ABSTRACT
This paper considers commuters’ satisfaction with public mass transit (PMT) services in Kogi State, Nigeria. The work is propelled by the practical absence of previous research efforts in the area, particularly as it affects the commuters in the grassroots. Taking in a multi-stage sampling technique, the study used a sample of 601 commuters and 70 of both employees and management staff drawn from six different public mass transit outfits operating in Kogi State, Nigeria, by both the state government and the local government areas of the province. Data was collected from commuters, contact personnel and management staff. The survey disclosed that there is a substantial deviation between the case of mass transit outfit commuter patronize and their level of gratification with the avails of the PMT. The survey concludes that commuters, generally, are not satisfied with the avails of the public mass transit in Nigeria. Established on the findings, the study recommended among others improved funding of these PMTs and the desegregation of other modalities of transportation for effective service delivery.
Keywords: Consumer-Satisfaction, Service-Quality, Dimensionality of Service Quality.
The Gap Between the Public Transport System and the Automobile Industry Rory Van Wyk
https://www.miway.co.za/blog/useful-info/a-commentary-on-south-africa-s-dependence-on-the-motor-car-industry | We discuss the fundamental gaps between the South African public transport system and automobile industry. Learn about the implications of a lacking public transport system and its effects on the automobile and motor vehicle insurance industries.
Making cities more competitive the economic case for public transportTristan Wiggill
A presentation by Adv Alma Nel (Director: Legal and Policy Research: Gauteng Provincial Government) at the Transport Forum Month of Transport Celebrations 1 October 2015 hosted by University of Johannesburg. The theme for the event was: "Trends in Policy Development for Transport" and the topic for the presentation was: "Making cities more competitive The Economic Case for Public Transport."
More like this on www.transportworldafrica.co.za
Land-Based Transport Governance in the Philippines: Focus on Metro ManilaAlthea Muriel Pineda
This paper aims to provide a situationer on transport governance in the Philippines, as they apply to Metro Manila. Metro Manila provides the arena for describing and analyzing the complexity and dynamics of transport governance in the country. This is occasioned by the number of local government units located in the metropolis (17 cities and municipality) as well as various national government agencies with transport-related mandates operating in the region. Metro Manila is also one of the biggest (13 million) and fastest growing metropolises in the world.
From Ateneo School of Government/Rockefeller Foundation's "Catalyzing Inclusive Mobility: A Case of Metro Manila" Project to a newly formed Inclusive Mobility Network with members of multi-disciplinary backgrounds -- championing the voiceless poor, the marginalized and the vulnerable.
The journey towards liveable, accessible cities continues. We pray we endure, add value and fight for what is truly, genuinely good for all.
Creating Better Places with Transportation Demand Management (TDM)Mobility Lab
A “transit premium” can increase property values by anywhere between a few percentage points up to more than 150 percent.
TDM focuses on shifting travelers away from single occupancy-vehicle modes like biking, walking, bus, and rail. In many cases, however, TDM solutions and programs may address only a single alternative mode, or ignore the increasing diversity in how people – particularly younger generations – are traveling.
There is strong evidence of this narrow focus occurring frequently. Residential buildings may tout their WalkScore as a measure of pedestrian-friendliness. Or a commercial building may earn a Bicycle Friendly Business’ designation from the League of American Bicyclists. While these tools and designations are certainly valuable, sustainable buildings should have an an equitable distribution of transportation options and opportunities.
Most property owners and managers (and the business leaders who operate within them) can find ways to better promote and encourage a range of multi-modal options.
My contribution to helping them do so is the Multi-Modal Transportation Score (or what I like to call ModeScore for short). It measures the total accessibility of a given building, taking into account all possible sustainable transportation modes. My overarching goal is that building users will create and embrace programs to encourage and increase alternative travel.
Sustainable Urban Transport Planning Considering Different Stakeholder Groups...BME
Sustainable urban transport requires smart and environmentally-friendly technical solutions. It also needs to meet the demands of different user groups, including current and potential future users, in order to avoid opposition of the citizens and to support sustainable development decisions. While these requirements are well-known, conducting full surveys of user needs and preferences are tedious and costly, and the interests of different user groups may be contradictory. We therefore developed a methodology based on the prevalent Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is capable of dealing with the inconsistencies and uncertainties of users’ responses by applying an Interval Analytic Hierarchy Process (IAHP) through comparing the results of passengers to reference stakeholder groups. For a case study in Mersin, a coastal city in southern Turkey with 1.7 Million inhabitants, three groups were surveyed with questionnaires: 40 users of the public transport system, 40 non-users, and 17 experts. Based on interval pairwise comparison matrices, consisting of whole judgments of all groups, the IAHP methodology could attain a consensual preference ranking for a future public transportation system between the three groups. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the factor ranking was very stable.
The Gap Between the Public Transport System and the Automobile Industry Rory Van Wyk
https://www.miway.co.za/blog/useful-info/a-commentary-on-south-africa-s-dependence-on-the-motor-car-industry | We discuss the fundamental gaps between the South African public transport system and automobile industry. Learn about the implications of a lacking public transport system and its effects on the automobile and motor vehicle insurance industries.
Making cities more competitive the economic case for public transportTristan Wiggill
A presentation by Adv Alma Nel (Director: Legal and Policy Research: Gauteng Provincial Government) at the Transport Forum Month of Transport Celebrations 1 October 2015 hosted by University of Johannesburg. The theme for the event was: "Trends in Policy Development for Transport" and the topic for the presentation was: "Making cities more competitive The Economic Case for Public Transport."
More like this on www.transportworldafrica.co.za
Land-Based Transport Governance in the Philippines: Focus on Metro ManilaAlthea Muriel Pineda
This paper aims to provide a situationer on transport governance in the Philippines, as they apply to Metro Manila. Metro Manila provides the arena for describing and analyzing the complexity and dynamics of transport governance in the country. This is occasioned by the number of local government units located in the metropolis (17 cities and municipality) as well as various national government agencies with transport-related mandates operating in the region. Metro Manila is also one of the biggest (13 million) and fastest growing metropolises in the world.
From Ateneo School of Government/Rockefeller Foundation's "Catalyzing Inclusive Mobility: A Case of Metro Manila" Project to a newly formed Inclusive Mobility Network with members of multi-disciplinary backgrounds -- championing the voiceless poor, the marginalized and the vulnerable.
The journey towards liveable, accessible cities continues. We pray we endure, add value and fight for what is truly, genuinely good for all.
Creating Better Places with Transportation Demand Management (TDM)Mobility Lab
A “transit premium” can increase property values by anywhere between a few percentage points up to more than 150 percent.
TDM focuses on shifting travelers away from single occupancy-vehicle modes like biking, walking, bus, and rail. In many cases, however, TDM solutions and programs may address only a single alternative mode, or ignore the increasing diversity in how people – particularly younger generations – are traveling.
There is strong evidence of this narrow focus occurring frequently. Residential buildings may tout their WalkScore as a measure of pedestrian-friendliness. Or a commercial building may earn a Bicycle Friendly Business’ designation from the League of American Bicyclists. While these tools and designations are certainly valuable, sustainable buildings should have an an equitable distribution of transportation options and opportunities.
Most property owners and managers (and the business leaders who operate within them) can find ways to better promote and encourage a range of multi-modal options.
My contribution to helping them do so is the Multi-Modal Transportation Score (or what I like to call ModeScore for short). It measures the total accessibility of a given building, taking into account all possible sustainable transportation modes. My overarching goal is that building users will create and embrace programs to encourage and increase alternative travel.
Sustainable Urban Transport Planning Considering Different Stakeholder Groups...BME
Sustainable urban transport requires smart and environmentally-friendly technical solutions. It also needs to meet the demands of different user groups, including current and potential future users, in order to avoid opposition of the citizens and to support sustainable development decisions. While these requirements are well-known, conducting full surveys of user needs and preferences are tedious and costly, and the interests of different user groups may be contradictory. We therefore developed a methodology based on the prevalent Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is capable of dealing with the inconsistencies and uncertainties of users’ responses by applying an Interval Analytic Hierarchy Process (IAHP) through comparing the results of passengers to reference stakeholder groups. For a case study in Mersin, a coastal city in southern Turkey with 1.7 Million inhabitants, three groups were surveyed with questionnaires: 40 users of the public transport system, 40 non-users, and 17 experts. Based on interval pairwise comparison matrices, consisting of whole judgments of all groups, the IAHP methodology could attain a consensual preference ranking for a future public transportation system between the three groups. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the factor ranking was very stable.
The recent focus on how to internalize the external costs of commuting have open a frontier of researches in estimating the private cost of commuting, however, there is still the dearth of knowledge on what constitute social cost of transportation in developing countries. This study estimates the private costs of commuting in Metropolitan Lagos. Data were collected on the socio-economic characteristics of commuting households (income, wages, modal choice,
The Rockefeller Foundation and the Pratt Center for Community Development have coalesced around a transit solution called Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)—a high-performance system that combines the permanence, speed, and reliability of rail, with the flexibility of buses, at a fraction of the cost of a subway system. In the Foundation and Pratt’s report, Mobility and Equity for New York’s Transit-Starved Neighborhoods: The Case for Full-Featured Bus Rapid Transit, BRT is discussed as an affordable, reliable, and practical way of getting outer borough residents from point A to point B.
