ABSTRACT
Scholars in their quest to study the fortunes or otherwise of the agricultural sector has dwell so much on crop farming to the neglect of livestock production. By the early 1970s, as the general standard of living improved, the demand for meat in Nigeria exceeded the domestic supply. Thus, 30 to 40 percent of the beef consumed in Nigeria was imported from Niger, Chad, and other neighboring countries. In the mid-1970s, Nigeria began importing frozen beef in response to export restrictions initiated by its neighbors. This study therefore is targeted at empirically examining the impact of cattle rearing and its contribution to the Nigerian economy. Using various econometric tools of analysis, the variables for study were tested for stationarity and all variables became stationary at first difference. In the same vein, evidence reveals that series in the model (GDP, Cattle-Prod and Agric-Exp) exhibit long-run equilibrium relationship judging from the Johansen cointegration result. Major findings from the OLS regression output reveals that cattle rearing have no significant contribution to the Nigerian economy during the period under reference. The study therefore recommends that in view of the importance of cattle rearing to the Nigerian economy, the government should first and foremost bring the age-long clashes between herdsmen and farmers to a peaceful end for improve output in the livestock sub-sector. Ranching – a method of raising livestock under range conditions – has been suggested as the best solution to the incessant Fulani herdsmen / farmers crises. Secondly, the Federal Government must as a matter of urgent importance do all that is within its reach to contain the menace of cattle rustling prevalent in the country. Finally, government should create well-equipped special reserves across the country with irrigation, dams, educational, health and recreational facilities where these herdsmen can be stationed with their cows to avoid the incessant farmers-herdsmen clashes. We must come to terms with the reality that these herdsmen also need decent living and care from government.
Keywords: Nigerian Economy, Cattle rearing, Ranching, OLS
If your are an Entrepreneur or wish to profit from a burgeoning trend in Rural India, then this industry maybe the right one for you.Also help farmers achieve higher yields from low investments.
Precision dairy farming: how to make it work on the farmHenk Hogeveen
Today I will give a wrap-up presentation at the 2nd North American Precision Dairy Farming Conference, held in Rochester MN, and excelently organized by the University of Minnesota (under leadership or Marcia Endres).
In this presentation I provide the factors that are crucial for a proper pick-up of precision dairy farming applications and I link them to examples of succesful and less successful attempts.
If your are an Entrepreneur or wish to profit from a burgeoning trend in Rural India, then this industry maybe the right one for you.Also help farmers achieve higher yields from low investments.
Precision dairy farming: how to make it work on the farmHenk Hogeveen
Today I will give a wrap-up presentation at the 2nd North American Precision Dairy Farming Conference, held in Rochester MN, and excelently organized by the University of Minnesota (under leadership or Marcia Endres).
In this presentation I provide the factors that are crucial for a proper pick-up of precision dairy farming applications and I link them to examples of succesful and less successful attempts.
Phenotypic and genetic characterization of local chicken ecotypes in Ethiopia ILRI
Presented by Tadelle Dessie at the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) Meeting on Development of Genomic Characterization Protocols for Rational Conservation and Utilization of Avian Genetic Resources, South Korea, October 2011.
Almost all of the pig can be used as food. Preparations of pig parts into specialities include: sausage, bacon, gammon, ham, skin into pork scratchings, feet into trotters, head into a meat jelly called head cheese (brawn), and consumption of the liver, chitterlings and blood(blood pudding or black pudding).
The following factors can influence the type of pig farms in any given region:
• Available food supply suitable for pigs
• The ability to deal with manure or other outputs from the pig operation
• Local beliefs or traditions, including religion
• The breed or type of pig available to the farm
• Local diseases or conditions that affect pig growth or fecundity
• Local requirements, including government zoning and/or land use laws
• Local and global market conditions and demand
• Traditional farming styles and methods
See more
https://goo.gl/FtAHmp
https://goo.gl/BH3Jws
https://goo.gl/nHx98z
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Near Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website :
http://www.niir.org
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Pig Farm, Pig Farm in India, Pig Farming, Starting Small Piggery Business, Piggery Business Plan, Profitable Piggery, Modern Farming Piggery, Best Piggery Farm, Small Piggery Business In India, Tips for Starting Small Business, Starting Small Business & Making Money, Best Small Business to Start in India- Making Money Today, Tips to Make Money by Starting Your Own Business, Modern Tips for Small Business Start-Ups, Best Small Business Ideas to Make Money, Small Business Ideas in India for Starting Small Business, Small Business Ideas for Low Investment Good Profit in India, Profitable Small Business Ideas - How to Make Money in India, Steps to Start Your Own Business, Secrets of Making Money, Startup Entrepreneur Guide to Starting Business, Money Making Small Business Ideas, Small Business But Big Profit in India, Best Small Business Ideas for Women’s in India, Small Business Ideas-100% Risk Free Business, Best Small Business to Start - Most Profitable Small Business to Start in 2017, Money Making Business Ideas-Most Profitable Small and Medium Scale Manufacturing Businesses, Manufacturing Business Ideas, Small Business Ideas with Small Capital, Profitable Small Business Ideas with Small Investment, Best Business to Make Money-Start Today, Low Investment Manufacturing Business in India, Greatest Money Making Ideas, Top Small Business Ideas Low Invest Big Profit, Start Your Own Business Ideas, Small Business Ideas in India for Starting Your Own Business, Best Business Ideas in India with Low Investment & Low Capital, Best Small Business Ideas for Beginners, Best Small Business Ideas to Start Your Own Business, Best Small Business Ideas for Women, Top Best & Unique New Business Ideas to Start in India
Major economic traits of cattle and buffalopratee5
Selection and judging of the breeding stocks are the first and foremost steps to start with any breeding programme. For this, a no. of phenotypic and behavioral traits are taken into consideration. Breeding plans for cattle and buffalo should aim to meet the quantitative and qualitative demands of milk and meat in the country. From a practical standpoint, traits with a measurable or at least readily recognizable economic value are generally to be given the most emphasis.The economic traits are typically those that affect either the income obtained or the costs of production. So, a thorough understanding of economic traits of livestock is of utmost importance.
Experiences of Private Artificial Insemination Services in EthiopiaILRI
Presentation by Desalegn GebreMedhin (EMDTI) to the Ethiopian Fodder Roundtable on Effective Delivery of Input Services to Livestock Development, Addis Ababa, 22 June 2010
In this presentation you will get
1) Project Report of Dairy Farming
2) Layout Planning and infrastructure development
3) Animal Sourcing
4) Dairy Farm Machinery
5) Herd Management solutions
Layer Poultry Farming Business. Start a Layer Chicken Farming Business for Egg Production
Layer poultry farming means raising egg laying poultry birds for the purpose of commercial egg production. Layer chickens are such a special species of hens, which need to be raised from when they are one day old. They start laying eggs commercially from 18-19 weeks of age. They remain laying eggs continuously till their 72-78 weeks of age. They can produce about one kg of eggs by consuming about 2.25 kg of food during their egg laying period.
Poultry layer farming is gaining popularity in India due to its lower production cost and growing demand of eggs. India ranks third in the world by producing 3.8 billion kilograms in shell. Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Maharashtra and Punjab are the leading egg producing states in India in the same order. There is a rise in egg production in India owing to the growth in human consumption and lower production costs. Poultry layer farming is given a lot of importance in the national policy owing to which there is a lot of scope of improvement and development.
See more
https://goo.gl/KE4Cpo
https://goo.gl/3SAzGN
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Layer Poultry Farming, Layer Poultry Farming for Beginners, Layer Farming Project Report for Beginners, Layer Farming Project of Commercial Poultry Farming Business, Egg Poultry Farm, Commercial Egg Production, Layer Poultry Farming in India, Layer Farming Project, Poultry Egg and Meat, Poultry Farming, How Can I Start a Poultry Farm? Layer Poultry Farming Project Cost, How to Start Layer Poultry Farming in India, Egg Production, How to Rear Layers (Poultry), How to Start a Layer Farm for Egg Production, Starting Your own Poultry Farm, Breeding & Rearing Poultry, Keeping Egg Laying Birds (Layers), How to Start Layer Chicken Farming Business, Poultry Farm, Start a Chicken Farm Business, Poultry Farming in India, Potential Profitability of Poultry Farms, Layer Chicken Farming Business, Business Ideas for Layer Chicken Farming, How to Start an Egg Business, How to Set up a Profitable Poultry Farming Business, Layer Farming Business Plan, Poultry Farming Business Plan/Chicken Feasibility Study, Poultry Egg Farming Business Plan in India, Business Plan for Poultry Farm, Project Report on Layer Poultry Farming, Detailed Project Report on Layer Poultry Farming, Project Report on Layer Poultry Farming, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Layer Poultry Farming, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Layer Poultry Farming, Feasibility report on Layer Poultry Farming, Free Project Profile on Layer Poultry Farming, Project profile on Layer Poultry Farming
Livestock marketing and supply chain management of livestock products ILRI
Presented by Steven J. Staal as a keynote address at the 74th Annual Conference of the Indian Society of Agricultural Economics, Maharashtra, India, 18-20 December 2014
Presented by Ben Lukuyu and Michael Blummel, ILRI, at the Workshop on Identifying Investment Opportunities for Livestock Feed Resources Development in the Eastern Africa Sub-Region, ILRI Addis, 13-15 December 2017
Few countries in the world have no sheep. They are found in tropical countries and in the arctic, in hot climates and in the cold, on the desert and in humid areas.
