The document defines selectors and the 5 criteria they can use: element type, context, class, ID, and attributes. It provides examples of using type selectors, context selectors, class and ID selectors, child and descendant selectors, pseudo-elements, and link pseudo-classes. Selectors allow targeting specific elements with CSS style rules.

1. DEFINING SELECTORS
HTML5 & CSS Visual Quickstart Guide
Chapter 9

2. Constructing Selectors
• The selector determines which elements a style rule
applies to
• A selector can define up to 5 different criteria for choosing
the elements that should be formatted:
• Type or name of the element
• Context in which element is found
• Class or id of an element
• Pseudo-class of an element or a pseudo-element itself
• Whether or not an element has certain attributes or values

3. Selecting Elements by Name
• Type selector, where selector is the name of the desired
type of element, without any attributes
• p
• h1
• a

4. Selecting Elements by Context
• Type ancestor, where ancestor is the name of the
element containing the element you wish to format
• Type a space
• Type descendant, where descendant is the name of the
element you wish to format
• Example:
• h1 em { color: red; }
• Would find any em element within an h1 element and color it red

5. Selecting Elements by ID or Class
• To select based on class
• Type . (period) followed by the class, without any spaces
• Example:
• .very { color: red; }
• Will choose any element with class=“very” in its HTML start tag and
color it red
• To select based on id:
• Type # followed by the id, without any spaces
• Example:
• #gaudi {color:red;}
• Will choose any element with an id equal to “gaudi,” and color
everything within that element red

6. More on ID and Class
• Can be more specific by prefixing class or id selector with
element name to target
• Example:
• em.very { color: red; }
• Will select only those em elements that have class=“very” in their
starting HTML tags, and color them red

7. Selecting Elements Based on Their
Parent
• Type parent, where parent is the element that directly
contains the element you wish to format
• Type > (the greater than sign)
• Type child, where child is the name of the element you
wish to format
• Example:
• div#gaudi > p {color:red;}
• Will choose only those p elements that are children of the gaudi div.
They may not be contained within any other element, or they do not
qualify for this rule.

8. Selecting Part of an Element
• Use pseudo-elements first-letter, first-line, etc.
• Examples:
• p:first-line {color:red;}
• Would color the first line of the paragraph red, but all other lines would
be the default color (black, unless defined otherwise)
• p:first-letter {color:red;}
• Would color the first letter of the paragraph red, but the rest of the
paragraph would be the default color (black, unless defined otherwise)

9. Selecting Link Elements Based on Their
State
• Useful for changing the default color of links
• Example:
• a:link {color:red;}
a:visited {color:orange;}
a:focus {color:purple;}
a:hover {color:green;}
a:active {color:blue;}
• Would cause the following text effects:
• New, not visited links will be red
• Once the link has been visited, it turns orange
• If the link gets focus, as by Tabbing to it, it turns purple
• If the visitor hovers over the link with the mouse, it turns green
• As the visitor clicks the link, it turns purple

10. Specifying Groups of Selectors
• Occasionally want to set the same attributes to several
elements
• Example:
• h1, h2 {color:red;}
• Will set color of both h1 and h2 elements to red.