Presentation on 'Promoting Gender Equality in the SEMED region' made at the m...OECD Governance
Presentation on 'Promoting Gender Equality in the SEMED region' made at the meeting 'Women in Public Life in the Middle East and North Africa' on 5 March 2015 in Madrid
Providing Transportation Choices: The Region of Durham ExperienceSmart Commute
Written by: Jeffrey Brooks, MCIP, RPP, Ramesh Jagannathan, P.Eng, PTOE, Colleen Goodchild, MCIP, RPP
Presented at: Canadian Institute of Transportation Engineers, Toronto, May 2007
Encouraging public transport as a feasible option to passenger mobilityTristan Wiggill
A presentation by Mr Ofentse Mokwena (Lecturer: Department of Transport Economics and Logistics Management: NWU) at the Transport Forum special interest group proudly hosted by TCT in Cape Town on 10 December 2015. The theme for the event was: "Encouraging Public Transport". The topic of the presentation was: "Encouraging public transport as a feasible option to passenger mobility"
More like this on www.transportworldafrica.co.za
Ppp for solving public transport woes in indiaAmit Jain
The public transport in most of the cities are dependent on buses, auto rikshaws, cycle rikshaws which are not able to meet the demand, prone to accidents, delays & traffic jams. The cities need to create an efficient and affordable public transport services. The private sector may be invited through PPP to develop an integrated public transport system in a city. The private sector may charge an appropriate user fee (fare) from the users and earn revenue from commercial activities like advertising, renting & leasing of commercial spaces etc to cover his capital and recurring cost.
2011 National ITS Update - 2 25-11 public versionraymurphy9533
The 2011 National ITS Update is a hilevel overview by Ray Murphy of US DOT/FHWA major ITS Initiatives - including the Five Year ITS Strategic Research Plan (2010 – 2014) Major ITS Initiatives such as Applications for the Environment: Real-Time Information Synthesis (AERIS), the Clarus Initiative, the Vehicle Data Translator (VDT), the Integrated Mobile Observing (IMO) Project, and the Connected Vehicle Initiative.
Review on the Analysis of Civil Aviation Users Willingness to Payijtsrd
as a big transportation country, China has a huge traffic demand. There are four main modes of passenger transportation highway, waterway, railway and aviation. In recent years, the rapid development of high speed rail has further shortened the travel time of passenger rail travel mode. The rapid development of high speed rail has a certain impact on air passenger transport, and the rapid development of high speed rail has a certain impact on air passenger transport, and in the current peoples living standards are gradually improving, it is no longer just a matter of time Satisfied with the current situation of realizing the purpose of travel, people begin to pursue a higher consumption mode. From the change of the main social contradictions in China, we can see that people hope to get happiness and sense of gain in travel. This paper reviews the literature on passenger travel in recent years and expects to do some research in these aspects in the future. Li Feng | Guo Ling | Wang Yi "Review on the Analysis of Civil Aviation Users' Willingness to Pay" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35829.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/consumer-behaviour/35829/review-on-the-analysis-of-civil-aviation-users-willingness-to-pay/li-feng
Future of transport An initial perspective - Professor Glenn Lyons, UWE, Br...Future Agenda
An initial perspective on the future of transport by Professor Glenn Lyons, Professor of Transport and Society at UWE Bristol. This is the starting point for the global future agenda discussions taking place through 2015 as part of the the futureagenda2.0 programme. www.futureagenda.org
Urban Transport Policy for Karachi and Other Pakistani CitiesWaheed Uddin
"Urban Transport Policy for Karachi and Other Pakistani Cities"
Note by U.S. Principal Investigator from the University of Mississippi CAIT: This policy paper presents a comprehensive overview of the USAID-Pakistan'sHEC transportation research project, including findings and recommendations from the July 2010 conference at NED University. More Info: U.S. National Academies
http://sites.nationalacademies.org/PGA/dsc/pakistan/PGA_052872
Public-Private Partnership in Urban TransportJaspal Singh
The presentation highlights the different aspects of Public Private Partnership in Urban Transport. It highlights the investment required in this sector and what are the challenges faced by private investors.
The recent focus on how to internalize the external costs of commuting have open a frontier of researches in estimating the private cost of commuting, however, there is still the dearth of knowledge on what constitute social cost of transportation in developing countries. This study estimates the private costs of commuting in Metropolitan Lagos. Data were collected on the socio-economic characteristics of commuting households (income, wages, modal choice,
The Rockefeller Foundation and the Pratt Center for Community Development have coalesced around a transit solution called Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)—a high-performance system that combines the permanence, speed, and reliability of rail, with the flexibility of buses, at a fraction of the cost of a subway system. In the Foundation and Pratt’s report, Mobility and Equity for New York’s Transit-Starved Neighborhoods: The Case for Full-Featured Bus Rapid Transit, BRT is discussed as an affordable, reliable, and practical way of getting outer borough residents from point A to point B.
Presentation on 'Promoting Gender Equality in the SEMED region' made at the m...OECD Governance
Presentation on 'Promoting Gender Equality in the SEMED region' made at the meeting 'Women in Public Life in the Middle East and North Africa' on 5 March 2015 in Madrid
Providing Transportation Choices: The Region of Durham ExperienceSmart Commute
Written by: Jeffrey Brooks, MCIP, RPP, Ramesh Jagannathan, P.Eng, PTOE, Colleen Goodchild, MCIP, RPP
Presented at: Canadian Institute of Transportation Engineers, Toronto, May 2007
Encouraging public transport as a feasible option to passenger mobilityTristan Wiggill
A presentation by Mr Ofentse Mokwena (Lecturer: Department of Transport Economics and Logistics Management: NWU) at the Transport Forum special interest group proudly hosted by TCT in Cape Town on 10 December 2015. The theme for the event was: "Encouraging Public Transport". The topic of the presentation was: "Encouraging public transport as a feasible option to passenger mobility"
More like this on www.transportworldafrica.co.za
Ppp for solving public transport woes in indiaAmit Jain
The public transport in most of the cities are dependent on buses, auto rikshaws, cycle rikshaws which are not able to meet the demand, prone to accidents, delays & traffic jams. The cities need to create an efficient and affordable public transport services. The private sector may be invited through PPP to develop an integrated public transport system in a city. The private sector may charge an appropriate user fee (fare) from the users and earn revenue from commercial activities like advertising, renting & leasing of commercial spaces etc to cover his capital and recurring cost.
2011 National ITS Update - 2 25-11 public versionraymurphy9533
The 2011 National ITS Update is a hilevel overview by Ray Murphy of US DOT/FHWA major ITS Initiatives - including the Five Year ITS Strategic Research Plan (2010 – 2014) Major ITS Initiatives such as Applications for the Environment: Real-Time Information Synthesis (AERIS), the Clarus Initiative, the Vehicle Data Translator (VDT), the Integrated Mobile Observing (IMO) Project, and the Connected Vehicle Initiative.
Review on the Analysis of Civil Aviation Users Willingness to Payijtsrd
as a big transportation country, China has a huge traffic demand. There are four main modes of passenger transportation highway, waterway, railway and aviation. In recent years, the rapid development of high speed rail has further shortened the travel time of passenger rail travel mode. The rapid development of high speed rail has a certain impact on air passenger transport, and the rapid development of high speed rail has a certain impact on air passenger transport, and in the current peoples living standards are gradually improving, it is no longer just a matter of time Satisfied with the current situation of realizing the purpose of travel, people begin to pursue a higher consumption mode. From the change of the main social contradictions in China, we can see that people hope to get happiness and sense of gain in travel. This paper reviews the literature on passenger travel in recent years and expects to do some research in these aspects in the future. Li Feng | Guo Ling | Wang Yi "Review on the Analysis of Civil Aviation Users' Willingness to Pay" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35829.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/consumer-behaviour/35829/review-on-the-analysis-of-civil-aviation-users-willingness-to-pay/li-feng
Future of transport An initial perspective - Professor Glenn Lyons, UWE, Br...Future Agenda
An initial perspective on the future of transport by Professor Glenn Lyons, Professor of Transport and Society at UWE Bristol. This is the starting point for the global future agenda discussions taking place through 2015 as part of the the futureagenda2.0 programme. www.futureagenda.org
Urban Transport Policy for Karachi and Other Pakistani CitiesWaheed Uddin
"Urban Transport Policy for Karachi and Other Pakistani Cities"
Note by U.S. Principal Investigator from the University of Mississippi CAIT: This policy paper presents a comprehensive overview of the USAID-Pakistan'sHEC transportation research project, including findings and recommendations from the July 2010 conference at NED University. More Info: U.S. National Academies
http://sites.nationalacademies.org/PGA/dsc/pakistan/PGA_052872
Public-Private Partnership in Urban TransportJaspal Singh
The presentation highlights the different aspects of Public Private Partnership in Urban Transport. It highlights the investment required in this sector and what are the challenges faced by private investors.
Satisfaction with public transport: the case of an university accessIJERA Editor
This study presents the results of a diagnostic survey on the users satisfaction with the public transportation
system which enables access to a higher education institution (HEI), relating it to some socio-bio-demographic
characteristics. The research instrument, based on fuzzy logic, was answered by 184 randomly selected
passengers. The statistical analysis was performed with non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis, Man Whitney,
Friedman and Wilcoxon). The results for the level of satisfaction were considered reasonable and it was
identified that the factors ''terminal/stops'' and ''comfort/service for passengers'' were the worst evaluated. It was
also identified that the age of the passengers, travel time and distance from the terminal/stop to the
origin/destination are associated with the level of satisfaction.