There are over 800 breeds of sheep in the world, in a variety of sizes, shapes, types and colours.
Sheep were domesticated long before the dawn of recorded history. Wool fibres have been found in remains of primitive villages of Switzerland that date back an estimated 20000 years. Egyptian sculpture dating 4000-5000 B.C. portrays the importance of this species to people. Much mention is
made in the Bible of flocks, shepherds, sacrificial lambs, and garments made of wool.
The Roman empire pried sheep, anointed them with special oils, and combed their fleece to produce fine quality fibres that were woven into fabric for the togas of the elite.
Perhaps the first ruminants domesticated by man along with goats, sheep are a very valuable and important asset to mankind.
Sheep is a important livestock species . They contribute greatly to the agrarian economy, especially in the arid/semi-arid and mountainous areas where crop and /or dairy farming are not economical. They play an important role in the livelihood of a large percentage of small and marginal
farmers and landless labourers engaged in sheep rearing. A number of rural-based industries use wool and sheep skins as raw material. Sheep manure is an important source of soil fertility, especially in southern states.
This paper aims to update information for a better understanding of the functioning of the sector of
animal and meat production in Benin’s socio-economic context. It highlights (i) structure of livestock population
and production, (ii) competitiveness of meat sector, (iii) identifies constraints and possible prospective solution to
increase meat production in Republic of Benin. The traditional animal production systems remain largely widespread.
However, industrial and modern livestock farming systems for all species are developing. Cattle (57%), chicken (19%),
small ruminants (13%) and pigs (7%) are the main meat producers in the country. Non-conventional species such as
rabbit (3%) and grass cutters (1%) contribute also to the national meat production. Despite religious prohibitions,
pork consumption increased during the last years notably in southern Benin. The households with a higher monthly
income spend more money to purchase meat than poor households. Taste, texture, price, and juiciness are the main
criteria of choice. Also, consumers prefer the meat of local breeds to that of exotic breeds. Thus local species and
breeds have a great role in the development of this sector. Although policies have been implemented to boost the
national meat production, the sector is still undeveloped. That is why, the implementation of new approaches and
practices including improvement of animals’ genetic resources, housing, health care, and feeding should be developed
to intensify production.
Phenotypic and genetic characterization of local chicken ecotypes in Ethiopia ILRI
Presented by Tadelle Dessie at the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) Meeting on Development of Genomic Characterization Protocols for Rational Conservation and Utilization of Avian Genetic Resources, South Korea, October 2011.
Almost all of the pig can be used as food. Preparations of pig parts into specialities include: sausage, bacon, gammon, ham, skin into pork scratchings, feet into trotters, head into a meat jelly called head cheese (brawn), and consumption of the liver, chitterlings and blood(blood pudding or black pudding).
The following factors can influence the type of pig farms in any given region:
• Available food supply suitable for pigs
• The ability to deal with manure or other outputs from the pig operation
• Local beliefs or traditions, including religion
• The breed or type of pig available to the farm
• Local diseases or conditions that affect pig growth or fecundity
• Local requirements, including government zoning and/or land use laws
• Local and global market conditions and demand
• Traditional farming styles and methods
See more
https://goo.gl/FtAHmp
https://goo.gl/BH3Jws
https://goo.gl/nHx98z
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Near Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website :
http://www.niir.org
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Pig Farm, Pig Farm in India, Pig Farming, Starting Small Piggery Business, Piggery Business Plan, Profitable Piggery, Modern Farming Piggery, Best Piggery Farm, Small Piggery Business In India, Tips for Starting Small Business, Starting Small Business & Making Money, Best Small Business to Start in India- Making Money Today, Tips to Make Money by Starting Your Own Business, Modern Tips for Small Business Start-Ups, Best Small Business Ideas to Make Money, Small Business Ideas in India for Starting Small Business, Small Business Ideas for Low Investment Good Profit in India, Profitable Small Business Ideas - How to Make Money in India, Steps to Start Your Own Business, Secrets of Making Money, Startup Entrepreneur Guide to Starting Business, Money Making Small Business Ideas, Small Business But Big Profit in India, Best Small Business Ideas for Women’s in India, Small Business Ideas-100% Risk Free Business, Best Small Business to Start - Most Profitable Small Business to Start in 2017, Money Making Business Ideas-Most Profitable Small and Medium Scale Manufacturing Businesses, Manufacturing Business Ideas, Small Business Ideas with Small Capital, Profitable Small Business Ideas with Small Investment, Best Business to Make Money-Start Today, Low Investment Manufacturing Business in India, Greatest Money Making Ideas, Top Small Business Ideas Low Invest Big Profit, Start Your Own Business Ideas, Small Business Ideas in India for Starting Your Own Business, Best Business Ideas in India with Low Investment & Low Capital, Best Small Business Ideas for Beginners, Best Small Business Ideas to Start Your Own Business, Best Small Business Ideas for Women, Top Best & Unique New Business Ideas to Start in India
Major economic traits of cattle and buffalopratee5
Selection and judging of the breeding stocks are the first and foremost steps to start with any breeding programme. For this, a no. of phenotypic and behavioral traits are taken into consideration. Breeding plans for cattle and buffalo should aim to meet the quantitative and qualitative demands of milk and meat in the country. From a practical standpoint, traits with a measurable or at least readily recognizable economic value are generally to be given the most emphasis.The economic traits are typically those that affect either the income obtained or the costs of production. So, a thorough understanding of economic traits of livestock is of utmost importance.
Experiences of Private Artificial Insemination Services in EthiopiaILRI
Presentation by Desalegn GebreMedhin (EMDTI) to the Ethiopian Fodder Roundtable on Effective Delivery of Input Services to Livestock Development, Addis Ababa, 22 June 2010
In this presentation you will get
1) Project Report of Dairy Farming
2) Layout Planning and infrastructure development
3) Animal Sourcing
4) Dairy Farm Machinery
5) Herd Management solutions
Layer Poultry Farming Business. Start a Layer Chicken Farming Business for Egg Production
Layer poultry farming means raising egg laying poultry birds for the purpose of commercial egg production. Layer chickens are such a special species of hens, which need to be raised from when they are one day old. They start laying eggs commercially from 18-19 weeks of age. They remain laying eggs continuously till their 72-78 weeks of age. They can produce about one kg of eggs by consuming about 2.25 kg of food during their egg laying period.
Poultry layer farming is gaining popularity in India due to its lower production cost and growing demand of eggs. India ranks third in the world by producing 3.8 billion kilograms in shell. Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Maharashtra and Punjab are the leading egg producing states in India in the same order. There is a rise in egg production in India owing to the growth in human consumption and lower production costs. Poultry layer farming is given a lot of importance in the national policy owing to which there is a lot of scope of improvement and development.
See more
https://goo.gl/KE4Cpo
https://goo.gl/3SAzGN
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Layer Poultry Farming, Layer Poultry Farming for Beginners, Layer Farming Project Report for Beginners, Layer Farming Project of Commercial Poultry Farming Business, Egg Poultry Farm, Commercial Egg Production, Layer Poultry Farming in India, Layer Farming Project, Poultry Egg and Meat, Poultry Farming, How Can I Start a Poultry Farm? Layer Poultry Farming Project Cost, How to Start Layer Poultry Farming in India, Egg Production, How to Rear Layers (Poultry), How to Start a Layer Farm for Egg Production, Starting Your own Poultry Farm, Breeding & Rearing Poultry, Keeping Egg Laying Birds (Layers), How to Start Layer Chicken Farming Business, Poultry Farm, Start a Chicken Farm Business, Poultry Farming in India, Potential Profitability of Poultry Farms, Layer Chicken Farming Business, Business Ideas for Layer Chicken Farming, How to Start an Egg Business, How to Set up a Profitable Poultry Farming Business, Layer Farming Business Plan, Poultry Farming Business Plan/Chicken Feasibility Study, Poultry Egg Farming Business Plan in India, Business Plan for Poultry Farm, Project Report on Layer Poultry Farming, Detailed Project Report on Layer Poultry Farming, Project Report on Layer Poultry Farming, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Layer Poultry Farming, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Layer Poultry Farming, Feasibility report on Layer Poultry Farming, Free Project Profile on Layer Poultry Farming, Project profile on Layer Poultry Farming
Livestock marketing and supply chain management of livestock products ILRI
Presented by Steven J. Staal as a keynote address at the 74th Annual Conference of the Indian Society of Agricultural Economics, Maharashtra, India, 18-20 December 2014
Presented by Ben Lukuyu and Michael Blummel, ILRI, at the Workshop on Identifying Investment Opportunities for Livestock Feed Resources Development in the Eastern Africa Sub-Region, ILRI Addis, 13-15 December 2017
Few countries in the world have no sheep. They are found in tropical countries and in the arctic, in hot climates and in the cold, on the desert and in humid areas.
There are over 800 breeds of sheep in the world, in a variety of sizes, shapes, types and colours.
Sheep were domesticated long before the dawn of recorded history. Wool fibres have been found in remains of primitive villages of Switzerland that date back an estimated 20000 years. Egyptian sculpture dating 4000-5000 B.C. portrays the importance of this species to people. Much mention is
made in the Bible of flocks, shepherds, sacrificial lambs, and garments made of wool.
The Roman empire pried sheep, anointed them with special oils, and combed their fleece to produce fine quality fibres that were woven into fabric for the togas of the elite.
Perhaps the first ruminants domesticated by man along with goats, sheep are a very valuable and important asset to mankind.
