Underwater pipelines can leak and damage the environment. A document analyzed causes of underwater pipeline leakage and environmental impacts. It discussed inspection and repair management practices. Pipeline failures are often due to corrosion, scouring, or mechanical damage. Quickly resolving the causes of leaks in muddy water can be difficult with current tools. The document reviewed literature on various topics like pipeline location decisions, corrosion problems and solutions, and sensor network architectures for pipeline monitoring.
Society of Wetland Scientists Annual Meeting, The Role of Wetlands in Meeting Global Environmental Challenges: Linking Wetland Science, Policy, and Society
The document provides an overview of environmental compliance laws for architects, focusing on the Clean Water Act and how it regulates development near Waters of the United States. It discusses (1) how the CWA establishes regulatory criteria for development projects and affects state and local laws, (2) what water features are considered Waters of the US, and (3) examples of state and local permitting processes that are triggered by the presence of Waters of the US on a development site.
This document provides an overview of regulations pertaining to resource restoration activities in Maryland under the Clean Water Act. It explains that the CWA regulates activities involving grading and earth moving in waters of the US, including projects like stream and wetland restoration. It discusses the permit application process through the US Army Corps of Engineers and Maryland Department of Environment, which requires identifying the limits of waters of the US and any required coordination with other agencies. The presentation aims to help understand the regulatory drivers and processes involved in planning restoration projects.
The document outlines the topics to be covered in a hydrology and water quality class, including reviewing CEQA checklist questions, the Federal Clean Water Act, California's Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act, regional water quality control boards, the 303d list of impaired waters, flood hazards, conducting impact analyses, analyzing groundwater and water supply assessments, and providing examples. The instructor provides guidance on assignments related to reviewing environmental documents and presenting on water quality projects.
The document discusses natural gas drilling and its potential impacts on drinking water. It outlines the goals of an internship related to researching hydraulic fracturing and its public health implications. It then provides details on the drilling process, including horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques. It discusses the usage of water in these processes and potential risks to water quality from chemical additives and produced water. It recommends best practices like baseline water testing, closed-loop drilling systems to contain waste, and increased setbacks from drinking water sources to protect public health.
This document provides an overview of Maryland wetland law and the process for obtaining permits from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Maryland Department of the Environment for impacts to tidal and non-tidal wetlands and waters. It defines key terms like waters of the U.S., wetlands, and regulated impacts. It also explains the joint federal/state permit application process and requirements for delineating wetland boundaries, conducting alternatives analyses, and developing mitigation plans.
Society of Wetland Scientists Annual Meeting, The Role of Wetlands in Meeting Global Environmental Challenges: Linking Wetland Science, Policy, and Society
The document provides an overview of environmental compliance laws for architects, focusing on the Clean Water Act and how it regulates development near Waters of the United States. It discusses (1) how the CWA establishes regulatory criteria for development projects and affects state and local laws, (2) what water features are considered Waters of the US, and (3) examples of state and local permitting processes that are triggered by the presence of Waters of the US on a development site.
This document provides an overview of regulations pertaining to resource restoration activities in Maryland under the Clean Water Act. It explains that the CWA regulates activities involving grading and earth moving in waters of the US, including projects like stream and wetland restoration. It discusses the permit application process through the US Army Corps of Engineers and Maryland Department of Environment, which requires identifying the limits of waters of the US and any required coordination with other agencies. The presentation aims to help understand the regulatory drivers and processes involved in planning restoration projects.
The document outlines the topics to be covered in a hydrology and water quality class, including reviewing CEQA checklist questions, the Federal Clean Water Act, California's Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act, regional water quality control boards, the 303d list of impaired waters, flood hazards, conducting impact analyses, analyzing groundwater and water supply assessments, and providing examples. The instructor provides guidance on assignments related to reviewing environmental documents and presenting on water quality projects.
The document discusses natural gas drilling and its potential impacts on drinking water. It outlines the goals of an internship related to researching hydraulic fracturing and its public health implications. It then provides details on the drilling process, including horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques. It discusses the usage of water in these processes and potential risks to water quality from chemical additives and produced water. It recommends best practices like baseline water testing, closed-loop drilling systems to contain waste, and increased setbacks from drinking water sources to protect public health.
This document provides an overview of Maryland wetland law and the process for obtaining permits from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Maryland Department of the Environment for impacts to tidal and non-tidal wetlands and waters. It defines key terms like waters of the U.S., wetlands, and regulated impacts. It also explains the joint federal/state permit application process and requirements for delineating wetland boundaries, conducting alternatives analyses, and developing mitigation plans.
DSD-INT 2019 Keynote - A National Flood-Guidance Programme for Canada - Pietr...Deltares
Presentation by Dr. Alain Pietroniro, Executive Director, National Hydrological Service of Canada, Meteorological Service of Canada, at the Delft-FEWS User Days, during Delft Software Days - Edition 2019. Wednesday, 6 November 2019, Delft.