Motorized Tricycle Transportation Business in Catanduanespaperpublications3
Abstract: This study presents the motorized tricycle transportation business in Catanduanes in 2014 and assumed its operation succeeds well and there are problems encountered. Descriptive method of research was utilized with the questionnaire as the main instrument in gathering the data. Respondents of the study consisted one fourth of the total population. Stratified random sampling was adopted. Frequency count, percentages, mean and rank were among the statistical tools used in this study. Result of data analysis disclosed that a typical motorized tricycle operator is a male; married; 30-49 years old; either college undergraduate or high school graduate; and gainfully employed; operators of motorized tricycle hire one worker usually a driver; with one tricycle unit; initial capitalization is relatively low usually used to pay for downpayment of the unit as well as purchase of sidecar; operators are relatively poor and with fairly adequate income from motorized tricycle operation; most popular mode of division of income was boundary system where the driver gives the operator a fixed sum of money for each day of trip; the economic status of the respondents improved as well their social status improved also; Rationale were afforded as problems in the business such as extension of hours of being on the road; stiff competition; high cost of spare parts; gasoline; oil; others; strict enforcement of routes; inconsiderate operators; and corrupt LTO personnel. Recommendations were offered on how to give fair share in the income from motorized tricycle operation; for motorized tricycle operators to improve their socio-economic conditions; to provide solution to their problems; propose detailed plan intended to provide standard procedures for policy decision making, within the perspective of the Local Government Unit, Land Transportation Office, Department of Transportation and Communication to the motorized tricycle operators; motorized tricycle operators should at least put up a tricycle operators’ cooperative in their municipalities and the routes to future research were identified.
Current situation and future prospects
The study was conducted by Creafutur Foundation and funded and co-created by 11 private and public entities: Abertis Foundation, Barcelona City Council, Barcelona Metropolitan Area (AMB), Metropolitan Transport Authority (ATM), Municipal
Services of Barcelona (BSM), Clear Channel, Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (FGC), SABA, RACC, Repsol and SEAT.
Based on the mandate given in SDG 11, calling for promoting an affordable and sustainable transport, globally all nations are trying to come out with an agenda and a vision for achieving carbon neutrality. Nations must make commitment to promote emissions-free mobility as a fundamental human right; doing the best things for humanity and society to lead towards a better and sustainable future and proactively promoting a paradigm shift towards electrification and creating a hydrogen based society for bringing sustainability. Sustainable transport is known for its distinct and numerous social and economic benefits for the communities, cities, environment and ecology. Studies made and analysis carried out has concluded that; Sustainable transport can help create large number of jobs; improve commuter safety through investment in bicycle lanes; reduce use of fossil fuel ; minimize pollution and congestion, making cities walkable; and making access to employment and social opportunities more affordable and efficient besides decarbonizing cities and making urban settlements more livable and sustainable. Sustainable transportation offers a practical opportunity and simple method of saving people's time, improving people’s health increasing household income and making cities great places for happy, healthy and more productive living besides making investment in sustainable transport, a 'win-win' option and opportunity for all stake holders.’ Decarbonizing, Carbon Neutrality and Zero-Carbon must remain the prime agenda to redefine, promote and achieve the sustainable transportation in urban areas and to achieve the mandate/goals given in SDG11. Planet earth looks at how nations can minimize travel and make it sustainable for making human settlements more peaceful and livable.
The Challenges of Implementing Freedom of Information Act by the Civil Societ...Triple A Research Journal
The study was carried out to determine the challenges and difficulties
encountered by the Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in Lagos State,
while utilising the FoIA to access information. The study was
predicated on two theories - Public Sphere, and Social Responsibility
theories. The objectives, among other things, were to investigate and
evaluate the duration odd time expended in accessing information
under the FoIA and the challenges and difficulties encountered, while
utilizing the FoIA. Interview schedule was used to elicit information
from the three CSOs – SERAP, CLO, MRA purposively selected.
Analysis revealed that the CSOs in Lagos state encountered
challenges and difficulties in the areas of procedure, release of
information, and the effect of the Official Secret Act 1962, amongst
others. The study also found out, that majority of the information
accessed under the FoIA by the CSOs in Lagos state were accessed
outside the seven (7) days’ timeframe stipulated by the FoIA in
Section 4. Based on the forgoing, it was recommended, amongst
others, that the difficulties and challenges identified by this study
should be, urgently, presented or tabled before the appropriate
quarters – Attorney general, who the law imbued with the supervisory
function over the implementation of the FoIA; and to the National
Assembly for amendment.
Keywords: Civil Society Organisations, Challenges, Freedom of
Information Act, Implementation
There was an increasing trend from 2010 to 2011 motor traffic
accidents in Kuwait City, passengers and pedestrians are
always at highest risk of being injured or killed on the road.
Quantitative and qualitative results indicated that the technical
element of the highway construction, irresponsibility, poor
management, cell phones, alcohol and drugs, age of the
victims and poor condition of services were the causes of
traffic accidents in Kuwait. The study recommended that the
government should review legislation regarding employment
of drivers, and working conditions of police force should be
improved, public road safety campaigns should be conducted,
and new driving license system should be imposed. The use of
cell phones while driving should be restricted. The hospital
and police records should be updated with the number of road
victims, the hospital staff, traffic police and ambulance
personnel should be considered for intensive training on
emergency and preparedness, and regular vehicle inspection
should be introduced in Kuwait City.
Keyword: Traffic- accidents-Risk Theory-System Theory, Triangulation-method
There was an increasing trend from 2010 to 2011 motor traffic accidents in Kuwait City, passengers and pedestrians are always at highest risk of being injured or killed on the road. Quantitative and qualitative results indicated that the technical element of the highway construction, irresponsibility, poor management, cell phones, alcohol and drugs, age of the victims and poor condition of services were the causes of traffic accidents in Kuwait. The study recommended that the government should review legislation regarding employment of drivers, and working conditions of police force should be improved, public road safety campaigns should be conducted, and new driving license system should be imposed. The use of cell phones while driving should be restricted. The hospital and police records should be updated with the number of road victims, the hospital staff, traffic police and ambulance personnel should be considered for intensive training on emergency and preparedness, and regular vehicle inspection should be introduced in Kuwait City.
Keyword: Traffic- accidents-Risk Theory-System Theory-Triangulation- method
The Challenges of Implementing Freedom of Information Act by the Civil Societ...Triple A Research Journal
The study was carried out to determine the challenges and difficulties encountered by the Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in Lagos State, while utilising the FoIA to access information. The study was predicated on two theories – Public Sphere, and Social Responsibility theories. The objectives, among other things, were to investigate and evaluate the duration odd time expended in accessing information under the FoIA and the challenges and difficulties encountered, while utilizing the FoIA. Interview schedule was used to elicit information from the three CSOs – SERAP, CLO, MRA purposively selected. Analysis revealed that the CSOs in Lagos state encountered challenges and difficulties in the areas of procedure, release of information, and the effect of the Official Secret Act 1962, amongst others. The study also found out, that majority of the information accessed under the FoIA by the CSOs in Lagos state were accessed outside the seven (7) days’ timeframe stipulated by the FoIA in Section 4. Based on the forgoing, it was recommended, amongst others, that the difficulties and challenges identified by this study should be, urgently, presented or tabled before the appropriate quarters – Attorney general, who the law imbued with the supervisory function over the implementation of the FoIA; and to the National Assembly for amendment.
Keywords: Civil Society Organisations, Challenges, Freedom of Information Act, Implementation
Sustainable Development of Bioenergy from Agriculture Residues and EnvironmentTriple A Research Journal
This communication discusses a comprehensive review of biomass energy
sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the
biomass energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy
conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures
necessary to reduce emissions globally. The current literature is reviewed
regarding the ecological, social, cultural and economic impacts of biomass
technology. This study gives an overview of present and future use of
biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and
other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market
situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that
biomass technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested,
implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural areas.
Keywords: Biomass resources, wastes, woodfuel, biofuels, energy,
environment, sustainability related with bioenergy development, disperse
systems formulation science, surfactant sciences
Mathematical modeling to monitor workplace humor style and subordinate worked...Triple A Research Journal
ABSTRACT
The study monitors the effect on workplace humour style and
subordinate work attitude in telecommunication companies. The
output of staff in these organization were observed to reflect on their
subordinate work attitudes, job satisfaction and job involvement in
these companies, the study experience the positivity from these
dimensions as a function of workplace humour style in various
period at different conditions, linear trend were observed from the
predictive values, but there were variations despites the linear trend
displayed from these parameters through graphical representations.
These conditions implies that the input of subordinate work attitudes
determine the output of job satisfaction and staff efficiency
involvement, these dimensions determine the output of efficiency or
growth rate of these companies productivity, these parameters
generated the system that produced the predictive model, and
subjecting these parameters to model validation developed a
favorable fits, the study expressed the rate which these
organizational behaviour determined the efficiency of staff thus
generate positive or negative productivity, the study is however
imperative because the evaluation of these dimensions as a function
of workplace humour style has been monitored, these conceptual
framework has express their various function of influence in
different dimensions.