Sheep is a important livestock species . They contribute greatly to the agrarian economy, especially in the arid/semi-arid and mountainous areas where crop and /or dairy farming are not economical. They play an important role in the livelihood of a large percentage of small and marginal
farmers and landless labourers engaged in sheep rearing. A number of rural-based industries use wool and sheep skins as raw material. Sheep manure is an important source of soil fertility, especially in southern states.
This paper aims to update information for a better understanding of the functioning of the sector of
animal and meat production in Benin’s socio-economic context. It highlights (i) structure of livestock population
and production, (ii) competitiveness of meat sector, (iii) identifies constraints and possible prospective solution to
increase meat production in Republic of Benin. The traditional animal production systems remain largely widespread.
However, industrial and modern livestock farming systems for all species are developing. Cattle (57%), chicken (19%),
small ruminants (13%) and pigs (7%) are the main meat producers in the country. Non-conventional species such as
rabbit (3%) and grass cutters (1%) contribute also to the national meat production. Despite religious prohibitions,
pork consumption increased during the last years notably in southern Benin. The households with a higher monthly
income spend more money to purchase meat than poor households. Taste, texture, price, and juiciness are the main
criteria of choice. Also, consumers prefer the meat of local breeds to that of exotic breeds. Thus local species and
breeds have a great role in the development of this sector. Although policies have been implemented to boost the
national meat production, the sector is still undeveloped. That is why, the implementation of new approaches and
practices including improvement of animals’ genetic resources, housing, health care, and feeding should be developed
to intensify production.
Exploratory Model of the Impact of Agriculture on Nigerian Economyijtsrd
This paper explored four models in determining the impact of four agricultural sub-sectors of on the Nigerian GDP. The data is on the contribution of four different sub-sectors of agriculture on Nigerian Economy and was obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin. The findings revealed that ridge regression and PCR are good regression estimation methods for predicting GDP. From the models there is strong indication that fish production in Nigeria is too insufficient to sustain her ever increasing population and improve her economy. Also, the ever increasing demand for fish by Nigerians due to high cost of meat in the market is clearly shown in the models and this stands to say that a lot need to be done to improve fish production in Nigeria to ensure sustainable growth and development. Okeke, Evelyn Nkiruka | Okeke, Joseph Uchenna"Exploratory Model of the Impact of Agriculture on Nigerian Economy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd162.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/development-economics/162/exploratory-model-of-the-impact-of-agriculture-on-nigerian-economy/okeke-evelyn-nkiruka
Livelihood and income of dairy farmers in Ibadan/ Ibarapa East area of Oyo st...AI Publications
Dairy production and industry is still at its lowest ebb in sub Saharan Africa. Government and farmers are yet to invest into the dynamic and viable (dairy) industry. The study tries to investigate the livelihood and income of dairy farmers in Ibarapa East area, Oyo state of Nigeria. A multi stage sampling technique was used to elicit information from 225 dairy farmers purposively selected with the assistance of extension agents. Parameters measured included livelihood enterprises, % income on household livelihood, record of sales, and seasonality. Qualitative and quantitative data collected were transcribed into Microsoft Excel the Feed Assessment Tool (FEAST) Excel macro program and analyzed with descriptive statistics. The % income from livelihood enterprises identified were 11.10, 40.20, 34.00, 8.10, 4.00 and 2.60 for remittance, livestock, crop, labour, business and others, respectively. The average number and live weight (Kg) of bull sold over the past 3 years were 300.67±10.89 and 180.23±17.72, respectively while cows were 50.56 ± 6.34 and 200.85 ±19.89, respectively. The total average milk yield (liters/day) ranged 180.67±7.23 to 240.26±9.34 at February and July, respectively. The average price received for milk (₦/liters) ranged 150.63±3.67 to 170.82±3.67, at January and September, respectively. The average amount of milk retained for household use (liters/day) ranged 5.28±1.78 to 8.78 ±2.86 at December and September, respectively. Seasons affects price and quantity of milk and farmers rarely sell cows. Dairy animals can sustain household income and livelihood if there is organized dairy value chain at the system level.
Determinants of Poverty Status among Small Scale Catfish Farmers in Ikorodu L...ijtsrd
This study investigates determinants of the poverty status among fish farmers in Ikorodu local government area of Lagos state. A multistage random sampling technique was used in selecting a total of 80 small scale catfish farmers in the study area. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics such as frequency count, percentages and mean values. Logit regression model was used to analyze the determinants of the poverty status of the respondents in the study area. The study revealed that 71.25 of the fish farmers were male 43.75 of the fish farmers had a household size of between 6 10 67.50 of the fish farmers got credit from their personal funds the poverty line adopted for this study is N 4465.30 per month and 71.25 of the fish farmers are below the poverty line and thus they present the poor fish farmers in the study area. From the logit regression analysis, age, household size and years of experience were the major determinants of poverty status of the respondents in the study area. The result further revealed that some of the selected socio economic characteristics exhibited a significant relationship with the poverty status of the fish farmers. Hence, there is significant relationship between the poverty status of the fish farmers and their selected socio economic characteristics. The study therefore recommends the need for campaign and sensitization of rural households on family planning and child spacing techniques, so as to curtail excessive population growth. Adeleke O. A | Ajiboye Abiodun | R. O. Akintola | Fajobi, D. T | Adeleke, H. M "Determinants of Poverty Status among Small Scale Catfish Farmers in Ikorodu Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33007.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/33007/determinants-of-poverty-status-among-small-scale-catfish-farmers-in-ikorodu-local-government-area-of-lagos-state-nigeria/adeleke-o-a
Perceived Effect of Semi-Intensive system of Cattle Rearing on the Dwellers o...AI Publications
The study assessed the perceived effect of semi-intensive system of cattle rearing on the Dwellers of Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo state. The study objectives examined were the socio-economic characteristics of the dwellers, the coping strategy and the benefit derived from semi-intensive system of cattle rearing in the study area. A well-structured questionnaire was used for the collection of data through a multi stage sampling procedure to select a sample of 104 respondents for the study. The data collected were analyzed with descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages, and inferential statistics such as Chi-square and Pearson product moment correlation (PPMC) to draw inferences between variables of the hypotheses. The results showed that about 53.8% of the respondents were females between the ages of 31- 40 years and are married. Christianity and Islam were practiced at 47.1% and about 37.5% of the respondents had adult education with household size of 5-8 (48.1%). Majority of the respondents (74.0%) practiced farming as their major occupation with about 43.3% of them having trading as other means of livelihood. The invasion of farmland by cattle, destruction of heap, ridges and farm produce, unnecessary defecation and urine causing cholera and water pollution from semi-intensive system of cattle rearing was perceived to have high effect on the dwellers in the study area. The coping strategies of the dwellers with semi-intensive system of rearing cattle occasionally adopted were provision of credit facilities for the construction of large fenced grazing land, security implementation, proper environmental sanitation, and fully implementation of intensive system by the dwellers and organization of committee on disputes settlement. The chi-square analysis indicated that age, marital status, religion, level of education, household size and major occupation were significantly associated with the perceived effect of semi-intensive system of cattle rearing on the dwellers in the study area (p ≤ 0.05), whereas the PPMC analysis revealed that the perceived effect of semi-intensive system cattle rearing had no significant relationship with the benefit of system of cattle rearing on the dwellers (r=0.114, p>0.05). The study therefore recommended that policies that aimed at improving on environmental sanitation programme to ensure disease free environment should be introduced by the government. The cattle rearers should also ensure proper monitoring of their animals in order to establish a healthy relationship amongst the people of Akinyele community.
ToR for the policy dialogue relative to the IYFFFatimata Kone
TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE POLICY DIALOGUE RELATED TO THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF FAMILY FARMING (IYFF) IN BAMAKO
THEME : BUILDING RESILIENCE TO FEED WEST AFRICA: PROPOSALS FROM FAMILY FARMERS
Agriculture has been the major source of livelihood in Nigeria, primarily because the environment is favorable for Agricultural practice. On the basis of climate, topography and vegetation the country is divided into five agricultural zones, namely Dry sub humid, Sub-humid, very humid and swamp/flood. Subsistence agriculture formed the major system of farming in the olden days which provide food crops for human consumption, while surplus are transported to the local markets for sale. Subsistence agriculture also forms the basis upon which all other system of farming are built. Hence, this paper examines the problems and prospects of subsistence agriculture in Ibarapa East local Government Area of Oyo State. Ten farming centres were used as samples in the area. Questionnaires were used to collect relevant data. Percentage and T-test distribution techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings show that there is low agricultural production in the study area as a result of problems such as shortage of fund, land tenure system, inadequate transportation system among others.
Presentation at the Low Emissions Livestock: Supporting Policy Making and Implementation through Science in East Africa regional awareness raising workshop held at the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between 2 and 4 July 2018.
The Challenges of Implementing Freedom of Information Act by the Civil Societ...Triple A Research Journal
The study was carried out to determine the challenges and difficulties
encountered by the Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in Lagos State,
while utilising the FoIA to access information. The study was
predicated on two theories - Public Sphere, and Social Responsibility
theories. The objectives, among other things, were to investigate and
evaluate the duration odd time expended in accessing information
under the FoIA and the challenges and difficulties encountered, while
utilizing the FoIA. Interview schedule was used to elicit information
from the three CSOs – SERAP, CLO, MRA purposively selected.