The document summarizes concerns about threats to water quality in the Texas Hill Country from domestic wastewater discharges. It notes that Hill Country streams are more vulnerable to contamination than other parts of Texas due to steep slopes, little vegetation, and extensive caves. It finds that TCEQ wastewater permit rules are too lax, as the limits for constituents like nitrogen and phosphorus exceed EPA guidelines for protecting water quality. The document recommends that TCEQ lower wastewater limits, establish limits for additional pollutants, require more frequent sampling, improve oversight of wastewater facilities, consider local conditions better when issuing permits, and limit phosphates in detergents. It contends that without reforms, TCEQ
Watershed management along the Colorado River - Michael GabaldonYourAlberta
Michael is an Associate Vice-President with AECOM and a presenter at Alberta’s Watershed Management Symposium: Flood and Drought Mitigation. Using the Colorado River and recent flood events in the State of Colorado as backdrops, Michael talked about bringing diverse stakeholders together to create an effective total watershed management plan.
Mitigation Symposium - Richard LindsethYourAlberta
The Community Flood Mitigation Advisory Panel examined leading flood prevention practices and innovative mitigation solutions. They recommend a water system for the Elbow and Highwood River basins combining dry pond detention berms and diversion channels. This includes 3 headwater berms, 2 foothills berms, and 2 diversion channels to protect urban centers. The estimated cost is $660-830 million and could significantly reduce flooding if a similar event to 2013 or 2005 were to occur again. Timely approvals and construction are needed to implement this crucial part of Alberta's flood mitigation system.
1992 Report of the North Carolina Environmental Sciences Review Panel to the ...jclark_selc
The document summarizes the findings and recommendations of the 1992 North Carolina Environmental Sciences Review Panel (ESRP) regarding the adequacy of available scientific information for offshore drilling in North Carolina waters. The ESRP identified major deficiencies in physical oceanographic, ecological, and socioeconomic data that limited the ability to understand and predict impacts. They recommended additional studies in these areas, especially for sites being considered for leasing, to provide the information needed to properly evaluate drilling proposals and protect the environment.
The USGS Powell Center is conducting a study analyzing water quality data from areas experiencing unconventional oil and gas development involving hydraulic fracturing. Over 750,000 water quality samples from 110,000 surface and groundwater sites are being analyzed to describe baseline water quality, identify changes over time where sufficient data exists, and determine gaps in spatial and temporal data coverage. The goals are to better understand the impacts of energy production on water resources and inform future monitoring and research needs.
This document summarizes the history and context of Capitol Lake planning in Washington state, including:
1) Capitol Lake was created in 1937 by damming the Deschutes River to form a lake as part of the state capitol campus. Since then, sediment accumulation has been an ongoing issue requiring dredging.
2) Recent studies from 1997-2009 have evaluated managing the lake or restoring an estuary, considering environmental, economic, technical, and community factors.
3) Key recommendations and considerations related to ongoing management of the lake or restoring an estuary include costs and timing of dredging, infrastructure needs, water quality impacts, and habitat restoration.
4) Next steps require action by the State Capitol
Ga presentation - scc capitol lake 10-12-10aolydert
This document summarizes the history and context of Capitol Lake planning in Washington state. It discusses the various proposals that have been considered over time to manage the lake and sediment accumulation, including maintaining the lake, restoring an estuary, or creating a dual basin estuary. It also outlines some of the technical, economic, environmental, and regulatory considerations of each alternative. Moving forward, the state legislature will need to decide on a long-term management strategy, but permitting for major changes could take 4-6 years.
The document provides an executive summary of the Calumet-Sag Channel Detailed Watershed Plan. It summarizes the watershed plan's scope, an overview of the Calumet-Sag Channel watershed, an evaluation of existing flooding and erosion conditions, an evaluation of alternative stormwater improvement projects, and recommendations. Key findings include that Stony Creek and its tributaries account for 61% of existing damages, recommended projects could address 45% of Stony Creek damages, and alternatives were identified to reduce expected flooding damages throughout the watershed.
NY DEC Letter Refusing to Grant Stream Crossing Permits for Constitution Pipe...Marcellus Drilling News
The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation denied Constitution Pipeline Company's request for a Clean Water Act Section 401 Water Quality Certification for the proposed Constitution natural gas pipeline project. The DEC found that the project would significantly impact over 250 streams and 85 acres of wetlands through construction and operation. It also determined that tree clearing had already occurred near streams without proper approvals. The DEC concluded that Constitution failed to adequately address concerns about impacts to water resources and alternatives that could reduce impacts. As a result, the DEC was unable to determine that the project would comply with water quality standards.
The document summarizes recommendations from a symposium on mitigating future floods in Alberta following the 2013 floods. The key recommendations are:
1. Anticipate and plan for more extreme weather by improving modeling of scenarios, understanding how development impacts flooding, and determining potential economic losses.
2. Improve operational capacity through better modeling, data management, and predictive capacity to understand flooding and drought risks.
3. Investigate physical infrastructure like dams and natural infrastructure like wetlands to reduce flooding in a cost-effective way. Consider multi-purpose storage and detention.