Keywords: Mathematical modeling, humour style, subordinate
Mathematical Model to Predict Leader Self-Awareness and Effective Conflict Ma...Triple A Research Journal
Self-awareness and effective conflict management were subjected into evaluation, this was to monitor the extend at which such managerial concept experienced impact from positive and negative condition, various dimension that were observed to express relationship were involved to evaluate different rate of effects on leader self – awareness in manufacturing companies, other influential parameters were conflict management. These variables were observed to relate through increase collaboration as a result generate improved communication between customers and staffs for better efficiency and productivity in manufacturing companies. The study expresses various output through simulated parameters at different period and conditions, the derived simulation values were subjected to model validations, and both parameters developed favorable fits, the study expressed its significance by monitoring leader self-awareness in manufacturing companies, these were evaluated through assessment of effective conflict management to generates improved communication between customers and staffs in manufacturing companies.
Keywords: Mathematical model, leader self-awareness, and manufacturing companies.
Local Level Financial Systems: A Study on Three Union at Sylhet Sadar Upazill...Triple A Research Journal
BSTRACT
In this research paper has tried to show, first look at the context of financial systems of local level finance particularly three union at Sylhet Sadar Upazilla. This study conducted following mixed (both qualitative and quotative research) approach based on primary and secondary source to give out purpose of this study. Some case studies have considered reveal the study findings. This study intended to represent picture of local finance system at grassroots level. Findings also suggest that, effective local government procurement policies and practices contribute to sound financial management.
Keywords: Finance, Local Level, System, Local Government
Does Effective Communication Improve Performance of Public Sector? Perspectiv...Triple A Research Journal
ABSTRACT
Uganda adopted decentralization in 1997 with the aim of bringing services nearer to communities. Central government continues to provide resources to local governments; however, some communities still experience inadequate service delivery and poor-quality services in construction works, health, education and roads. This article examines the relationship between effective communication (information sharing, cohesion and succession) and the performance of selected Local Governments in Eastern Uganda. Three local governments (Jinja, Tororo and Soroti) were purposively sampled. Using a cross-sectional design, a sample of 313 respondents comprising both political and technical personnel was selected from sub-county and district levels, yielding a response rate of 85.6%. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire and key informant interview guide respectively. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, correlation, regression and content analysis. Findings revealed that effective communication is essential in building cohesive and effective teams as well as minimizing misunderstandings in local governments. The study concludes that effective communication plays a role in local governments by enabling management to motivate subordinates and improve performance. It recommends local governments to ensure cohesion exists within teams and among the relevant departments, to be open in succession process. This makes employees perform their jobs better, which leads to improved service delivery and provision of quality services.
Keywords: Effective Communication, Local Governments, Performance, Service Delivery, Quality Services, Eastern Uganda
ABSTRACT
This paper examined the impact of human and financial capital on the performance of women entrepreneurs in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The study used quantitative method. The analyse data results indicated that on the negative value, human capital has an impact on the business performance while financial capital on the positive value makes a major impact on business performance. The overall contribution is that women entrepreneurs have a vital role in a country’s economic growth and development.
Keywords: Women Entrepreneurs, Human Capital, Financial Capital, SMEs
An Evaluation of the Impact of Fluctuating Oil Revenue and the Performance of...Triple A Research Journal
ABSTRACT
The up and down movement in the price of crude oil in recent years has led to increasing concern about its macroeconomic implications for the Nigerian economy as economic planning has become very uncertain given the fact that the economy is highly vulnerable to oil price fluctuations. It is with this view in mind that this paper empirically analyses the impact of fluctuating oil revenue and the performance of the Nigerian economy between 1999 to 2016 (a seventeen years period of democratic governance), using secondary data sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and World Bank Development Indicators with VAR econometric tools of analysis. After appropriate stationary and robustness checks, the study finds out that oil price shocks (proxy for oil revenue) retards economic growth as it has a negative relationship with economic growth. An interesting outcome from the VAR Block Exogeneity Test is the unidirectional causality running from Oil Revenue to Real Gross Domestic Product (economic growth) which reveals the fact that during the years under reference, proceeds from oil export were mainly responsible for the level of astronomical growth recorded in the economy. The study concludes that oil price fluctuation paints an unstable future for the Nigerian economy because macroeconomic variables like employment, interest rate and price stability become victims. Both fiscal and monetary tools are frequently revised to keep the system afloat during price shocks. Nigeria remains a victim of these policy shocks because of overdependence on oil export earnings. A major policy recommendation is the need for policy makers to concentrate on policies that will strengthen and stabilize the macroeconomic structure of the Nigerian economy with specific focus on alternative sources of government revenue (reduction of dependence on oil proceeds) and reduction in monetization of crude oil receipts (fiscal discipline).
Keywords: Oil shocks, Economic Growth, VAR, ECM, Granger Causality
Dimensions of Accountability and Transparency at Local Level Finance Manageme...Triple A Research Journal
ABSTRACT
In existing local level finance system have lack of accountability and transparency. Local government institutions in Bangladesh are very weak in providing basic services to the citizens and in promoting good governance in their constituencies due to low level of human capital in the local government bodies and absence of participatory decision–making governance. The overall local finance is not satisfactory. The existing problems in transparency and accountability at local level finance are lack of people’s participation in budgeting process, monitoring mechanism, using information technologies and skilled manpower. For ensuring accountability and transparency there should have appropriate well designed written laws and regulations, proper auditing and inspection, people’s participation in budgeting. The study has been conducted by analyzing both primary and secondary sources of data. The aim of this article is to raise discussion on ensuring accountability and transparency at local level finance in TukerBazar Union, Khandigaon Union and Khadimnagor Union under SylhetSadarUpazilla. Finally, the study has been evaluated how to ensure accountability and transparency at local level finance in TukerBazar Union, Khandigaon Union and KhadimNagor Union under SyhetSadearUpazilla.
Keywords: Accountability, Transparency, Local Finance, Ensure.
Cattle Rearing and its Contribution to the Nigerian Economy: An Econometric A...Triple A Research Journal
ABSTRACT
Scholars in their quest to study the fortunes or otherwise of the agricultural sector has dwell so much on crop farming to the neglect of livestock production. By the early 1970s, as the general standard of living improved, the demand for meat in Nigeria exceeded the domestic supply. Thus, 30 to 40 percent of the beef consumed in Nigeria was imported from Niger, Chad, and other neighboring countries. In the mid-1970s, Nigeria began importing frozen beef in response to export restrictions initiated by its neighbors. This study therefore is targeted at empirically examining the impact of cattle rearing and its contribution to the Nigerian economy. Using various econometric tools of analysis, the variables for study were tested for stationarity and all variables became stationary at first difference. In the same vein, evidence reveals that series in the model (GDP, Cattle-Prod and Agric-Exp) exhibit long-run equilibrium relationship judging from the Johansen cointegration result. Major findings from the OLS regression output reveals that cattle rearing have no significant contribution to the Nigerian economy during the period under reference. The study therefore recommends that in view of the importance of cattle rearing to the Nigerian economy, the government should first and foremost bring the age-long clashes between herdsmen and farmers to a peaceful end for improve output in the livestock sub-sector. Ranching – a method of raising livestock under range conditions – has been suggested as the best solution to the incessant Fulani herdsmen / farmers crises. Secondly, the Federal Government must as a matter of urgent importance do all that is within its reach to contain the menace of cattle rustling prevalent in the country. Finally, government should create well-equipped special reserves across the country with irrigation, dams, educational, health and recreational facilities where these herdsmen can be stationed with their cows to avoid the incessant farmers-herdsmen clashes. We must come to terms with the reality that these herdsmen also need decent living and care from government.
Keywords: Nigerian Economy, Cattle rearing, Ranching, OLS
Relationship Between Fiscal Decentralization and Health Care Financing in Uas...Triple A Research Journal
ABSTRACT
This study examined the relationship between fiscal decentralization and health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya, the researcher sought to answer the following research questions; To what extend does the adequacy of decentralized funds influence health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya? How effective was health management team in influencing health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya? How does budgeting and allocation of decentralized funds affect health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya? Lastly, what were the effects of decentralized fund expenditure on health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya? The researcher used ex-post facto research design. Both stratified sampling and random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. The target population for the study was 98 employees working in health department with a sample size of 79 respondents whom comprised of permanent health workers working in the major hospitals in the county. Questionnaires were employed as the major data collection tools. Data were analysed through descriptive statistics and hypothesis is tested by use of chi square. The analysis of the data was done with Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20 and the data was presented though use of graphs and tables for clear understanding of the results. The findings from the study therefore rejected the null hypotheses and concluded that there exists statistically significant relationship between adequacy of decentralized funds, management effectiveness and budgetary mechanism and the level of health care financing. This means that whenever the health management team are effective in managing the decentralized funds well, there is an increase in the level of health care financing.
Keywords: Fiscal Decentralization and Healthcare financing
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. Triple A Research Journal of Social Science and Humanity (JSSH) | Vol.2 No.2 | July 2018
049 Triple A Res. J. Soc. Sci. Human.
therefore, improved well-being of the citizenry.
Transportation facilities, contact among peoples of diverse
culture, thereby assisting in the spread of idea and
international savvy and cooperation.
It is in acknowledgement of these diverse benefits of
transportation that governments, irrespective of their
political ideologies attach high importance to their
transportation sector. These indisputable benefits derivable
from an efficient shipping system and the inspiration drawn
from the developed societies led to the organization of the
Federal Urban Mass Transit Programme by the Nigerian
government in January 1988. This plan was subsequently
taken by both the State and Local Governments throughout
the nation. This is targeted at relieving the distress of the
citizenry through meeting their transport demands.