Analysis revealed that the CSOs in Lagos state encountered
challenges and difficulties in the areas of procedure, release of
information, and the effect of the Official Secret Act 1962, amongst
others. The study also found out, that majority of the information
accessed under the FoIA by the CSOs in Lagos state were accessed
outside the seven (7) days’ timeframe stipulated by the FoIA in
Section 4. Based on the forgoing, it was recommended, amongst
others, that the difficulties and challenges identified by this study
should be, urgently, presented or tabled before the appropriate
quarters – Attorney general, who the law imbued with the supervisory
function over the implementation of the FoIA; and to the National
Assembly for amendment.
Keywords: Civil Society Organisations, Challenges, Freedom of
Information Act, Implementation
There was an increasing trend from 2010 to 2011 motor traffic
accidents in Kuwait City, passengers and pedestrians are
always at highest risk of being injured or killed on the road.
Quantitative and qualitative results indicated that the technical
element of the highway construction, irresponsibility, poor
management, cell phones, alcohol and drugs, age of the
victims and poor condition of services were the causes of
traffic accidents in Kuwait. The study recommended that the
government should review legislation regarding employment
of drivers, and working conditions of police force should be
improved, public road safety campaigns should be conducted,
and new driving license system should be imposed. The use of
cell phones while driving should be restricted. The hospital
and police records should be updated with the number of road
victims, the hospital staff, traffic police and ambulance
personnel should be considered for intensive training on
emergency and preparedness, and regular vehicle inspection
should be introduced in Kuwait City.
Keyword: Traffic- accidents-Risk Theory-System Theory, Triangulation-method
There was an increasing trend from 2010 to 2011 motor traffic accidents in Kuwait City, passengers and pedestrians are always at highest risk of being injured or killed on the road. Quantitative and qualitative results indicated that the technical element of the highway construction, irresponsibility, poor management, cell phones, alcohol and drugs, age of the victims and poor condition of services were the causes of traffic accidents in Kuwait. The study recommended that the government should review legislation regarding employment of drivers, and working conditions of police force should be improved, public road safety campaigns should be conducted, and new driving license system should be imposed. The use of cell phones while driving should be restricted. The hospital and police records should be updated with the number of road victims, the hospital staff, traffic police and ambulance personnel should be considered for intensive training on emergency and preparedness, and regular vehicle inspection should be introduced in Kuwait City.
Keyword: Traffic- accidents-Risk Theory-System Theory-Triangulation- method
The Challenges of Implementing Freedom of Information Act by the Civil Societ...Triple A Research Journal
The study was carried out to determine the challenges and difficulties encountered by the Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in Lagos State, while utilising the FoIA to access information. The study was predicated on two theories – Public Sphere, and Social Responsibility theories. The objectives, among other things, were to investigate and evaluate the duration odd time expended in accessing information under the FoIA and the challenges and difficulties encountered, while utilizing the FoIA. Interview schedule was used to elicit information from the three CSOs – SERAP, CLO, MRA purposively selected. Analysis revealed that the CSOs in Lagos state encountered challenges and difficulties in the areas of procedure, release of information, and the effect of the Official Secret Act 1962, amongst others. The study also found out, that majority of the information accessed under the FoIA by the CSOs in Lagos state were accessed outside the seven (7) days’ timeframe stipulated by the FoIA in Section 4. Based on the forgoing, it was recommended, amongst others, that the difficulties and challenges identified by this study should be, urgently, presented or tabled before the appropriate quarters – Attorney general, who the law imbued with the supervisory function over the implementation of the FoIA; and to the National Assembly for amendment.
Keywords: Civil Society Organisations, Challenges, Freedom of Information Act, Implementation
Sustainable Development of Bioenergy from Agriculture Residues and EnvironmentTriple A Research Journal
This communication discusses a comprehensive review of biomass energy
sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the
biomass energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy
conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures
necessary to reduce emissions globally. The current literature is reviewed
regarding the ecological, social, cultural and economic impacts of biomass
technology. This study gives an overview of present and future use of
biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and
other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market
situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that
biomass technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested,
implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural areas.
Keywords: Biomass resources, wastes, woodfuel, biofuels, energy,
environment, sustainability related with bioenergy development, disperse
systems formulation science, surfactant sciences
Mathematical modeling to monitor workplace humor style and subordinate worked...Triple A Research Journal
ABSTRACT
The study monitors the effect on workplace humour style and
subordinate work attitude in telecommunication companies. The
output of staff in these organization were observed to reflect on their
subordinate work attitudes, job satisfaction and job involvement in
these companies, the study experience the positivity from these
dimensions as a function of workplace humour style in various
period at different conditions, linear trend were observed from the
predictive values, but there were variations despites the linear trend
displayed from these parameters through graphical representations.
These conditions implies that the input of subordinate work attitudes
determine the output of job satisfaction and staff efficiency
involvement, these dimensions determine the output of efficiency or
growth rate of these companies productivity, these parameters
generated the system that produced the predictive model, and
subjecting these parameters to model validation developed a
favorable fits, the study expressed the rate which these
organizational behaviour determined the efficiency of staff thus
generate positive or negative productivity, the study is however
imperative because the evaluation of these dimensions as a function
of workplace humour style has been monitored, these conceptual
framework has express their various function of influence in
different dimensions.
Keywords: Mathematical modeling, humour style, subordinate
Mathematical Model to Predict Leader Self-Awareness and Effective Conflict Ma...Triple A Research Journal
Self-awareness and effective conflict management were subjected into evaluation, this was to monitor the extend at which such managerial concept experienced impact from positive and negative condition, various dimension that were observed to express relationship were involved to evaluate different rate of effects on leader self – awareness in manufacturing companies, other influential parameters were conflict management. These variables were observed to relate through increase collaboration as a result generate improved communication between customers and staffs for better efficiency and productivity in manufacturing companies. The study expresses various output through simulated parameters at different period and conditions, the derived simulation values were subjected to model validations, and both parameters developed favorable fits, the study expressed its significance by monitoring leader self-awareness in manufacturing companies, these were evaluated through assessment of effective conflict management to generates improved communication between customers and staffs in manufacturing companies.
Keywords: Mathematical model, leader self-awareness, and manufacturing companies.
Local Level Financial Systems: A Study on Three Union at Sylhet Sadar Upazill...Triple A Research Journal
BSTRACT
In this research paper has tried to show, first look at the context of financial systems of local level finance particularly three union at Sylhet Sadar Upazilla. This study conducted following mixed (both qualitative and quotative research) approach based on primary and secondary source to give out purpose of this study. Some case studies have considered reveal the study findings. This study intended to represent picture of local finance system at grassroots level. Findings also suggest that, effective local government procurement policies and practices contribute to sound financial management.
Keywords: Finance, Local Level, System, Local Government
ABSTRACT
This paper considers commuters’ satisfaction with public mass transit (PMT) services in Kogi State, Nigeria. The work is propelled by the practical absence of previous research efforts in the area, particularly as it affects the commuters in the grassroots. Taking in a multi-stage sampling technique, the study used a sample of 601 commuters and 70 of both employees and management staff drawn from six different public mass transit outfits operating in Kogi State, Nigeria, by both the state government and the local government areas of the province. Data was collected from commuters, contact personnel and management staff. The survey disclosed that there is a substantial deviation between the case of mass transit outfit commuter patronize and their level of gratification with the avails of the PMT. The survey concludes that commuters, generally, are not satisfied with the avails of the public mass transit in Nigeria. Established on the findings, the study recommended among others improved funding of these PMTs and the desegregation of other modalities of transportation for effective service delivery.
Keywords: Consumer-Satisfaction, Service-Quality, Dimensionality of Service Quality.
Does Effective Communication Improve Performance of Public Sector? Perspectiv...Triple A Research Journal
ABSTRACT
Uganda adopted decentralization in 1997 with the aim of bringing services nearer to communities. Central government continues to provide resources to local governments; however, some communities still experience inadequate service delivery and poor-quality services in construction works, health, education and roads. This article examines the relationship between effective communication (information sharing, cohesion and succession) and the performance of selected Local Governments in Eastern Uganda. Three local governments (Jinja, Tororo and Soroti) were purposively sampled. Using a cross-sectional design, a sample of 313 respondents comprising both political and technical personnel was selected from sub-county and district levels, yielding a response rate of 85.6%. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire and key informant interview guide respectively. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, correlation, regression and content analysis. Findings revealed that effective communication is essential in building cohesive and effective teams as well as minimizing misunderstandings in local governments. The study concludes that effective communication plays a role in local governments by enabling management to motivate subordinates and improve performance. It recommends local governments to ensure cohesion exists within teams and among the relevant departments, to be open in succession process. This makes employees perform their jobs better, which leads to improved service delivery and provision of quality services.
Keywords: Effective Communication, Local Governments, Performance, Service Delivery, Quality Services, Eastern Uganda
ABSTRACT
This paper examined the impact of human and financial capital on the performance of women entrepreneurs in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The study used quantitative method. The analyse data results indicated that on the negative value, human capital has an impact on the business performance while financial capital on the positive value makes a major impact on business performance. The overall contribution is that women entrepreneurs have a vital role in a country’s economic growth and development.