Flood and drought mitigation - Matt MachielseYourAlberta
Matt, Assistant Deputy Minister with Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development presented at Alberta’s Watershed Management Symposium: Flood and Drought Mitigation. He explained key findings from the Government of Alberta’s flood mitigation engineering studies are presented, along with next steps for major flood mitigation projects.
The document discusses several ongoing and proposed flood risk reduction and coastal resiliency projects being undertaken by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Galveston District in coastal Texas. It summarizes studies that are currently authorized and funded, as well as proposed studies that are seeking funding. Key projects discussed include the Coastal Texas Protection and Restoration Mega Study, Addicks and Barker Reservoir Dam Safety project, and Sabine Pass to Galveston Bay Coastal Storm Risk Management study. The document also outlines the Corps' feasibility study process and their value in partnering with local entities.
Cle International Nepa Conference Presentation 2011 January 17 Presentation...awaltner
The document discusses how NEPA analyses of offshore oil drilling programs treated risks and uncertainty prior to the 2010 BP Gulf oil spill. It notes that earlier NEPA tiers did not adequately incorporate new information into later analyses, and that risks of low-probability, high-impact events like catastrophic spills were not fully addressed. As a result, responses to the actual spill had to be developed hastily without sufficient prior planning. It examines approaches to addressing uncertainty under NEPA and calls for learning lessons to improve future risk evaluations.
Hydropower Development on the Mekong and 3S stimson
The document summarizes key findings from studies assessing hydropower development plans and their impacts in the Mekong River Basin. It finds that existing and proposed mainstream dams in the Lower Mekong Basin, including 11 proposed mainstream dams, could significantly change river flows and water levels. Development in tributaries like the 3S rivers also impact the Mekong River. Strategic planning is needed to minimize impacts and coordinate dam operations across borders and sectors.
Addressing Hydrology at the Watershed Scale: A Novel Approach to Stormwater M...TWCA
1. The document discusses how humans have altered urban hydrology through increased impervious cover and proposes distributed small-scale stormwater controls as a solution.
2. Modeling showed that distributed controls like rain cisterns and rain gardens, even at low adoption rates, could meaningfully improve hydrologic metrics and provide water supply benefits by reducing runoff.
3. Implementing distributed stormwater controls across different land uses has the potential to shift urban hydrology in a way that approximates reducing effective impervious cover by 25%.
This document investigates co-locating a desalination plant with the Joslin Steam Electric Station in Point Comfort, Texas to provide a drought-proof water supply for regions L and N. A reverse osmosis desalination plant is proposed that would treat 180 million gallons per day of seawater to produce 90 million gallons per day of drinking water and reject hypersaline water. Reject water and solids from pretreatment would be returned through the existing plant discharge. Environmental impacts were found to be minimal. The estimated cost of the desalinated water is $1.75 per 1000 gallons. Combining this supply with 100,000 acre-feet of existing surface water supply would provide 200,000 acre-feet
This document discusses desalination and membrane technologies in the United States. It provides background on desalination processes and issues, outlines the federal role in research and adoption, and examines energy, environmental, and cost concerns constraining wider adoption. The federal government primarily supports desalination research and development, while local governments are responsible for building and operating facilities. Key issues for Congress include the appropriate federal role and how to balance supporting research while protecting public health and the environment.
1) The document discusses 5 policies that would allow for the immediate breach of the 4 lower Snake River dams, including that the Corps' 2002 EIS provides NEPA coverage and no new authorities are needed.
2) Breaching the dams is estimated to cost $340 million, much less than the billions estimated previously, and would have benefit-cost ratios of 4-1 or higher.
3) Survival rates of wild Snake River salmon continue to decline despite over $1 billion spent on passage improvements, indicating breaching is necessary to meet recovery goals.
The document discusses the opportunities and issues around natural gas. It notes that natural gas power plants are more efficient than coal plants and produce fewer emissions. However, shale gas extraction through hydraulic fracturing poses various environmental and health risks, including potential groundwater contamination and increased seismic activity. The document outlines recommendations from the International Energy Agency to promote responsible shale gas development, including measuring impacts, engaging communities, minimizing water usage, eliminating emissions, and ensuring robust regulation.
The document summarizes information presented at a public information centre regarding a study of basement flooding and stormwater runoff quality in Study Area 34. It provides background on the study area and objectives, potential causes of flooding, and possible solutions that were presented, including source controls, conveyance controls, and end-of-pipe controls. Feedback was sought from the public to help identify a preferred solution and finalize the master plan.
DSD-INT 2019 Keynote - A National Flood-Guidance Programme for Canada - Pietr...Deltares
Presentation by Dr. Alain Pietroniro, Executive Director, National Hydrological Service of Canada, Meteorological Service of Canada, at the Delft-FEWS User Days, during Delft Software Days - Edition 2019. Wednesday, 6 November 2019, Delft.