The transport sector, which supposed to be one of the
vehicles of economic development, has, paradoxically,
turned out to be one of the cogs in the wheel of economic
progress of Nigeria. The poor circulation of people and
goods, no doubt, has negative effects on productivity,
worsens inflationary trends, thereby fixing the cost of
necessities prohibitive to the coarse adult male. In Nigeria,
the economic down-turn, inflationary pressures,
depreciating value of the currency (Naira) coupled with the
wretched state of the mesh of roads in the utmost few
years have trimmed the number of private and commercial
vehicles, while the existing ones cannot be adequately
defended. This unsatisfactory state of personal business in
the transport sector has contributed all the three levels of
government to step up efforts in the Mass Transit
Programme. Nevertheless, the sector is beset with myriad
of troubles among which are: -Accessibility Problem which
is apparent in the long queue usually experienced in cities
by commuters, especially during festive periods such as
the Christmas due to limited supply of these vehicles.
Another visible problem is the frequent breakdown of
vehicles causing delay in commuters reaching their goals,
while cases of inconveniences/discomfort suffered by
commuters because of overcrowding/overloading of
vehicles and poor condition of vehicles have been
described. Management problem because of excessive
government interference and corruption is also a usual
happening. However, another problem is a safety problem
evident in most roads mishaps usually caused by ill-
maintenance of vehicles and partly by poor driving habits
of drivers. Again, poor Social/Economic infrastructure such
as the hapless state of Nigerian roads and poor or absence
of motor parks for these vehicles is rampant. In malice of
these problems, it is the opinion of some researchers that
the mass transit plan could even help alleviate commuters’
problems through the supplying of the efficient transport
services and thus solve the shipping demands of the
people. The question that agitates the researcher’s mind is
“what are the attributes of transportation service that
contribute to commuters’ satisfaction and which would in
turn contribute to the development of the public mass
transit plan in Nigeria?
The primary aim of this survey is to carry an in-depth
survey of the commuters’ satisfaction in the public-sector
transport organisation in Nigeria. Specifically, the work tries
to accomplish the following objectives: To investigate and
identify the transport service attributes that contributes to
the satisfaction of commuters. To identify the strategic and
operational features of the Mass Transit Agencies that
contribute to the determination of the quality of service
offered. To consider the problems militating against the
provision of quality service to commuters. To highlight any
other relevant findings from the survey.
Hypothesis
1. Ho: There is no significant difference between the
gender characteristics of commuters and their degree
of satisfaction with safety/security of public mass
transit.
2. Ho: There is no significant difference between the type
of public mass transit commuters patronize and their
degree of satisfaction with the services of PMT:
A wide range of transport services are provided
commercially by the private and the public sectors in
Nigeria. Road, air and water all have the presence of
government and private individuals/corporate bodies. This
study shall be limited to bus transportation service for
intercity purposes and originating from Kogi state and
Local Government Headquarters across the various
chosen destinations within Nigeria. Specifically, Kogi State,
Nigeria and its Local Government mass transit
programmes will be the subject of study.
Although works on consumer satisfaction abound in
the literature, especially in medical and information
services, such works are virtually non-existent in the
transportation services. Even where such works are carried
out, none has been found to consider the plight of the
grassroots’ commuters’ majority of who are located at the
Local Government Areas.
This study sets to fill these gaps. The following are
expected to benefit from the study: Transport
Operatives/Management: Both the private and public
commercial transporters will find the study useful. It will
provide information on service attributes that contribute to
the satisfaction of their customers. This will form the basis
for their competitive strategy formulation. Commuters: The
study will serve as a catalyst in the alleviation of suffering
they encounter with the transport operators as they
(commuters) will now assume their position as Kings in the
market through the expected improved transport service
which this study will enhance. Prospective Researchers:
Prospective Researchers both in this field and other related
fields will find the study useful. The National Institute of
Transport Technology and other individual researchers can
build upon this study. Government: The study will be useful
to all tiers of government in the formulation of transport
policies and for planning purposes. Finally, the desire to
contribute to frontiers of knowledge and understanding of
3. Triple A Research Journal of Social Science and Humanity (JSSH) | Vol.2 No.2 | July 2018
Eniola and Dada 050
the concepts of Consumer Satisfaction and Service Quality
is a motivating factor for this study.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The concept of consumer satisfaction and models
proposed to explain the development of consumer
satisfaction are relevant to this study. Also, the concept of
service quality and dimensionality of service quality form
the major conceptual/theoretical framework of this study.
The examination of mass transit in the United States and
Public transport in Malaysia completes the section.
Consumer or customer satisfaction, or lack of it has been
defined as “the difference between how a customer
expects to be treated and how he or she perceives being
treated” (Mejabi, 2006) quoting Davidow and Uttal; or as a
person’s feelings of pleasure or disappointment resulting
from comparing a product’s perceived performance or
outcome in relation to her expectation (Kotler, 2002).
Mowen (1995) defines consumer satisfaction as “the
overall attitude regarding a good or service after its
acquisition and use”. The concept of consumer or
customer satisfaction is often discussed in relation to
quality. Customer satisfaction is said to be a key objective
or a product of quality and it could be argued that customer
satisfaction, in essence, defines quality (Rice, 1997)
because customers, where ever they are, want satisfaction
(Cole, 1997, 2006) and organizations should aim to
‘delight’ the customers by delivering more than was
expected (Kotler, 2002). In any service organization such
as the transportation service, the need to improve or
enhance service quality is a serious business. This is
because it is through service quality that customer
satisfaction can be enhanced while satisfied customers are
the prime determinant of sustainable competitive
advantage for such organization.
Models of Consumer Satisfaction
Several models have been proposed to explain the
development of consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction
(CS/D). These approaches are: Expectancy
Disconfirmation Theory, Equity Theory, Attribution Theory,
Actual Product or Service Performance, and Experientially-
based Affect Theory.
• The expectancy disconfirmation theory developed
in the 1970s, defines CS/D as the evaluation rendered
that the experience was at least as good as it was
supposed to be (Mowen, 1995). The expectancy
disconfirmation model is the basis of the expectation –
performance model of satisfaction and service quality.
These expectations are compared to actual
performance, and if performance falls below
expectations, emotional dissatisfaction results; if
performance is above expectation, emotional
satisfaction results; if performance is not perceived as
different from expectancies, expectancy confirmation
results.
• Equity theory holds that people analyse the ratio of
their inputs and outcomes to the ratio of the inputs and
outcomes of others in an exchange. Dissatisfaction is
proposed to result when the person perceives that his
or her ratio is unfavourable in relation to the other
member of the exchange. The theme of equity theory
is that each party to an exchange should be treated
equitably or fairly (Adeleke, 2001).
• Attribution theory is concerned with how people
identify the causes for action. The attributions that
people make have been known to moderate feelings of
CS/D. For example, in a study of the wait experience
with airlines experiencing problems of delayed flights,
evidence was found that consumer evaluations were
influenced by the attributions made (Taylor, 1994).
When the attribution was made to uncontrollable
situational factors such as the weather or mechanical
problems, anger tended not to result. However, when
the cause of delay was associated with stable factors
such as the actions of airline personnel over whom the
airline had control, anger and dissatisfaction tended to
occur (Mowen, 1999).
• Actual performance of product or service has been
found by researchers to be a strong influence on
consumer satisfaction. It was also found that the
satisfaction is independent of the expectations
consumers hold, matters of equity and attributions they
make; because even if the person fully expected poor
performance, dissatisfaction would still occur if the
product or service in fact performed poorly.
• Experientially-based affect theory in relation to CS/D
is the concept whereby the level of consumer
satisfaction may be influenced by the positive or
negative feelings that consumers associate with the
product or service after experiencing it. It has been
found that there could be a set of positive feelings and
a set of negative feelings, which were found to be
independent of each other, arising from a purchase.
Thus, one can experience joy, interest, and excitement
while also feeling anger, disgust and contempt.
For example, after a hospital experience, an inpatient may
feel grateful towards his or her doctor and happy at being
well again, while at the same time feel irritated with the
surroundings and unhappy with the speed of test results
(Mowen, 1995).
Relationship between Customer Satisfaction and
Service Quality
It is generally agreed that the relationship between
satisfaction and service quality is a complex issue
characterized by confusion about the distinction between
the two constructs as well as the casual direction of their
relationship. According to researchers such as
Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (PZB) (1985), Carman
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051 Triple A Res. J. Soc. Sci. Human.
(1990), both service quality and consumer satisfaction are
concerned with the difference between expectations and
perceptions, while Dabholker (1993) poses the question of
whether they are two constructs or one.
Traditionally, the argument has been in favour of the
‘customer satisfaction leads to service quality’ hypothesis.
Researchers like PZB (1994), Teas (1993) have
contributed to this debate. Teas, for example, suggest that
both service quality and customer satisfaction can be
examined meaningfully from both the transaction – specific
as well as global perspectives.