Keywords: Women Entrepreneurs, Human Capital, Financial Capital, SMEs
An Evaluation of the Impact of Fluctuating Oil Revenue and the Performance of...Triple A Research Journal
ABSTRACT
The up and down movement in the price of crude oil in recent years has led to increasing concern about its macroeconomic implications for the Nigerian economy as economic planning has become very uncertain given the fact that the economy is highly vulnerable to oil price fluctuations. It is with this view in mind that this paper empirically analyses the impact of fluctuating oil revenue and the performance of the Nigerian economy between 1999 to 2016 (a seventeen years period of democratic governance), using secondary data sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and World Bank Development Indicators with VAR econometric tools of analysis. After appropriate stationary and robustness checks, the study finds out that oil price shocks (proxy for oil revenue) retards economic growth as it has a negative relationship with economic growth. An interesting outcome from the VAR Block Exogeneity Test is the unidirectional causality running from Oil Revenue to Real Gross Domestic Product (economic growth) which reveals the fact that during the years under reference, proceeds from oil export were mainly responsible for the level of astronomical growth recorded in the economy. The study concludes that oil price fluctuation paints an unstable future for the Nigerian economy because macroeconomic variables like employment, interest rate and price stability become victims. Both fiscal and monetary tools are frequently revised to keep the system afloat during price shocks. Nigeria remains a victim of these policy shocks because of overdependence on oil export earnings. A major policy recommendation is the need for policy makers to concentrate on policies that will strengthen and stabilize the macroeconomic structure of the Nigerian economy with specific focus on alternative sources of government revenue (reduction of dependence on oil proceeds) and reduction in monetization of crude oil receipts (fiscal discipline).
Keywords: Oil shocks, Economic Growth, VAR, ECM, Granger Causality
Dimensions of Accountability and Transparency at Local Level Finance Manageme...Triple A Research Journal
ABSTRACT
In existing local level finance system have lack of accountability and transparency. Local government institutions in Bangladesh are very weak in providing basic services to the citizens and in promoting good governance in their constituencies due to low level of human capital in the local government bodies and absence of participatory decision–making governance. The overall local finance is not satisfactory. The existing problems in transparency and accountability at local level finance are lack of people’s participation in budgeting process, monitoring mechanism, using information technologies and skilled manpower. For ensuring accountability and transparency there should have appropriate well designed written laws and regulations, proper auditing and inspection, people’s participation in budgeting. The study has been conducted by analyzing both primary and secondary sources of data. The aim of this article is to raise discussion on ensuring accountability and transparency at local level finance in TukerBazar Union, Khandigaon Union and Khadimnagor Union under SylhetSadarUpazilla. Finally, the study has been evaluated how to ensure accountability and transparency at local level finance in TukerBazar Union, Khandigaon Union and KhadimNagor Union under SyhetSadearUpazilla.
Keywords: Accountability, Transparency, Local Finance, Ensure.
Relationship Between Fiscal Decentralization and Health Care Financing in Uas...Triple A Research Journal
ABSTRACT
This study examined the relationship between fiscal decentralization and health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya, the researcher sought to answer the following research questions; To what extend does the adequacy of decentralized funds influence health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya? How effective was health management team in influencing health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya? How does budgeting and allocation of decentralized funds affect health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya? Lastly, what were the effects of decentralized fund expenditure on health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya? The researcher used ex-post facto research design. Both stratified sampling and random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. The target population for the study was 98 employees working in health department with a sample size of 79 respondents whom comprised of permanent health workers working in the major hospitals in the county. Questionnaires were employed as the major data collection tools. Data were analysed through descriptive statistics and hypothesis is tested by use of chi square. The analysis of the data was done with Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20 and the data was presented though use of graphs and tables for clear understanding of the results. The findings from the study therefore rejected the null hypotheses and concluded that there exists statistically significant relationship between adequacy of decentralized funds, management effectiveness and budgetary mechanism and the level of health care financing. This means that whenever the health management team are effective in managing the decentralized funds well, there is an increase in the level of health care financing.
Keywords: Fiscal Decentralization and Healthcare financing
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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2. Journal of Social Science and Humanity (JSSH) | Vol.1 No.1 | June 2017
J. Soc. Sci. Human. 007
livestock holdings did not exist, but careful estimates
suggested a total of 10 to 11 million cattle in the early
1970s and, after the severe drought, 8.5 million in the
late 1970s.
The UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimated
that in 1987 there were 12.2 million cattle, 13.2 million
sheep, 26.0 million goats, 1.3 million pigs, 700,000
donkeys, 250,000 horses, 18,0000 camels found mostly
in the Sahel savanna around Lake Chad, and 175 million
poultry nationally, owned mostly by villages rather than
by commercial operators. The livestock subsector
accounted for about 2 percent of GDP in the 1980s (The
Library of Congress Country Studies and the CIA World
Factbook, 1991). Scant literature exists on the activity of
livestock production in Nigeria. Scholars in their quest to
study the fortunes or otherwise of the agricultural sector
has dwell so much on crop farming to the neglect of
livestock production. This is the reason for this study,
designed to empirically analyse cattle rearing and its
contribution to the Nigerian economy, using econometric
techniques of analysis. Emphasis shall be on cattle
rearing which dominates livestock production in Nigeria.
The study covers the period 1986 to 2015. The study
shall test the null hypothesis “Cattle Rearing has no
Significant Contribution to the Nigerian Economy
between 1986 to 2016”.
The remaining section of this is arranged as follows:
Section two is devoted to literature review, section three
is methodology. In section four, results are presented
and discussed. In section five, conclusions and
recommendations are outlined.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Among all the livestock that makes up the farm animals
in Nigeria, ruminants, comprising sheep, goats and
cattle, constitute the farm animals largely reared by
farmers in the country’s agricultural system. Nigeria has
population of about 34.5 million goats, 22.1 million sheep
and 13.9 million cattle (Lawal-Adebowale, 2012a).
Livestock production is also an instrument of socio-
economic change to improved income and quality of life.
Thus, larger proportion of these animals’ population are
however concentrated in the Northern region of the
country than the Southern region. Specifically, about
90% of the country’s cattle population and 70% of the
sheep and goat populations are concentrated in the
Northern part of the country (Girei et al., 2013).
A significant portion of the agricultural sector in
Nigeria involves cattle herding, fishing, poultry, and
lumbering, which contributed more than 2 percent to the
GDP in the 1980s. Per the UN Food and Agriculture
Organization 1987 estimate, there were 12.2 million
cattle, 13.2 million sheep, 26.0 million goats, 1.3 million
pigs, 700,000 donkeys, 250,000 horses, and 18,000
camels, mostly in northern Nigeria, and owned mostly by
rural dwellers rather than by commercial companies.
Fisheries output ranged from 600,000 to 700,000 tons
annually in the 1970s. Estimates indicate that the output
had fallen to 120,000 tons of fish per year by 1990. This
was partly due to environmental degradation and water
pollution in Ogoni land and the Delta region in general by
the oil companies.
The concentration of Nigeria’s livestock-base in the
Northern region is most likely to have been influenced by
the ecological condition of the region which is
characterized by low rainfall duration, lighter sandy soils
and longer dry season (Lawal-Adebowale, 2012). All
types of cattle interbreed and can therefore be regarded
as a single species, Blench, (1998). Breeds of locally
available cattle in Nigeria are basically indigenous and
are grouped as the Zebu and Taurine. The Zebus as
locally recognized by the cattle rearers in Northern part of
Nigeria include Bunaji, Rahaji, Sokoto Gudali, Adamawa
Gudali, Azawak and Wadara. Lombin (2011) in Nasiru,
(2012) reported that Nigeria has a livestock population of
about 16.3 million cattle, 40.8 million goats and 27 million
sheep, 151 million poultry, 3.7 million pigs, 900,000
donkeys and 90,000 camels. FAO (2003) reported that
cattle contribute over 50% of the national meat supply
while the remaining 40-50% is contributed by other
classes of livestock and other domesticated animals.
Despite the large population of livestock in Nigeria, the
protein intake is still below the minimum requirement
(FAO, 2001). This may be attributed to the low number of
cattle production in the country as a result of regionalized
suitability to humid areas.
The introduction of the Structural Adjustment
Programme (SAP), a government policy of the 80s in
Nigeria, tremendously affected livestock production not
only in the Northern part but the entire country. There
was a decrease in the amount of meat consumed by
households between the pre-SAP and the post-SAP
period (NISER/CBN 1991). The number of cattle
produced per sampled farmer also decreased by 44%
between pre-SAP and the post-SAP period, Ibid. Apart
from the Federal Government policies, the problems of
livestock production in developing countries are
becoming more critical as the production systems still
remain constrained by socio-economic and biological
factors (West, 1990). Cattle in specific are a major
protein supplier to Nigerian populace and the world as a
whole; hence, markets and marketing activities are very
essential for the distribution of the cattle to the final
consumers and for the wellbeing of the farmers and the
marketers. Marketing of cattle just like in any other
market in the State, is a crucial human invention. It is a
function of so many factors among which are: pricing,
transportation, financing and risk bearing. Agricultural
marketing in the tropics is one of the most important
sectors of the economy and as such, has substantial
impact on the economy where it operates.
The importance of agricultural marketing cannot be
over emphasized since it brings about specialized
production for better skill and efficiency; thereby
providing opportunities for exchange of goods and
services (Olukosi et al., 1990). Cattle’s marketing is an
important part of agricultural and economic activities. The
ability of the cattle marketer to generate more income
from its marketing activities depends largely on the
effective utilization of improved practices that lead to
increase in suitable marketing conditions. The extent of
usage of these practices by the cattle marketers could be
3. Journal of Social Science and Humanity (JSSH) | Vol.1 No.1 | June 2017
008 Ojiya et al.
influenced by a set of factors including, socio-economic
characteristics of the marketers (animal accessibility,
education status of the marketers, experience in cattle
marketing, information and it source utilization, etc.) and
lack of knowledge regarding current marketing practices.