The document summarizes concerns about threats to water quality in the Texas Hill Country from domestic wastewater discharges. It notes that Hill Country streams are more vulnerable to contamination than other parts of Texas due to steep slopes, little vegetation, and extensive caves. It finds that TCEQ wastewater permit rules are too lax, as the limits for constituents like nitrogen and phosphorus exceed EPA guidelines for protecting water quality. The document recommends that TCEQ lower wastewater limits, establish limits for additional pollutants, require more frequent sampling, improve oversight of wastewater facilities, consider local conditions better when issuing permits, and limit phosphates in detergents. It contends that without reforms, TCEQ
Watershed management along the Colorado River - Michael GabaldonYourAlberta
Michael is an Associate Vice-President with AECOM and a presenter at Alberta’s Watershed Management Symposium: Flood and Drought Mitigation. Using the Colorado River and recent flood events in the State of Colorado as backdrops, Michael talked about bringing diverse stakeholders together to create an effective total watershed management plan.
Mitigation Symposium - Richard LindsethYourAlberta
The Community Flood Mitigation Advisory Panel examined leading flood prevention practices and innovative mitigation solutions. They recommend a water system for the Elbow and Highwood River basins combining dry pond detention berms and diversion channels. This includes 3 headwater berms, 2 foothills berms, and 2 diversion channels to protect urban centers. The estimated cost is $660-830 million and could significantly reduce flooding if a similar event to 2013 or 2005 were to occur again. Timely approvals and construction are needed to implement this crucial part of Alberta's flood mitigation system.
1992 Report of the North Carolina Environmental Sciences Review Panel to the ...jclark_selc
The document summarizes the findings and recommendations of the 1992 North Carolina Environmental Sciences Review Panel (ESRP) regarding the adequacy of available scientific information for offshore drilling in North Carolina waters. The ESRP identified major deficiencies in physical oceanographic, ecological, and socioeconomic data that limited the ability to understand and predict impacts. They recommended additional studies in these areas, especially for sites being considered for leasing, to provide the information needed to properly evaluate drilling proposals and protect the environment.
The USGS Powell Center is conducting a study analyzing water quality data from areas experiencing unconventional oil and gas development involving hydraulic fracturing. Over 750,000 water quality samples from 110,000 surface and groundwater sites are being analyzed to describe baseline water quality, identify changes over time where sufficient data exists, and determine gaps in spatial and temporal data coverage. The goals are to better understand the impacts of energy production on water resources and inform future monitoring and research needs.
This document summarizes the history and context of Capitol Lake planning in Washington state, including:
1) Capitol Lake was created in 1937 by damming the Deschutes River to form a lake as part of the state capitol campus. Since then, sediment accumulation has been an ongoing issue requiring dredging.
2) Recent studies from 1997-2009 have evaluated managing the lake or restoring an estuary, considering environmental, economic, technical, and community factors.
3) Key recommendations and considerations related to ongoing management of the lake or restoring an estuary include costs and timing of dredging, infrastructure needs, water quality impacts, and habitat restoration.
4) Next steps require action by the State Capitol
Ga presentation - scc capitol lake 10-12-10aolydert
This document summarizes the history and context of Capitol Lake planning in Washington state. It discusses the various proposals that have been considered over time to manage the lake and sediment accumulation, including maintaining the lake, restoring an estuary, or creating a dual basin estuary. It also outlines some of the technical, economic, environmental, and regulatory considerations of each alternative. Moving forward, the state legislature will need to decide on a long-term management strategy, but permitting for major changes could take 4-6 years.
The document provides an executive summary of the Calumet-Sag Channel Detailed Watershed Plan. It summarizes the watershed plan's scope, an overview of the Calumet-Sag Channel watershed, an evaluation of existing flooding and erosion conditions, an evaluation of alternative stormwater improvement projects, and recommendations. Key findings include that Stony Creek and its tributaries account for 61% of existing damages, recommended projects could address 45% of Stony Creek damages, and alternatives were identified to reduce expected flooding damages throughout the watershed.
NY DEC Letter Refusing to Grant Stream Crossing Permits for Constitution Pipe...Marcellus Drilling News
The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation denied Constitution Pipeline Company's request for a Clean Water Act Section 401 Water Quality Certification for the proposed Constitution natural gas pipeline project. The DEC found that the project would significantly impact over 250 streams and 85 acres of wetlands through construction and operation. It also determined that tree clearing had already occurred near streams without proper approvals. The DEC concluded that Constitution failed to adequately address concerns about impacts to water resources and alternatives that could reduce impacts. As a result, the DEC was unable to determine that the project would comply with water quality standards.
The document summarizes recommendations from a symposium on mitigating future floods in Alberta following the 2013 floods. The key recommendations are:
1. Anticipate and plan for more extreme weather by improving modeling of scenarios, understanding how development impacts flooding, and determining potential economic losses.
2. Improve operational capacity through better modeling, data management, and predictive capacity to understand flooding and drought risks.
3. Investigate physical infrastructure like dams and natural infrastructure like wetlands to reduce flooding in a cost-effective way. Consider multi-purpose storage and detention.
Flood and drought mitigation - Matt MachielseYourAlberta
Matt, Assistant Deputy Minister with Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development presented at Alberta’s Watershed Management Symposium: Flood and Drought Mitigation. He explained key findings from the Government of Alberta’s flood mitigation engineering studies are presented, along with next steps for major flood mitigation projects.