It was this argument put forward by Teas that PZB
(1994) built on when they proposed (1) a transaction-
specific conceptualization of the constructs’
interrelationships and (2) a global framework reflecting an
aggregation of customers’ evaluation of multiple
transactions. The transaction-specific conceptual model
posits a customer’s overall satisfaction with a transaction to
be dictated by his/her assessment of service quality,
product or good quality, and price could be argued to be a
predictor of perceived long-term relationship quality. PZB
argue that “this conceptualization is consistent with the
‘quality leads to satisfaction’ hypothesis which satisfaction
researchers often espouse” (PZB, 1994).
The global framework as proposed by PZB shows
customers’ global impressions about a firm stemming from
an aggregation of transaction experiences. They posit
“global impressions to be multifaceted, consisting of
customers’ overall satisfaction with the firm as well as their
overall perceptions of the firm’s service quality, product
quality and price” (PZB, 1994). They argue that this
framework, apart from capturing the notion of examining
the service quality and consumer satisfaction constructs, is
consistent with the ‘satisfaction with specific transaction
leads to overall quality’ perceptions school of thought
embraced by researchers such as Bitnor, (1992) and
Carman, (1990). The term “transaction” in this framework
was explained to mean an entire service episode (e.g. a
visit to a barber shop) or discrete components of a lengthy
interaction between a customer and a firm (e.g. the
multiple encounters that a hotel guest could have with hotel
staff, facilities and services (PZB, 1994).
According to Cronin and Taylor (1994), a useful
starting point would be to restrict the domain of service
quality to long–term attitudes and that of consumer
satisfaction to transaction-specific judgments.
Rowley, (2005) is of the view that perceived service
quality is a global judgment whereas satisfaction is related
to a specific transaction. Thus, the two constructs are
related, in that incidents of satisfaction over time, lead to
perceptions of good service quality.
Relevance of Service Quality Model to Consumer
Satisfaction
Having discussed the relationship between service quality
and consumer satisfaction, it is important to discuss the
relevance or application of service quality model to
consumer satisfaction.
According to Rice, (1997) customer’s satisfaction
defines quality. One is then tempted to argue that model on
service quality would also be useful in explaining the
concept of consumer satisfaction. Again, looking at the
expectancy disconfirmation theory of consumer
satisfactions or dissatisfaction which is the basis of the
expectation-performance model of satisfaction and service
quality as espoused by (Mowen, 1995), one is more than
comfortable to consider service quality model as very
applicable to the concept of consumer satisfaction.
Notable among these models is one proposed by
Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry, (PZB) (1990). The
model identifies five gaps that cause unsuccessful service
delivery which may result in dissatisfied customers. Gap
between consumer expectation and management e.g.
Transport Managers may think that commuters want fast
service, but commuters may be more concerned with
safety. Second Gap look between management perception
and service-quality specifications: e.g. Transport Managers
may tell the drivers to give fast service without specifying it
qualitatively. Third Gap talk is between service-quality
specifications and service delivery: The personnel might be
poorly trained or incapable of or unwilling to meet the
standard. Fourth Gap is between service delivery and
external communications: e.g. if a mass transit brochure
shows a fleet of luxury vehicles but the commuter arrives
and finds the vehicles to be rickety and junk looking, then
the external communication has distorted the customer’s
expectation. Lastly, the Gap between perceived service
and expected service; e.g. the driver may keep on
checking the vehicle for safety purposes, but the commuter
may interpret this as an indication that something really is
wrong. Where there is a gap between the customers’
expectation and perception (i.e. gap 5) the fault may be
traced ultimately to one of the four gaps, or a combination
of them.
This model, because of its unique characteristics in
being applicable to both constructs (service quality and
consumer satisfaction) is adopted in this study.
Dimensionality of Service Quality
Dimensions of service quality as cited in Dada, Eniola and
Alo (2018), refer to the general criteria by which consumers
judge the quality of a service from which their satisfaction
or dissatisfaction derives. The authors identifies ten
dimensions or attributes of service quality as mentioned by
PZB. They are;
1. Tangibles: appearance of physical facilities,
equipment and personnel.
2. Reliability: ability to perform the promised service
dependably and accurately.
3. Responsiveness: Willingness to help customers
and provide prompt service.
4. Competence: Possession of the required skills and
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Eniola and Dada 052
knowledge to perform the service.
5. Courtesy: Politeness, respect, consideration and
friendliness of contact personnel.
6. Credibility: Trustworthiness, believability and
honesty of the service provider.
7. Security: freedom from danger, risk and doubt.
8. Access: approachability and ease of contact.
9. Communication: Keeping customers informed in
language they can understand and listening to
them.
10. Understanding the customer: Making the effort to
know customers and their needs.
These ten dimensions were later reduced to the following
five with the following final definitions: -
1 Tangibles: Appearance of physical facilities,
equipment, personnel and communication materials.
2 Reliability: Ability to perform the promised service
dependably and accurately.
3 Responsiveness: Willingness to help customers and
provide prompt service.
4 Assurance: Knowledge and courtesy of employee and
their ability to convey trust and confidence.
5 Empathy: Caring individualized attention which the firm
provides to its customers. Sasser et al, (1998)
identified seven service attributes which may be useful
to consider. They are:
• Security–confidence as well as physical safety.
• Consistency–receiving the same each time.
• Attitude–politeness and social manners.
• Completeness–ancillary services available
• Conditions of facilities–clean, comfortable.
• Training–propitious execution, and
• Availability –Access, location and frequency.
Consumer Satisfaction in The Public Transportation
Industry
The success of public transportation depends on customer
satisfaction attracting and retaining customers to use or
support its services. If there are no customers, there is no
need for public transportation services. Like to many
private sector services, public transit has two types of
clients: Consumers – the people who use the service and
Stakeholders–the general public who are tax-paying
investors in the service Andrle (2004).
By understanding and meeting customer expectations
for service and product quality, an organization improves
its performance. The effects of successfully satisfying
customers are realized in at least three areas for transit
systems according to Andrle (2004), Ridership Stability –
By satisfying and delighting customers, customer loyalty
and ridership will increase; New Riders will also be
attracted, resulting in increased market share; and Cost
reduction – By directing processes and people toward
meeting customer expectations, operational costs can be
lowered and waste eliminated because certain extraneous
activities such as bureaucratic policies and paper work,
that are not essential to customers can be stopped.
Seven principles for ensuring customer satisfaction in
the public transportation system have been suggested by
Stephen (2004) and are listed as follows: - Put customer
first – know your customers and respond to their
expectations. Manage and improve processes – by
improving operations, quality of services can be raised.
Manage by fact – This requires the use of facts and data,
such as market research to achieve customer satisfaction.
Cultivate organizational Learning – Without learning,
organizations and their members repeat old behaviour and
practices which may not meet the changing need of
customers. Train, empower and recognize employees –
Employees’ value must be protected and enhanced i.e.
training employees to identify and solve problems that
cause customer dissatisfaction. Improve Labour-
Management Teamwork – Customers satisfaction will be
difficult to achieve where rancour and grievances between
labour and management is the order of the day. Lead the
change in Organizational Culture – This means the
leadership must be committed to customers’ satisfaction.
Existing studies on Commuters Satisfaction with
Services
Although many work has been carried out on satisfaction in
many service environments, particularly with healthcare
services, very little research efforts on satisfaction with
transportation services were found in the literature. It is the
belief of this researcher however; that the problems
associated with investigation into satisfaction with services
in these areas may be extended to include those service
areas where little or no work has been done. Hence, the
consideration of the transport service sector in this study.
Andrle (1994) in his study of American Private and Public
Transportation industry believed that customer satisfaction
would be created by process management. He suggested
the application of Total Quality Management (TQM) in the
transport industry. Of the 172 respondents (out of 590
public transport systems in the United States) 30 Public
transport agencies were already using TQM for quality
improvement and hence, customers’ satisfaction.
Olujide (2000) in his study of commuters’ satisfaction
with the urban mass transit services in Nigeria, using
Kwara State as case study identified the following as
causing dissatisfaction among commuters: poor social
infrastructure, particularly the conditions of Nigerian roads,
overloading of buses and long delay in arriving destinations
among others. Majority of the 250 respondents used for the
study were however satisfied with the overall services of
Kwara State Transport Corporation.
Kasum (2004) in his study of pricing of transport
services in Nigeria observed that price is a satisfier. He
noted that the pricing policy of government-owned transit
systems were not masses-oriented. He observed that the
marginal difference in the price charged by government
owned transit companies and their private counterparts
was because of the union levy charged by the private
6. Triple A Research Journal of Social Science and Humanity (JSSH) | Vol.2 No.2 | July 2018
053 Triple A Res. J. Soc. Sci. Human.
sector. It is this marginal difference in price that do attract
commuters to the governments-owned transit systems.
Ware and Synder (1995) proposed an
operationalization for the patient satisfaction concept. This
operationalization measure had eight Likert items which
was designed to assess twenty-two dimensions of the
satisfaction concept. However, Ware and Sydner found
support for four basic factors, namely physician conduct,
availability of service, continuity/convenience of care and
access to care.
Penchansky and Thomas (1997) provided an operation
scale to measure the “access” component of patient
satisfaction evaluations. They posited that the access
component itself is multi-dimensional. A sixteen-item scale
was proposed to measure five distinct dimensions, namely,
availability, accessibility, accommodation, affordability and
acceptability. Using responses from a non-random sample
of 287 respondents, Penchansky and Thomas found
empirical evidence for the construct validity of the
proposed five dimensions of access.