By the early 1970s, as the general standard of living
improved, the demand for meat in Nigeria exceeded the
domestic supply. Thus, 30 to 40 percent of the beef
consumed in Nigeria was imported from Niger, Chad,
and other neighboring countries. In the mid-1970s,
Nigeria began importing frozen beef in response to
export restrictions initiated by its neighbors. The National
Livestock Production Company established domestic
commercial cattle ranches in the late 1970s, but with
poor results.
Most of Nigeria's sheep and goats are in the north, where
the Fulani maintained an approximate ratio of 30 percent
sheep and goats to 70 percent cattle. About 40 percent
of northern non-Fulani farming households are estimated
to keep sheep and goats. Most pigs are raised in the
south, where the Muslim proscription against eating pork
is not a significant factor.
Challenges Facing Livestock Production in Nigeria
According to a report by Food and Agricultural
Organisation (FAO) (2014), Nigeria, with a population of
over 180 million people is grossly underprovided with
essential food components like protein which is important
for the realization and development of human potentials
both mentally and physically as well as infinitesimal
contribution to the gross domestic product of the country.
Data from the National Bureau for Statistics (NBS),
Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), and Food and Agricultural
Organisation (FAO) indicates that from cattle, less than
2kg of beef is available to an average Nigerian per year
and just mere 4kg of eggs per annum is available to each
Nigerian. In fact, milk production has been nose diving or
at best has remained constant since 1994. Livestock
production is a source of employment and livelihood to
many Nigerians. The livestock population comprises
cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, poultry etc. The livestock
system employed by the farmers is characterized by
traditional system of production.
The two major challenges facing cattle production in
Nigeria are basically Farmers and Herdsmen Crises over
Grazing.
In Nigeria, grazing lands have barely been
demarcated, and this large sector of agriculture always
suffers compared to crop farming or fruit plantation (FAO,
1985). The latter two are mostly demarcated favourably
for the fact that most people are sedentary and areas
needed are small. The establishment of demarcated
rangelands and passageways (cattle corridors) allow the
livestock to access water points and pastures without
causing damage to cropland (FAO, 2011). Pastoralists
usually graze over areas outside farm lands, and these
have been accepted to be the norm from time
immemorial. Their movements are opportunistic and
follow pasture and water resources in a pattern that
varies seasonally or year-to-year according to availability
of resources (FAO, 2011). The patterns of movement
may be controlled by seasonal climate variations.
However, increase in population, drying of waterholes,
shifting in rainfall pattern leading to drought as a result of
the changing climate affects both sectors of agriculture.
At the same time, smaller and local agricultural
production systems are becoming more and more
integrated into the global economy, pushing up land
values. These, coupled with the absence of good
governance and the increase in level of poverty creates
avenue for conflicts. Both customary and statutory land
management systems are often not responding
adequately to the tenure insecurity these changes bring
(Djire et al., 2014).
Extensive livestock production in the form of pastoral
livestock keeping is among the most suitable means of
land use in arid areas of Africa because of its adaptability
to highly variable environmental conditions (McCarthy et
al., 2000). Livestock here signifies cattle, sheep and
goats. In Nigeria, most pastoralists do not own land but
graze their livestock in host communities (Awogbade,
1987). While a few have adopted the more sedentary
type of animal husbandry, the increasing crises between
farmers and pastoralist presupposes that grazing is a
major means of animal rearing in Nigeria. The sedentary
type of animal husbandry also proves to be more
expensive, difficult to manage and inefficient for the rapid
growing market of an ever increasing population like
Nigeria.
Causes and Consequences of Farmer-Pastoralist
Conflict
Past conflicts were solely due to overlap of farmlands
with cattle routes, where farmers grow crops on the
routes. But recently, this conflict has escalated, taking
another dimension of ethnic and religious differences
with little effort from government or community leaders
aimed at addressing them. John (2014) studied the
predicaments of the pastoralists and farmers and the true
stories behind their conflicts and how these can be
resolved. His results show the existence of one-sided
reporting by the media, research articles and interested
parties. Majority of those reports tend to highlight and
report cases in which the pastoralist faulted farmers and
tend to ignore the other side of the stories or even their
losses (John, 2014). This appears to aggravate the
situation and adds to the speculation and allegations of
the pastoralist. Other studies show farmers
encroachment on cattle routes is the real cause (Nformi
et al., 2014). These mystify who is wrong and how these
conflicts can be addressed. Ethnic jingoists and
politicians have been benefitting in these strives and
without doubt have succeeded in creating a divide
between the farmers and pastoralist, especially in
communities that are less educated. Leaders at the
Federal, State, Local Governments and even at
community levels become perplexed and wondered on
how these issues can be resolved.
Farmers and pastoralist in many localities and
different countries make their livelihood within the same
geographical, political, and socio-cultural conditions
which may be characterized by resource scarcity
4. Journal of Social Science and Humanity (JSSH) | Vol.1 No.1 | June 2017
J. Soc. Sci. Human. 009
(Braukämper, 2000) or political inequality (Bassett,
1988). Farmer-pastoralist conflicts have been associated
with the conflict of land resource use exacerbated by
dwindling resources (Blench, 2004). Some researchers
have linked this crisis to the theory of eco-violence (Okoli
and Atelhe, 2014), where environmental factors and
exploitation of scarce resources leads to conflict and
violence. This may explain the dwindling grazing
resources (land, pasture etc) and poor management of
existing grazing reserves (Adisa, 2012) as culpable. In
addition, the population is dynamic and ever increasing
compared to land that is relatively static. The population
growth rate of Nigeria per year is 3.2% (National
Population Commission, 2012). Therefore, more and
more people will continue to compete over land. Other
researchers (Okoli et al., 2014; Odoh and Chigozie,
2012; Abbass, 2012) relate the causes of conflict to the
global climate change and the contending desertification
and aridity that has reduced arable and grazing lands,
forcing pastoralist to move southwards in search of
pasture for their livestock. Climate change-induced
rainfall shifting patterns/amount and desertification
reduces crop lands, and farmers have to follow these
patterns, leading to overlap on grazing lands. The Fulbe
herders in Nigeria, for example are faced with rapidly
vanishing grass, forcing them to switch from the Bunaji
cattle breed, which depends on grass, to the Sokoto
Gudali, which readily browses (FAO, 2001).
The pastoralists are also competing with large-scale
agricultural schemes that narrow the grazing lands. The
use of tractors, herbicides and fertilizers have
revolutionised agriculture in the country leading to more
and more grazing lands being farmed extensively (Iro,
2010). As farmlands increase to the detriment of grazing
lands, animals can easily veer into farmlands and destroy
crops. Land acquisition by capitalist farmers exacerbates
the upsurge of conflict as pastoralist can no longer find
where to pass let alone where to stay (Abbass, 2012).
Changing access rights as traditional communal property
are being replaced by private ownership (Adisa, 2012). It
is common to see that Burtalis (cattle pathways) close to
cities do not exist anymore as houses and filling
(petrol/gas) stations have taken over their places. Cattle
now have to compete with motorist to the only path that
is tarred road. There are many other predominant
causes. Blockage of waterholes by farmers and
fishermen, crop damage by pastoralist livestock and
reprisal attacks on pastoralist by sedentary farmers when
ethnic or religious disputes occur somewhere else
(Umar, 2002; Abbass, 2012; Audu, 2014). Also,
allocation of grazing lands as government layouts without
compensating the pastoralist, breakdown of law and
order and taking side by local rulers or Judges
responsible for dispute resolution (Rasak, 2011;
Fabusoro and Oyegbami, 2009).Others are gradual
decline of social cohesion, ethnocentric and religious
intolerance of leaders who are themselves sedentary
farmers and conflict of cultures (Abbass, 2012; Bello,
2013).
Cattle Rustling
In cattle rustling, the gap between minor violence and
full-scale war is very narrow as herdsmen face mounting
insecurity. Who are the rustlers, and how have they
become so powerful that security forces can't tackle
them? In the last few years, crimes related to cattle
rustling have increased across many states. Gunmen
with automatic weapons storm settlements, with a
misplaced sense of military fraternity, killing them and
taking cattle away. In 2013, armed gunmen stormed the
commercial farm owed by then Vice President Namadi
Sambo, along Birnin Gwari road in Kaduna State and
took away over 1,000 cattle worth more than N100
million. In a similar incident, another group of rustlers
invaded the farm of the Emir of Zazzau, Alhaji Shehu
Idris, in Zaria and made away with over 200 cattle worth
millions of naira (Daily Trust, May 2015).
Per Daily Trust Newspapers (2015) asserted that
robberies in high-profile farms, along with constant
reports of ruthless killing of cattle owners, left the
herdsmen between the devil and the deep blue sea:
between the farmers and the diabolic rustlers. The
situation has left many herdsmen without cattle.
Prompted by incessant cattle robbery cases, the former
Inspector General of police, Suleiman Abba, constituted
a "Task Force on Cattle Rustling and Associated Crimes"
to checkmate the rising crime in all the six geopolitical
zones of the country. The task force is saddled with pre-
emptive intelligence gathering, anti-cattle rustling and
allied crimes patrols and the operations, as well as the
investigation and possible prosecution of the reported
incidents of cattle rustling. But not much has been heard
since then as the attacks continue to mount. Benue,
Plateau, Kwara, Nasarawa, Taraba and the federal
capital territory (FCT) are fast becoming safe havens for
crime warlords hell bent in wiping out the age long
traditional occupation of the Fulani. Daily reports of cattle
rustling in these states raise many questions seeking
answers: if all the cattle are rustled, what next? Who are
these rustlers? Who are the buyers of these stolen
cattle? And why have they become powerful? Are the
robbers more tactical in the crime than security forces
fighting them? Or are there untouchable masked men
behind them?