The document discusses several ongoing and proposed flood risk reduction and coastal resiliency projects being undertaken by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Galveston District in coastal Texas. It summarizes studies that are currently authorized and funded, as well as proposed studies that are seeking funding. Key projects discussed include the Coastal Texas Protection and Restoration Mega Study, Addicks and Barker Reservoir Dam Safety project, and Sabine Pass to Galveston Bay Coastal Storm Risk Management study. The document also outlines the Corps' feasibility study process and their value in partnering with local entities.
Cle International Nepa Conference Presentation 2011 January 17 Presentation...awaltner
The document discusses how NEPA analyses of offshore oil drilling programs treated risks and uncertainty prior to the 2010 BP Gulf oil spill. It notes that earlier NEPA tiers did not adequately incorporate new information into later analyses, and that risks of low-probability, high-impact events like catastrophic spills were not fully addressed. As a result, responses to the actual spill had to be developed hastily without sufficient prior planning. It examines approaches to addressing uncertainty under NEPA and calls for learning lessons to improve future risk evaluations.
Hydropower Development on the Mekong and 3S stimson
The document summarizes key findings from studies assessing hydropower development plans and their impacts in the Mekong River Basin. It finds that existing and proposed mainstream dams in the Lower Mekong Basin, including 11 proposed mainstream dams, could significantly change river flows and water levels. Development in tributaries like the 3S rivers also impact the Mekong River. Strategic planning is needed to minimize impacts and coordinate dam operations across borders and sectors.
Addressing Hydrology at the Watershed Scale: A Novel Approach to Stormwater M...TWCA
1. The document discusses how humans have altered urban hydrology through increased impervious cover and proposes distributed small-scale stormwater controls as a solution.
2. Modeling showed that distributed controls like rain cisterns and rain gardens, even at low adoption rates, could meaningfully improve hydrologic metrics and provide water supply benefits by reducing runoff.
3. Implementing distributed stormwater controls across different land uses has the potential to shift urban hydrology in a way that approximates reducing effective impervious cover by 25%.
This document investigates co-locating a desalination plant with the Joslin Steam Electric Station in Point Comfort, Texas to provide a drought-proof water supply for regions L and N. A reverse osmosis desalination plant is proposed that would treat 180 million gallons per day of seawater to produce 90 million gallons per day of drinking water and reject hypersaline water. Reject water and solids from pretreatment would be returned through the existing plant discharge. Environmental impacts were found to be minimal. The estimated cost of the desalinated water is $1.75 per 1000 gallons. Combining this supply with 100,000 acre-feet of existing surface water supply would provide 200,000 acre-feet
This document discusses desalination and membrane technologies in the United States. It provides background on desalination processes and issues, outlines the federal role in research and adoption, and examines energy, environmental, and cost concerns constraining wider adoption. The federal government primarily supports desalination research and development, while local governments are responsible for building and operating facilities. Key issues for Congress include the appropriate federal role and how to balance supporting research while protecting public health and the environment.
1) The document discusses 5 policies that would allow for the immediate breach of the 4 lower Snake River dams, including that the Corps' 2002 EIS provides NEPA coverage and no new authorities are needed.
2) Breaching the dams is estimated to cost $340 million, much less than the billions estimated previously, and would have benefit-cost ratios of 4-1 or higher.
3) Survival rates of wild Snake River salmon continue to decline despite over $1 billion spent on passage improvements, indicating breaching is necessary to meet recovery goals.
The document discusses the opportunities and issues around natural gas. It notes that natural gas power plants are more efficient than coal plants and produce fewer emissions. However, shale gas extraction through hydraulic fracturing poses various environmental and health risks, including potential groundwater contamination and increased seismic activity. The document outlines recommendations from the International Energy Agency to promote responsible shale gas development, including measuring impacts, engaging communities, minimizing water usage, eliminating emissions, and ensuring robust regulation.
The document summarizes information presented at a public information centre regarding a study of basement flooding and stormwater runoff quality in Study Area 34. It provides background on the study area and objectives, potential causes of flooding, and possible solutions that were presented, including source controls, conveyance controls, and end-of-pipe controls. Feedback was sought from the public to help identify a preferred solution and finalize the master plan.
The document summarizes a study that monitored roadway runoff and developed design guidance for roadway BMPs. Field studies were conducted at six sub-basins near an intersection of I-80 and I-680 in Omaha, Nebraska. Water quality samples found metals, COD, TSS, and TDS to be major contaminants in runoff. Roadside vegetation was effective at reducing runoff. The existing detention basin provided some pollutant load reductions. Based on results, design guidance was created for BMPs like vegetated swales, bioretention cells, and sand filters to treat roadway runoff.
This document provides an overview of the natural gas industry from an insider's perspective. It summarizes the speaker's background working in various engineering roles in the industry. It then provides high-level summaries of key aspects of the natural gas supply chain including exploration and production, midstream infrastructure like gathering lines and processing plants, downstream transmission pipelines, and the economic and environmental impacts of developing shale gas resources.