Olujide and Badmus (1998) in a study of primary health
centres in Ilorin, observed that length of waiting time for
services and the frustration of patient for having to see a
different Doctor at each appointment contributed to their
dissatisfaction with health care services.
Adeoti (2007) in his study of selected hospitals in
Kwara State identified eight service quality factors which
trigger patient satisfaction with the hospital services among
which include facilities and employee qualities.
Ihimoyan (2009) in his study of Customers Service
Management in the Nigerian Banking Industry, identified
eight service quality dimensions which are capable of
influencing customer satisfaction, namely; service
accessibility, service care environment of service
production, Technology facility, loans facility, security,
attitude of staff and waiting time for service.
Adebisi (2009) in his study of selected GSM service
providers in Nigerian observed that inconsistency in
services as reflected n the number of call-drops and
service failures; accessibility problem among others
contributed to their dissatisfaction with the
telecommunication services in Nigeria. These few studies
reviewed above show that work on commuter’s satisfaction
are very limited. Also, none has been discovered to
consider the effect of geographical spread which this study
considers. Again, this study considers more dimensions of
service quality from which consumers derive their
satisfaction. This study also uses a more sophisticated
sampling procedure than the ordinary wisdom sample of
respondents used by previous researchers. These are the
gaps that this study fills.
METHOD
A survey of the public-sector transport system was
undertaken. Precisely, the Kogi State Transport Company
Limited, also known as Kogi Travellers and the mass
transit schemes operated by the various local government
areas of the State are the units of study.
The choice of Kogi State Transport Company
(popularly known by its trade mark, ‘Kogi Travellers’ and
those of local government areas was predicated on the
following reasons: - The state, regarded as the 15th largest
in Nigeria with a population of 3,278,487 by 2006 census is
strategically located between the North and Southern part
of the country. The State does not only share boundaries
with some of the major ethnic groups in the country, but
also shares social-cultural affinities with them. The
Western Senatorial District of the state is dominated by the
Yorubas, and shares boundary with the South-West geo-
political zone of Nigeria. In the Eastern Senatorial District,
it is shares boundary with the Igbo ethnic group while the
Central Senatorial District occupied by the Ebiras, and
shares boundary with towns in the South-South geo-
political zone of the country. Towards the North, the state
shares boundaries with the Federal Capital Territory where
the Nupes, and the Hausas among, others are located.
The strategic location of the State makes it a gateway
between the North and Southern part of the country. As
such it enjoys the patronage of a large population of
commuters from all over the country. The state mass
transit scheme (Kogi Travellers) also operates routes
which cut across five of the six geo-political zones of the
country. The mode of operation in both the State’s
Transport Company and the Local Government Mass
transit are identical to what is obtainable in other public
mass transit outfits in the country. All these factors, the
researcher felt, would enhance the representativeness of
whatever results come out of the study, and hence, their
application to all public mass transit programmes in
Nigeria.
The study populations from which samples were drawn
from All commuters of both state and local government-
owned mass transit. The employees of these mass transit
outfits as well as the management of the mass transit
outfits.
A multi-stage sampling method was adopted covering the
entire Kogi state with 21 local government areas was
stratified into the three senatorial districts which make up
the state viz: Central, East and Western Senatorial
Districts. In each senatorial district, two public mass transit
(PMT) outfits were judgmentally selected. In each of the
selected Local Government Mass Transit outfits, one
hundred commuters were selected, using
convenience/accidental method of sampling as shown in
table I. However, two hundred commuters of the Kogi State
Transport Company (Kogi Travellers) in Lokoja Local
Government Area were sampled because it has a larger
number of vehicles in its fleet compared with the local
government-owned mass transit counterpart. In essence,
six different public mass transit outfits were used for the
study, while sampling of commuters was restricted to those
who have made at least one trip with the mass transit
buses in last one year. This is to ensure that they qualify as
consumers of transportation service and that the
7. Triple A Research Journal of Social Science and Humanity (JSSH) | Vol.2 No.2 | July 2018
Eniola and Dada 054
information given relate to current experience (Olujide,
2000).
A total of 601 out of 700 sampled commuters (86%)
responded and were used for the study. The second
sample comprised all the 64 drivers and bus conductors
(contact employees) of the sampled mass transit outfits.
The third category of sample comprised six management
staff – one representing each of the six selected mass
transit outfits. Primary source was used in gathering the
required data. The data were collected by means of a 25–
item commuter satisfaction questionnaire which contained
the demographic characteristics of respondents and
questions relating to various aspects of transportation
service offered by the transport agencies under study.
Respondents were also requested to list and comment on
aspects of transportation services that mostly caused
satisfaction or dissatisfaction. The commuter satisfaction
questionnaire was designed as a scale of measurement. It
assessed all aspects of commuting relevant to the study.
The ideas of Mangelsdorff (1979) PZB (1990), Sasser et al
(1998), Olujide (2000), Mejabi (2006), Adeoti (2007) and
informal discussion with users of the mass transit vehicles
were synthesized to arrive at the following dimensions or
variables that are deemed relevant in transportation
service. These variables, Safety/Security, Timeliness of
service (waiting time), Condition of facilities (comfortable,
clean), Accessibility (availability of service), Economy
(transport fare and other charges) i.e. price,
Courteousness of contact personnel and auxiliary services
and Reliability of service. Frequency distribution analysis
(FDA) was used to determine the proportion of satisfied to
dissatisfied respondents with the various attributes of
transport service. The two hypotheses were tested with the
aid of cross tabulation analysis and of Chi-square test of
significance using the following equation:
X2 = ∑(O – E)2
E
Where:
X2 = calculated chi-square
O = the observed frequency of any value
E = the expected frequency of any value
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Frequency distribution analysis on the demographic
characteristics of the respondents showed that 58% of
them were male while 42% were female; 2.8% were below
18 years of age, 4.6% were 50 years and above while
92.6% were between 18 – 49 years of age. FDA further
showed that 38% were married, 44.6% single, 3.4%
separated or divorced while 14% were already entering
marital contractual obligation.
The higher percentage of male could reflect the ratio of
male to female commuters. The social belief and religious
factors could be responsible for the low percentage of
female commuters.
This is particularly true with the Muslim dominated
areas where female mobility is relatively restricted.
The higher proportion of youths (18 – 49 years)
supports the fact that this age bracket is the active age of
human being when social and economic activities are
highly pronounced. It appears therefore that there is a
correlation between mobility and level of socio-economic
activities.
It was also revealed that 62% of the respondents were
not living with either a wife or husband. This group of
people travels more than their married counterparts.
Regarding the frequency of travels by public mass
transit vehicles, 30.3% of respondents have travelled less
than 5 times, 49.2%, 5-20 times, while 20.5% have
travelled over 20 times. The high number of respondents
who have travelled frequently with the mass transit vehicle
(69.7%) lends credence to the reliability of the information
supplied by them.
The results in table 4 reveal that majority of the
respondents are satisfied with the level of commitment of
the various public transport corporations to the safety and
security of commuters. About 78% of the respondents
expressed this view. However, some respondents though
few (about 14%) believed there is room for improvement.
Prompt replacement of tyres and improved vehicle
maintenance are some of the areas that call for
improvement.
With regard to timeliness of service delivery, a high
percentage, (70%) are dissatisfied with the late arrival of
the buses to their destinations.
When the responses in table 2a were subjected to
further analysis, cross tabulation and significant test, the
results indicated that the observed variations in all
responses with respect to sex of respondents were not
statistically significant at 95% confidence level.
The calculated chi-square (X2) is 0.0037 while the
tabular value at 5% is 5.99. The X2
cal (0.0037) is less than
X2 tab (5.99), hence we reject the alternative (H1)
hypothesis and accept the null (H0) hypothesis. The
researcher concludes that sex has no relationship with the
degree of satisfaction with the level of security/safety in the
public mass transit (table 2b).
Data in table 5 indicate that majority of the respondents
are dissatisfied with the arrangements for comfort and
convenience of commuters namely: overloading, adequate
leg space and condition of buses when commuters are
seated in the mass transit buses. 64% of our respondents
are dissatisfied with overloading while 69% of our
respondents are dissatisfied with condition of buses.
It was however discovered through informal chat with
respondents that drivers and conductors do connive to
defraud the transport agencies by carrying excess
passengers. 46% of our respondents confirmed this.
68% of respondents are satisfied with the frequency of
breakdown of Public Mass Transit buses, 8% had no
opinion while 24% prefer improvement. However, lack of
any arrangement to refund commuters their fare when no
8. Triple A Research Journal of Social Science and Humanity (JSSH) | Vol.2 No.2 | July 2018
055 Triple A Res. J. Soc. Sci. Human.
replacement is not possible, is not satisfactory to them.
69% of the respondents expressed this view.
Table 6 reveals that 64% of the respondents are
satisfied with the transport fare charged while 21% are
dissatisfied. Perhaps this latter group of respondents
expects the PMTA to be highly subsidized – being
government-owned companies or outfits.
However, while the Agencies as a matter of policy do
not charge commuters additional fare on luggage,
respondents expressed their dissatisfaction with the
practice whereby bus operators charge commuters
separately for luggage.
On what managements of these Transport Agencies
regard as challenges confronting them in their efforts to
ensure quality service, and their present and future plans
to meet these challenges; analysis of results reveals that
majority of them identified funding problems to procure
modern equipment and better infrastructural facilities such
as quality automobiles and garages as the major
challenges confronting their operations.