METHODOLOGY
Variables and Data Source
Variables for this study are Gross Domestic Product
(proxy for economic growth) used as dependent variable
while the independent variables are cattle production
(proxied by GDP ratio for livestock production) and
government expenditure on agriculture used as control
variable. To determine the contribution or impact of cattle
rearing on the Nigerian economy, government
expenditure on agriculture is an important variable which
5. Journal of Social Science and Humanity (JSSH) | Vol.1 No.1 | June 2017
010 Ojiya et al.
Empirical Result and Analysis
Table 1. Data Presentation on Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Cattle
Production (Cattle Prod) and Government Expenditure on Agriculture
(Agric-Exp)
YEAR GDP CATTLE_PROD AGRIC_EXP
1981 5.17E+10 2.525025 0.013028
1982 5.37E+10 3.962689 0.0148
1983 5.80E+10 5.193151 0.01277
1984 6.43E+10 6.619808 0.015664
1985 7.35E+10 7.162608 0.020365
1986 7.49E+10 7.389413 0.020689
1987 1.12E+11 8.373794 0.046145
1988 1.48E+11 8.889891 0.083
1989 2.28E+11 11.79099 0.1518
1990 2.82E+11 14.14587 0.258
1991 3.29E+11 15.57605 0.2087
1992 5.55E+11 23.02748 0.455975
1993 7.15E+11 36.57599 1.803806
1994 9.46E+11 54.30441 1.183291
1995 2.01E+12 97.20229 1.5104
1996 2.80E+12 130.4078 1.592562
1997 2.91E+12 145.0295 2.058885
1998 2.82E+12 158.3143 2.891705
1999 3.31E+12 164.3743 59.31617
2000 4.72E+12 172.1903 6.335779
2001 4.91E+12 228.5579 7.064546
2002 7.13E+12 271.0261 9.993554
2003 8.74E+12 299.2245 7.537355
2004 1.17E+13 360.803 11.25663
2005 1.47E+13 463.42 16.32596
2006 1.87E+13 560.2461 17.91903
2007 2.09E+13 642.2764 32.48423
2008 2.47E+13 758.8398 65.39901
2009 2.52E+13 863.4024 22.4352
2010 5.55E+13 979.5641 28.21795
2011 6.37E+13 1115.602 41.2
2012 7.26E+13 1251.931 33.3
2013 8.10E+13 1399.485 39.43101
2014 9.01E+13 1573.053 36.7
2015 9.52E+13 1748.025 41.27
Source: World Bank Development Indicators and Central Bank of
Nigeria Statistical Bulletin (2015)
must not be neglected to avoid biased results. The data
for the study were secondary in nature obtained from the
World Bank Development Indicators and Central Bank of
Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin, 2015 edition. The time
series data cover a 34-years period ranging from 1981-
2015.
Model Specification
A multiple regression model is used with gross domestic
product (GDP) as dependent variable with cattle
production (Cattle Prod) and government expenditure on
agriculture (Agric-Exp) were taken as independent
variables The functional form of the model is thus
specified. as:
GDP = f (Cattle Prod, Agric-Exp) ……
(eq. 1)
For the purpose of estimation we shall restate the above
functional form explicitly as:
GDP = β0 + β1(Cattle Prod) + β2(Agric-Exp) + μt …….
(eq. 2)
The estimated models are further transformed into log-
linear form. This is aimed at reducing the problem of
6. Journal of Social Science and Humanity (JSSH) | Vol.1 No.1 | June 2017
J. Soc. Sci. Human. 011
multi-collinearity among the variables in the models.
Thus the log-linear models are specified as shown below:
LnGDP = β0 + β1(LnCattle Prod) + β2(LnAgric-Exp) + μt
…….(eq. 3)
Our a priori expectations are:
β1 and β2 > 0.
Where:
GDP = Gross Domestic Product
(expressed in Nigeria Naira)
Cattle Prod = GDP ratio for Livestock
Production (expressed in Nigeria Naira)
Agric-Exp = Government expenditure on
Agriculture (expressed in Nigeria Naira)
μt = Error term
Ln = Natural Logarithm
β0 = Intercept
β1 and β2 = Slope of the regression equation
A priori Expectation
A priori expectation is a theoretical statement or criteria
set by economic theory. It is hoped that parameters in
this model have the correct signs and sizes that conform
to economic theory. If they carry the expected signs, then
the hypothesis is accepted otherwise it is rejected. From
the model, the expected theoretical relationship between
the explanatory and independent variables are:
Gross Domestic Product vs Cattle Production (Cattle
Prod): Here β1 is expected to have a positive sign as
increase in cattle production tends to bring an
increase in the Gross Domestic Product (economic
growth) of Nigeria, ceteris paribus.
Gross Domestic Product vs Government expenditure
on agriculture: In β2 above, the relationship is
expected to be positive since the more government
expenditure (funding) received by the Federal
Ministry of Agriculture, the more capital projects like
dam, irrigation, importation of special breed of
grasses for cattle consumption and creation of
ranches to enhance cattle production thereby
bringing increase to Gross Domestic Product.
Method of Data Analysis
The methods of data analysis include first and foremost
descriptive statistic, then unit root test with Augmented
Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Philips-Perron unit root method,
a test for long run relationship (cointegration) and then
the ordinary least square (OLS) multiple regression
method to determine the effect of the independent
variables in the model on the dependent variable. The
study made use of E-views 8.0, econometric software for
the analysis (table 1).
Stationarity Test
The variables in the model, being time series data may
be non-stationary, so regression models using these
series, most likely will generate spurious result; and the
outcome will be biased towards finding a significant
relationships among variables. To overcome this
undesirable outcome, the time-series aggregates were
subjected to test of stationarity by testing for the
presence or absence of unit root using Johansen
cointegration test.
This study therefore commences its investigation by
first testing the properties of the time series used for
analysis. The test is conducted using two different unit
root models. That is, the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF)
model and the Philips-Perron (PP) model. The essence
of using the two tests is for confirmatory testing. The
result of the estimation is thus summarized (table 2).
From the result presented in table 1 above, shows
that ADF and PP unit root tests on the variables at their
level and difference values has been conducted. The
summary of the result reveals that gross domestic
product, cattle production and government expenditure
on agriculture are non-stationary in the level values.
However, the stationarity property is found after taking
the first difference of the series (gross domestic product,
cattle production and government expenditure on
agriculture) all 1 percent significance level. Economic
theory holds that when variables that are known to be
I(1) produce a stationary series, then there is a possibility
of a long run cointegration relationship among them.
Cointegration Test
Having established the root properties of the above
variables, we move ahead to show whether there is a
long-run co-integration relationship among the variables
under consideration by applying Johansen Full
Information Maximum Likelihood method.
The above (table 3) illustrate Johansen’s co-
integration test under both trace and maximum
eigenvalue. Both trace and maximum eigenvalues test
indicates two co-integrating relationship between GDP
and other variables at the five percent level of
significance, where the trace statistic values of 47.48511
and 19.49914 are greater than the 5% critical values of
29.79707 and 15.49471. Similarly, maximum Eigenvalue
of 27.98598 and 18.08729 are greater than the critical
values 21.13162 and 14.26460 respectively thus leading
to the rejection of the null hypothesis of no cointegration
and concluding otherwise. The conclusion that can be
arrived at is that there exists a unique long run
relationship between GDP and cattle production and
government expenditure on agriculture i.e. they can both
walk together for a long time without deviating from the
established path during the period under reference.
Coefficient of Determination
The coefficient of determination (r-square and adjusted r-
square) are useful for throwing light at the explanatory
power of the regression model. The model with an
adjusted r-squared of 0.72 is impressive. This indicates
that 72 percent of variation in the gross domestic product
(GDP) is explained by the independent variables cattle
production and government expenditure on agriculture.
The remaining 28 percent is explained by variables not
included in this model. The Adjusted R2 of 0.72 is close
to the R2 value of 0.73, meaning that the model is fit and
useful for making valid conclusions on the topic of study.