The document provides a summary of a report evaluating a proposed seawater desalination project at Camp Pendleton in California. Key points from the technical studies include that a subsurface intake is viable due to a large sub-seafloor river channel, and an open ocean intake and brine discharge system could be sited with minimal environmental impacts. Both proposed plant sites were found to be suitable, with one offering better access. Capital costs were estimated to be $1.4-1.5 billion for an initial 50 million gallon per day phase.
The document discusses corrosion in oil pipelines and how internal coatings can help address this issue. It provides details on corrosion incidents that have occurred in pipelines worldwide. Corrosion accounts for a significant number of pipeline failures and spillages. Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a major cause of pipeline corrosion. The use of an internal epoxy coating in the BP Forties pipeline addressed corrosion and allowed the pipeline to operate for many years without issues. Internal coatings can provide corrosion protection and smooth interior surfaces that reduce pressure drops and flow inefficiencies.
The document provides an overview of Honeywell's Hopewell, Virginia plant and its environmental performance. It describes the plant's history and products, including its position as the world's largest producer of caprolactam and ammonium sulfate. The plant ships over 900,000 tons of ammonium sulfate annually via its pier on the James River. It also discusses projects undertaken to reduce nutrient pollution to the river by over 85% while increasing production. The document highlights the plant's certified wildlife habitat and efforts to prevent water pollution and eliminate hydraulic oil from its loading equipment.
This document summarizes the health and environmental risks of unconventional gas extraction based on a study of the industry and government policies. It finds that while the government claims natural gas can be a "bridge" to renewable energy and that regulations will prevent issues, numerous studies have shown higher rates of water and air pollution near gas fields. The industrialization of the countryside with well pads, pipelines, and compressor stations also decreases quality of life. The risks of groundwater contamination, air pollution, and methane leaks are high given the large number of wells and extent of infrastructure involved despite claims by government and industry that best practices will prevent problems.
This discussion paper on Energy Well Integrity focuses on typical onshore unconventional oil or gas wells, which are generally similar to wells used for conventional oil or coal bed methane production. The major topics covered in this paper are well design, construction, use and abandonment. Issues of cementing practices and gas migration pathways are given special emphasis because they are key aspects in establishing and understanding well integrity.
ICLR Friday Forum: Lot-level approaches to control urban flood risk (April 21...glennmcgillivray
This document summarizes a presentation on approaches to control urban flood risk and mitigate basement flooding. It discusses how basement flooding can occur via overland flooding, infiltration, or sewer surcharge. Lot-level approaches are presented to reduce flood risk from each mechanism. Specifically, it focuses on research being conducted on backwater valves to reduce risk of sewer surcharge basement flooding through laboratory testing and computational modeling of valve performance under various conditions. The research aims to evaluate technologies and approaches to reduce basement flooding and develop a better understanding of associated risks in Canadian cities.
This review article analyzes reliable datasets on well barrier and integrity failures from oil and gas wells around the world. The key points are:
1) Over 4 million onshore hydrocarbon wells have been drilled globally based on data from various countries.
2) Reported rates of well barrier or integrity failures vary widely from 1.9% to 75% depending on the age, design, and number of wells examined in each study.
3) A study of 8030 Marcellus shale wells in Pennsylvania from 2005-2013 found 6.3% were reported for well barrier or integrity issues. A separate Pennsylvania study of 3533 wells from 2008-2011 found 85 cement or casing failures, 4 blowouts,
The document discusses the impact that offshore pipeline installation and pre-commissioning can have on future pipeline integrity. Specifically, it addresses how corrosion and debris during construction can negatively affect the pipeline. It provides case studies of pipelines that experienced significant corrosion or became blocked by debris due to issues with wet buckles, water quality, cleaning procedures, and more. The document emphasizes the importance of carefully planning and executing the pre-commissioning phase to avoid problems that compromise the long-term integrity of offshore pipelines.
This document discusses regulatory requirements and best practices for tailings dam design and construction in Alaska. It outlines Alaska's dam safety program which classifies dams based on hazard potential and requires design to withstand earthquakes and floods of increasing strength depending on hazard class. It also details the permitting and approval process for dam construction and operation. Key lessons from past failures emphasize the importance of thorough site investigation, design, construction oversight, monitoring, and emergency preparedness. State-of-the-art techniques can successfully mitigate risks from slope stability, overtopping, foundations, seepage, erosion and seismic events to develop stable, long-term tailings storage facilities.
Hydraulic Fracturing and Marcellus Shale Gas 11 22 2011Michael Klein
The drilling technique of Hydraulic Fracturing has allowed natural gas producers to extract natural gas economically from deep shale formations. This innovative drilling technique has made enormous quantities of natural gas available in wide areas of the United States from Texas, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, New York, Wyoming, North Carolina, and Colorado. The drilling technique of hydraulic fracturing accounts for roughly a quarter of total natural gas production in the United States as cited by the Energy Information Administration. With the increased emphasis on the use of natural gas in our federal energy policy, there will be new regulations, processes, and resources that will be required to mitigate the risks to human health and the environment from this new drilling technique. The presentation discusses the process of hydraulic fracturing; the threats that are posed to human health and the environment, areas in the USA where the process is used with an emphasis on the Marcellus Shale formation, current and new regulations being put into place, and plaintiff challenges to the process.