This result further supports the dissatisfaction
expressed by commuters with problem of accessibility.
Over 90% of the respondents complained about their
inability to access PMT buses because they are few in
number, a situation which always leads to scramble at the
motor parks. They also want to see these Agencies
procure modern buses with comfortable seats, well inclined
and with air-conditioners like the private mass transit
buses.
As regards courteousness of contact personnel,
majority are satisfied with the behaviour of these staff,
particularly ticket officers and drivers but feel bad about the
attitude of bus conductors who try as much as possible to
create inconveniences for commuters in their attempt to
make extra income.
On whether the managements of PMT practice Total
Quality Management (TQM), results reveal that no single
one has adopted or used this new management tool.
The frequency distribution analysis of responses to the
overall appraisal of transportation service shows that 37%
of the respondents are satisfied with the quality of service
rendered by the PMT, 48% are dissatisfied while 15%
expressed no opinion.
When the result was subjected to ‘chi-square’ test of
significance, it was revealed that the observed variations in
the degree of satisfaction were due to differences in the
type of mass transit respondents patronize. It was
statistically significant at 95% confidence level (tables 3a
and b).
CONCLUSION
The bulk of commuters who use public mass transportation
in Nigeria are not satisfied with the calibre of service
provided. That the main areas causing dissatisfaction
include: the ill-maintained and inadequate economic and
societal infrastructure, particularly, Nigerian roads which
usually have a delay in arriving at destinations as
scheduled. Other areas of complaint are: Accessibility
problem: These agencies do not have enough vehicles in
their fleet to match the growing demand of commuters.
Often cause inconveniences and discomfort for commuters
is improper arrangement of luggage. Overloading of buses
with extra passenger. Discourteousness of bus conductors
and wretched condition of buses. The findings also
revealed that managements of these transport agencies
are so far to build the quality management (QTM)
departments which are imagined ensuring or bring about
customer-focused strategy in their operations. That
majority would like to proceed to support the services of
the public management even if they received more money.
Conclusively, commuters would prefer public mass
transportation passenger vehicles to the private
commercial ones, at least for security/safety purposes. The
major problem facing the public mass transportation
agencies is funded to procure more buses. Subjective
factors (such as reliability of service, comfort, safety,
accessibility) rather than economic considerations play
more dominant role in the choice situations of the
commuters. Social infrastructure such as good network of
roads plays major role in service delivery in the transport
sector. Likewise, training of personnel of mass transit,
contact staff especially, Attendance at Seminar Workshops
by staff would enhance their efficiency. Educational and
Professional Development for those operating in the
transport and logistics sectors should be promoted.
Professional bodies such as the Chartered Institute of
Logistics and Transport (CICT (N), Chartered Institute of
Highways and Transportation (CIHT), Transport Planning
Societies (TPS) etc. should all be improved and made
more functional to provide the relevant professional skills to
employees of mass Transit Systems. Educational Institutes
such as the National Institute for Transport Technology
NITT, Zaria, should be well funded for efficient service
delivery to employees in the Transport and logistics
sectors. Moreover, consolidation of all patterns of transport
modes would help in improving transport facilities. Inter-
modal linkages would ensure effective connectivity
between ports, rail, road, inland waterways and aviation,
thereby making use of the advantages of different
modalities to ensure seamless movements of both
commodities and people. Metro rail systems as purchased
in the U.S. could be assumed. This study is, however,
circumscribed by the paucity of literature due to very few
previous research works carried out in this field and
likewise, the work needs to be carried to some other area
of the country.
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057 Triple A Res. J. Soc. Sci. Human.
APPENDIX
Table 1: Administration and Returns of Questionnaires According to Sample Mass Transit
S/No PMT outfit Senatorial District Samples Selected No of questionnaire
returned
1. Ajaokuta Central 100 68
2. Okene Central 100 76
3. Ankpa East 100 92
4. Omala East 100 84
5. Kabba/bunu West 100 88
6. Lokoja West 200 193
7. Total 700 601
Source: Researcher’s Field Survey
Table 2a: Cross Tabulation Analysis of Respondents’ Satisfaction with
Safety/security of PMT according to sex
RESPONSE MALE FEMALE TOTAL
Satisfied 279 202 481
No opinion 21 15 36
Dissatisfied 49 35 84
TOTAL 349 252 601
Source: Field Survey
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis No1:
Table 2b: Ho: There is no significant difference between the gender
characteristics of commuters and their degree of satisfaction with safety/security
of public mass transit.
Contingency Table
Source: Author’s Computation
X2 = 0.11
df = (r – 1) (c – 1)
= (3 – 1)(2 – 1)
= 2
X2
0.05 = 5.99
Since X2
calculated (0.0037 < (5.99) X2
critical, the Null hypotheses is accepted.
Hence, we conclude that: there is no significant difference between sex of commuters and their level of satisfaction with
the safety/security of public mass transit services.
O 279 202 21 15 49 35 TOTAL
E 279.3 201.7 20.9 15.1 48.8 35.2
(O – E)2
0.09 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.04
(O – E)2
E
0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0007 0.0008 0.001 0.0037
11. Triple A Research Journal of Social Science and Humanity (JSSH) | Vol.2 No.2 | July 2018
Eniola and Dada 058
Table 3a: Cross Tabulation Analysis of Respondents’ satisfaction with the overall services of
the public mass transit (PMT) according to type of PMT.
Ajaokuta Okene Ankpa Omala K/Bunu Kogi
Travellers
Total
Satisfied 26 23 51 24 40 61 225
No opinion 12 08 10 16 12 30 88
Dissatisfied 30 45 31 44 36 102 288
Total 68 76 92 84 88 193 601
Source: Researcher’s Field Survey
Hypotheses No 2
Table 3b: H0: There is no significant difference between the type of PMT commuters patronize and their degree of
satisfaction with the services of PMT
Contingency Table
O 26 23 51 24 40 61 12 08 10 16 12 30 30 45 31 44 36 102 Total
E 25.5 28.5 34.4 31.4 32.9 72.3 9.96 11.1 13.5 12.3 12.9 28.3 32.6 36.4 44.1 40.3 42.2 92.5
O-E 0.5 -5.5 19.6 -7.4 7.1 -11.3 2.0 -3.1 -3.5 3.7 -0.9 1.7 -2.6 8.6 -13.1 3.7 -6.2 9.5
(O-E)2
0.25 30.3 334.2 54.8 50.4 127.7 4.0 9.6 12.3 13.7 0.81 2.89 6.8 74.0 171.6 13.7 38.4 90.3
(O-E)2
E
0.009 1.06 11.17 1.74 1.53 1.77 0.4 0.86 0.9 1.1 0.06 0.01 0.21 2.03 3.89 0.38 0.91 0.97 28.95
Source: Researcher’s Computation
(r – 1)(c – 1)
(6 – 1)(3 – 1)
5(2)
df = 10
X2
0.05 = 18.31
X2
cal = 28.95
Since 28.95 > 18.31
:. Ho is rejected while H1 is accepted i.e there is a significant difference between the type of Public Mass Transit (PMT)
respondents patronize and the degree of satisfaction with the services of these PMTs.
Table 4: Summary of Frequency Distribution Relating to Safety and Timeliness
Item Content Completely
satisfied
Strongly
satisfied
No
opinion
Strongly
dissatisfied
Completely
dissatisfied
Total
11. Mass Transit Buses are
safe, and well secured
22.5% 55% 9% 11.5% 2% 100%
12. Mass Transit Buses have
recorded very few accidents
in recent time
63% 18% 8% 7% 4% 100%
13. Drivers are always time
conscious when they stop
on the way for passengers
to eat or relax
14% 10% 14% 44% 18% 100%
14. Drivers always arrive on
time for departure
12% 17% 6% 37% 28% 100%
15. Mass Transit Buses always
get to their destinations at
appointed time
8% 12% 10% 48% 22% 100%
12. Triple A Research Journal of Social Science and Humanity (JSSH) | Vol.2 No.2 | July 2018
Source: Researcher’s Field Survey
059 Triple A Res. J. Soc. Sci. Human.
Table 5: Summary of Frequency Distribution Relation to Comfort and Reliability
Item Content Completely
satisfied
Strongly
satisfied
No
opinion
Strongly
dissatisfied
Completely
dissatisfied
Total
16. The seats of buses are always comfortable and
properly inclined and clean
7% 12% 12% 42% 27% 100%
17. Urban Mass Transit Buses are usually not
overloaded with excess passengers
8% 22% 6% 38% 26% 100%
18. There is always adequate leg space whenever
one sits in the U.M.T. buses
14% 12% 4% 32% 38% 100%
19. U.M.T.A buses do not break down too
frequently
26% 42% 8% 14% 10% 100%
20. If repair or replacement is not immediately
possible passengers are usually refunded their
transport fare
12% 15% 9% 35% 34% 100%
Source: Researcher’s Field Survey
Table 6: Summary of Frequency Distribution Relating to Transport Fare Charged by P.M.T.A
Item Content Completely
satisfied
Strongly
satisfied
No
opinion
Strongly
dissatisfied
Completely
dissatisfied
Total
21. Transport fare charged
by U.M.T.A in most
routes are moderate
25% 39% 15% 15% 6% 100%
22. U.M.T.A. do not charge
additional fare on
luggage
41% 28% 8% 14% 9% 100%
Source: Researcher’s Field Survey