oil against oxidative damage induced by furan exposure from weaning
through adulthood in adult rat testis Gehan El–Akabawy,⁎ Neveen M. El–Sherif Menoufia
University, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia, Egypt 1.
Introduction Heat–induced food contaminants, including furan, have attracted considerable attention
recently (Becalski et al., 2010; Terrell et al., 2014; Churchwell et al., 2015). Surveys performed by
various health agencies, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA, 2007), Health
Canada (Becalski et al., 2010), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA, 2011), and the Swiss
Office of Public Health (Zoller et al., 2007), have reported that furan is present in a wide range of
foods, including roasted coffee, baby foods, cereal products, fruits juices, canned vegetables, cooked
and canned meats, beer, and wheat breads. The FDA estimated human exposure to furan according
to concentration data posted through spring 2007 and reported a mean and 90th percentile of 0.26
and 0.61 μg furan/kg–bw/day for the 2+– year–olds from the consumption of adult food, and 0.41
and 0.99 μg furan/kg–bw/day for the 0– to 1–year–olds from the consumption of infant foods
(Dinovi and Mihalov, 2007). The EFSA reported that brewed coffee was the major contributor to
furan exposure for adults, while the major contributors to exposure in toddlers and other children
were fruit juice, milk–based products, and cereal–based

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ( T1dm )
INTRODUCTION
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is the most common metabolic disorder in which both genetic and
environmental factors are involved [1]. T1DM is considered a chronic immune–mediated disorder. It
was hypothesized that whilst children have a genetic predisposition to T1DM, there is likely to be an
environmental factor that triggers the development of T1DM. Possible triggers that have been
suggested include viral infection, vaccines, low levels of vitamin D and cow's milk, [2]. Oxidative
stress is one of the important pathways that have been involved in the etiopathogenesis of T1D [3].
Complications of T1DM could be due to the cellular metabolism leading to hyperglycemia and
excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the association of glutathione S–transferase mu 1 (GST M1) and
glutathione S–transferase theta 1 (GST T1) polymorphisms with the development of T1DM and
disease– related risk factors.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
The study included 64 diabetic children with T1DM with a mean age of 11.7± 3.6 years; 26 boys
and 38 girls. They were enrolled from the attendants of pediatric genetic and endocrinology unit and
pediatric outpatient clinic of Menoufia university Hospitals, Egypt. The study was conducted in the
period from January 2015 to March 2016. Diagnosis of T1DM patients was based on the American
Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria [9]. Patients were followed up , regularly checked and
investigated accordingly for diabetic complications , their current treatment regimens. Cases
suffering from 2ry diabetes , or having chronic–related diseases , like hypothyroidism or
hyperthyroidism or hypoadrenalism were excluded.
Forty–one apparently healthy children of matched age and sex served as a control group. Written
informed consent was obtained from each child included in the study or their participant parents.
Ethical clearance was obtained for the research project. The study protocol conforms to the ethical
guidelines of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Data about the duration of
illness and onset of the disease in children with T1DM were taken. Body

SA Being a Constituent of Plants Is Consumed by Herbivore...
SA being a constituent of plants is consumed by herbivores animals as well as humans
Introduction (Explain what are salicylates, its origin and importance in plants)
Salicylic acid (SA) is a Mono–hydroxy benzoic acid derived from the metabolism of Salicin, an
alcoholic beta–glucoside known for its anti–inflammatory properties isolated from willow bark tree.
Salicylic acid has well identified roles in plant growth, physiology and disease resistance.
In plants, Salicylic acid is important in the establishment of both local and systemic acquired
resistance (SAR) analogous to innate immunity in animals. It helps in accumulation of
pathogenesis–related (PR) proteins. Blocking SA accumulation by expressing Salicylate
hydroxylase which causes its degradation prevent induction of PR genes. When some parts of a
plant gets infected with viruses like Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), locally produced SA sends signal
to all other regions to get ready for a potential infection. Methyl Salicylate is one of the important
signal for SAR derived from SA, which is not present in plant but is synthesized upon pathogen
infection. SA in cell is converted to methyl salicylate by an SA carboxyl methyltransferase and this
volatile derivative is an important long distance signal. Methyl Salicylate is then recognized by
Salicylic acid binding protein 2 (SABP2) enzyme, which exhibits 150 times more affinity to SA than
catalase which helps in conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. When SA

Causes And External Factors Of Extrinsic Ageing

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