This document discusses water intrusion in the I-93 tunnels in Boston and efforts to seal leaks. It notes that some water intrusion is normal during tunnel construction and leaks are typically sealed through pressure grouting of cracks in the concrete. While the tunnels experience more leaks currently than completed tunnels, the amount of leakage is within industry norms. Efforts to seal leaks through grouting are standard practice and will continue through project completion to further reduce water intrusion.
The document discusses dams and hydraulic structures. It provides an overview of different types of dams including embankment, gravity, buttress, and arch dams. It emphasizes the importance of regular inspections and monitoring of dams to identify any signs of distress or changes in conditions. The document also discusses causes of dam failures, noting that embankment dams and older dams are more likely to fail than other types. Embankment dams from 1900 had around a 10% probability of failure while modern dams constructed after 1950 have less than a 0.04% chance.
The document discusses water crossings of pipelines and the associated risks. It provides examples of pipeline accidents at water crossings in 2011 and 2015 due to cracks in the pipeline and exposure on the river bottom. Although water crossings are less than 1% of accidents, the consequences can be high. The document outlines federal regulations regarding identifying and evaluating risks of water crossings. Methods of crossing include buried pipelines or exposure above water. Failures can result from natural forces like flooding, scour, or erosion.
The role discussed is to standardize definitions, map asset and waterbody data, relate pipelines to waterbodies in GIS, create a threat matrix database, and develop the project going forward to identify and address high risk areas
This presentation reviews tailings dams and the hazardous waste contained within them. Basic design and the consequenses of design failure will also be reviewed.
Similar to Case study on underwater pipieline leaks and its environmental impacts (20)
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Case study on underwater pipieline leaks and its environmental impacts
1. CASE STUDY OF
UNDERWATER PIPELINE
LEAKAGE AND IT’S
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
-AISWARYA KAMESWARAN (16BLA1015)
-G.R.S.S.POOJITHA (16BLA1049)
-V. MADHULIKA (16BLB1030)
3. • Submarine pipelines, as arteries for offshore oil and gas transportation, play a particularly important
role in the exploitation of offshore oil and gas resources.
• Since the world’s first submarine pipelines were laid in the Gulf of Mexico, numerous failures have
been caused by pipeline free-spanning.
• These pipelines are buried up to ten feet below the surface, removing vegetation, soil, and bedrock
along the construction right-of-way.
• An extensive network of access roads and staging areas are required. These surface disturbances
impact both surface water and groundwater resources.
• The pipeline integrity management system encompasses all efforts to ensure the pipeline is secured
and safe to operate. This implies adequate inspection and maintenance, ensuring fit-for-service,
operational control and monitoring, adequate repair systems in place should the need arise, trained
personnel, regular audits and risk assessments etc. and more importantly, a management system to
harness these activities. These efforts create an opportunity for the pipeline operator to have full
control over the pipeline life and functionality.
• There is today, evidence of repair-leak-repair cycle involving underwater pipelines in poor visibility
conditions. This is particularly common in pipelines often classified as “old” pipelines.
4. • This is against the object of PIMS and represents a gap. The poor underwater visibility is often
due to inorganic and particulates of organic.
• Substances swept into the open water or sea by tidal actions, rain water, wind, industrial
processes etc. This problem creates room for oil spills with its attendant social, economic and
environmental damages.
• It is also noted that in some developing countries, there is an increasing trend for inspection of
damages on pipelines by joint investigation teams to determine whether a spill is caused
intentionally or not.
• Unfortunately, the joint inspection exercise is a prerequisite requirement for pipeline repairs in
some regions of the world.
• It is therefore desirable that agreement between the stake- holders in the joint investigation team
be resolved as quickly as possible using a suitable close visual inspection or related technique.
• Quick resolution of causes of damages for submerged pipeline causing spills in un- clear/muddy
water may be difficult with the present industry tools
6. 1. Identify causes of leakage of
underwater Pipeline and the
environmental impact caused.
2. Case study of recent Gas Leak
incidents:
i. Alaska Leak, 2017
ii. Gulf of Mexico Leak, 2021
3. Analyse Best Management
Practices including Leak inspection
and Repair Management carried
out
O
B
J
E
C
T
I
V
E
8. • The methodology adopted is “Analytical and Descriptive”.
• The data for this is gathered from primary sources like journals and secondary data
that includes articles, research papers, websites, news articles, committee reports
etc.
Identifying existing
problem at hand
and the
environmental
impact caused.
Consolidate data
and information
collected from
Primary Secondary
Sources
Identify and
Analyse Case
studies relating to
Subject Matter
Provide Conclusive
Idea and
Recommendation
for the issue.
10. TITLE
The impact of laying and maintenance of offshore
pipelines on the marine environment and the North Sea
fisheries
AUTHORS S.J.de Groot
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 1982
INFERENCES
• Reviews the impact of the laying and maintenance of
offshore pipelines on the marine environment of the
North Sea, with an emphasis on the interaction between
the offshore oil and gas industry and the fishing industry.