7. Journal of Social Science and Humanity (JSSH) | Vol.1 No.1 | June 2017
012 Ojiya et al.
Table 2. Augmented Dickey Fuller and Philip-Perron Unit Root Test with Intercept
Variable P-value 1st
Difference
t-statistic value
5% Critical Value Order of
Integration
Log(GDP) ADF 0.0001 -5.483705 -2.954021 I(1)
P-P 0.0001 -5.478854 -2.954021 I(1)
Cattle_Prod ADF 0.0213 -3.348838 -2.963972 I(1)
P-P 0.0163 -3.444753 -2.954021 I(1)
Agric_Exp ADF 0.0000 -8.088027 -2.954021 I(1)
P-P 0.0000 -8.740760 -2.954021 I(1)
Source: Author’s computation using E-views 8.0
Table 3. Extracted Johansen Cointegration Result
Series tested: GDP, Cattle_Prod, Agric_Exp
Trace Statistic 5% critical value Prob. Value Max- Eigen
statistic
5% critical value Prob. Value
47.48511 29.79707 0.0002 27.98598 21.13162 0.0046
19.49914 15.49471 0.0118 18.08729 14.26460 0.0119
Trace test indicates 2 cointegrating eq.(s) at the 0.05 level Series have long-run relationship
Max-eigenvalue test indicates 2 cointegrating eq.(s) at the 0.05 level Series have long-run relationship
Source: Author’s computation using E-views 8.0
Table 4. Extracted OLS Regression Output
Variable Coefficient Standard Error T-statistic Prob. value
Dependent Variable 26.75858 0.294142 90.97166 0.0000
Cattle Production 0.003342 0.000691 4.833942 0.0000
Agricultural Expend. 0.031261 0.018859 1.657582 0.1072
Post-Estimation / Robustness Test
R-squared 0.733746
Adjusted R-squared 0.717105
F-statistic 44.09292
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000
Jacque-Berra Probability: 0.258235
Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM
Test: 0.9073
Heteroscedasticity Test: Breusch-Pagan-
Godfrey:
0.6516
Source: Author’s computation using E-views 8.0
Joint Statistical Significance of the Model
The F-statistic of 44.09292 which is a measure of the
joint significance of the explanatory variables is found to
be statistically significant at 1 percent level as indicated
by the corresponding probability value 0.00000.
Individual Statistical Significance of the Model:
The Student t-test otherwise known as individual
statistical significance of the parameters is adopted to
test how significant each variable is in contributing to the
independent variable: In doing this we compare the
estimated t-statistic with the tabulated t-value, which by
rule of thumb should be greater than 2 and significant at
the 0.05 level of significance. In testing for the first
independent variable (cattle production), we compare the
t-statistic value of 4.833942 against the threshold figure
of 2 and conclude that the variable shows a positive and
statistically significant relationship with gross domestic
product within the period studied. On the contrary, the
variable (government expenditure on agriculture) fails
this statistical test, since 1.657582 is less than the table
value of 2. We thus conclude that government
expenditure on agriculture is not significant in explaining
the model (table 4).
The constant is statistically significant implying that
GDP does not only depend on cattle production and
government expenditure on agriculture but other
variables not specified herein may affect GDP.
8. Journal of Social Science and Humanity (JSSH) | Vol.1 No.1 | June 2017
J. Soc. Sci. Human. 013
The coefficient of cattle production in conformity with
economic a priori expectation is positively signed. The
result above reveals that a naira increase in cattle
production translates to 0.003342 billion naira increase in
the gross domestic product of Nigeria between 1981 to
2015. This contribution is however insignificant and
leaves much to be desired. It only goes to show that
cattle production in Nigeria has not brought in much to
the growth and development of Nigeria, and many factors
are responsible for this abysmal performance. So many
reasons are attributable to the near insignificant
contribution of this very important sub-sector of the
agricultural ministry to the nation’s growth.
The coefficient of government expenditure on
agriculture is also positive as expected by theory. The
result reveals that a naira increase in government
expenditure on agriculture leads to 0.031261 billion naira
increase in gross domestic product of Nigeria within the
same period. This impact is not quite significant and is a
wakeup call for government to put in more efforts at
reviving the ailing agriculture ministry. The sector has
suffered long years of neglect probably because of the
easy petro-dollar derivable from the oil industry.
To test the hypothesis “Cattle Rearing has no
Significant Contribution to the Nigerian Economy
between 1986 to 2016” earlier formulated, the t-statistic
and probability values for the individual coefficient shall
be used as yardstick for accepting or rejecting formulated
hypothesis. Since the t-statistic value (1.657582) and
probability value (0.1072) of the coefficient are less than
the permissible threshold by theory, we accept the null
hypothesis and conclude that Cattle Rearing has no
significant contribution to the Nigerian Economy between
1981 to 2015.
Robustness Test
To buttress the empirical analysis above, it is also
necessary to examine the statistical properties of the
estimated model. Robustness checks are crucial in this
analysis, because if there is a problem in the residuals
from the estimation of a model, it is an indication that the
model is not efficient, such that parameter estimates from
such model may be biased. The model was tested for
normality, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity and
stability tests and the result is as shown in the appendix
page.
From the Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM
Test results, the hypothesis of zero autocorrelation in the
residuals was not rejected. This was because the
probability value of 0.9073 is greater than 5%. Therefore,
the Breusch-Godfrey serial correlation LM test did not
reveal serial correlation problems for the model. Also,
Breusch-Pagan test was conducted to test for
heteroscedasticity and the result reveals a probability of
0.6516 which is more than 0.05. This leads to the
rejection of the presence of heteroscedasticity in the
residuals thus concluding that the residuals are
homoscedastic. It can therefore be deduced that the
model is valid and useful for policy making. The result of
Jarque-Bera test of normality also indicate the series as
being normally distributed and valid for empirical analysis
judging from the insignificant probability value of
0.258235. The result of both the CUSUM and CUSUMQ
stability test indicates that the model is stable. This is
because both the CUSUM and CUSUMQ lines fall in-
between the two 5% lines.
CONCLUSION / RECOMMENDATIONS
Cattle rearing is a business that has the potential of
contributing significantly to the growth of the nation’s
economy. But the sub-sector has come under severe
attacks and challenges over the years as herdsmen-
farmer’s clashes have remain a recurring decimal in our
national life. It has threatened the livelihood of both
farmers and herdsmen as well as the peaceful existence
of Nigeria. It is in consideration of these facts that this
study empirically examines cattle rearing and its
contribution to the Nigerian economy between 1981 to
2015. The sources of data are statistical bulletins
published by World Bank Development Indicators (WBDI)
and Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin 2015. To
achieve the objectives specified in the study, Augmented
Dickey Fuller and Philips-Perron unit root test, Johansen
cointegration tests and Ordinary Least Square estimation
techniques were employed, using E-views version 8
software. Results from the stationarity and cointegration
test reveals that all the variables are first difference
stationary, with evidence of a unique long run
relationship among the variables in the model. Findings
from the OLS regression output reveals that cattle
rearing has no significant contribution to the Nigerian
economy during the period under reference.
The following policy recommendations are suggested:
First and foremost is the issue of herdsmen-farmers’
persistent clashes over grasses to feed cattle. For
our cattle to bring in maximum contribution to GDP
growth the debate on whether to create ranches
must be ended. Ranching – a method of raising
livestock under range conditions – has been
suggested as the best solution to the incessant
Fulani herdsmen / farmers’ crises. Nigerian cows are
among the best species of cows in the world but
lacked the capacity to produce quality milk because
they wandered ceaselessly in search of greener
pasture which often brings the herdsmen at logger
heads with local farmers. The importance of ranching
cannot be overemphasized if the government is
desirous of getting the best from livestock production.
Ranching is global best practice in cattle production.
The largest ranch in the world, dairy farm in the world
is in Saudi Arabia; 135,000 cows in one farm, but
they are the most comfortable cows on planet earth,
they live in air-conditioned tents. They eat and they
produce milk; they give 40 litres of milk per day, the
reverse is the case in Nigeria where our cows
sometimes produce just half a litre of the milk. That is
why Saudi milk is all over the gulf. For Saudi Arabia
to have attained this feat is not by accident, they get
their grass from the U.S.; import alfalfa grass from
the U.S. and from Sudan. Our cows are wandering
and the herdsmen are at war with farmers; a crisis
9. Journal of Social Science and Humanity (JSSH) | Vol.1 No.1 | June 2017
014 Ojiya et al.
that must be ended as quickly as possible. And the
solution is in growing grasses. Grass is not just
grass. When grass does not contain 80 percent
amino acid and nutrients, it is not good for even cow
to eat. The food that cow eat passes to human being
through meat that we eat. When these cows eat high
quality grasses and water, we are eating good quality
food, but if not, we are eating chaffs and the milk
production as well will be low.
In cattle rustling, the gap between minor violence and
full-scale war is very narrow as herdsmen face
mounting insecurity. Reports of robberies in high-
profile cattle farms, along with constant reports of
ruthless killing of cattle owners, leave the herdsmen
between the devil and the deep blue sea. The
situation has left many herdsmen without cattle and
have made them criminals themselves due to
frustration. The Federal Government must as a
matter of urgent importance do all that is within its
reach to contain this menace. It is important to note
that on average it takes about seven years for a calf
to be born. It equally involves a lot of work and
patience to raise the calf to adulthood. It therefore
becomes impossible and difficult for herdsmen who
are robbed of their livelihood to sit and watch while
these criminals go unchallenged. A task force must
therefore be put in place to checkmate the excesses
of cattle rustlers. This, if achieved has the potential of
increasing output in the sector as well as GDP
growth rate.
The present nomadic lifestyle of herdsmen of always
being in the bush and forest makes them animistic
and ruthless, hence they show no compassion to
other fellow humans once confronted with a crises.
Government should therefore create well-equipped
special reserves across the country with irrigation,
dams, educational, health and recreational facilities
where these herdsmen can be stationed with their
cows to avoid the incessant farmers-herdsmen
clashes. We must come to terms with the reality that
these herdsmen also need decent living and care
from government. Peaceful coexistence between
these two important agricultural stakeholders will in
no small measure collectively improve the fortunes of
agriculture in the country.
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How to cite this article:
Ojiya Emmanuel Ameh, Ajie Hycenth Amakiri and Mamman
Andekujwo Baajon (2017). Cattle Rearing and its Contribution to the
Nigerian Economy: An Econometric Analysis. J. Soc. Sci. Human.
1(1):006-015