• Fishery damage attributed to offshore activities, fishing
activity in relation with pipelines, improvements of fishing
gear to reduce the impact on pipelines and the biological
effect of introducing structures on the bottom.
• Suggested to base the requirements for each new
projected pipeline on a combination of considerations
and to assess these requirements case by case instead
of applying standard requirements on e.g. burial depth,
trenching, etc.
11. TITLE Pipeline Location Decisions
AUTHORS Oleg I. LarichevDavid L. Olson
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2001
INFERENCES
• Pipeline location problems have many ofthe features
common to other location decisions.
• They involve safety and security issues, because there is
a long history of pipeline accidents. These accidents
sometimes involve undesirable waste in the form of
spills, but also have involved explosions with loss of life.
• There are a number of criteria over which alternative
sites can be evaluated.
• Each pipeline siting is unique, although all pipelines
involve some common features. Therefore, examination
of problems on one pipeline provide valuable information
for the next pipeline, but each project will have a unique
set of problems as well. This creates the need for new
selection decisions.
12. TITLE
Cause Analysis and Countermeasure for Submarine
Pipeline Failure
AUTHORS JIN Wei-liang,ZHANG En-yong,SHAO Jian-wen,LIU De-hua
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2004
INFERENCES
• The submarine pipeline is playing an important role in
marine oil development as the lifeline of the maritime oil
and natural gas fields.
• But submarine pipeline often loses its function under
abominable working conditions because of
corrosion,scour,mechanical damage etc.
• The security of submarine pipeline has been the
question that people have paid close attention to all the
time.
• The main cause that makes submarine pipeline failure is
analyzed in this paper, countermeasures of preventing
from submarine pipeline failure are put forward, and
inspection ways for submarine pipeline are introduced
simply.
13. TITLE Corrosion Problems Of Pipeline And Asolution
AUTHORS
Toshio Yoshida; Shigetomo Matsui; Toshio Atsuta; Koyu
Itoga
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2007
INFERENCES
• Corrosion problems of pipelines and their control
measures are discussed. As one of the economical
solutions to these problems, stainless steel lined pipes
are proposed.
• Since metals are produced from their ores -limited
resources by applying vast amount of energy, it is
important from the point of view of conservation of
energy and resources to prevent metals from being lost
by corrosion.
• One of the problems to which a solution is urgently
needed is the corrosion of pipelines which transport
crude oil or natural gas.
• In some areas, leakage of oil, gas and included salt
water is becoming a public hazard. The development of
reliable and economical corrosion resistant pipe is
therefore of great importance.
14. TITLE
Overview of the Design, Construction, and Operation of
Interstate Liquid Petroleum Pipelines
AUTHORS T.C. Pharris and R.L. Kolpa
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2007
INFERENCES
• U.S. pipelines are located in coastal plains, deserts,
Arctic tundra, mountains, and more than a mile beneath
the water’s surface of the Gulf of Mexico (Rabinow 2004;
AOPL 2006). The network of crude oil pipelines in the
United States is extensive.
• There are approximately 55,000 miles of crude oil trunk
lines (usually 8 to 24 inches in diameter) in the United
States that connect regional markets.
• The United States also has an estimated 30,000 to
40,000 miles of small gathering lines There are
approximately 95,000 miles of refined products pipelines
nationwide. Refined products pipelines are found in
almost every state in the United States, with the
exception of some New England states.
• . The overview of pipeline design, installation, and
operation provided
15. TITLE Pipeline Corrosion
AUTHORS Baker, Michael Baker Jr., Inc. & Raymond R. Fessler
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2008
INFERENCES
• During the 20-year period from 1988 to 2007, corrosion
has been responsible for 18 percent of the significant
incidents in pipelines carrying natural gas or hazardous
liquids.
• On average, there have been 52 significant corrosion
incidents per year on pipelines in the United States.
• Sixty-three percent of the incidents involved onshore
hazardous liquid pipelines and 15 percent involved
onshore gas transmission pipelines.
• The remaining incidents occurred on offshore gas
transmission pipelines, gas distribution lines, gas
gathering lines, and offshore liquid lines.
• On average, those incidents resulted in 1.4 fatalities and
5.2 injuries per year, and caused about $25 million of
property damage per year.
• In comparison with gas pipelines, liquid pipelines
experienced more incidents and caused more property
damage but resulted in fewer fatalities and injuries.
16. TITLE
Rights of states regarding underwater cables and
pipelines
AUTHORS Miso MUDRIC
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2010
INFERENCES
• The article explores the rights and duties of States
regarding the laying and operation of the
underwater/submarine cables and pipelines.
• It discusses the legal nature and public law aspects of
cross-border land and submarine cables and pipelines,
together with the relevant provision of the Energy
Charter Treaty and the United Nations Convention for the
Law of the Sea.
• As the territorial sea of each Coastal State falls under the
full State’s jurisdiction, the submarine cables and
pipelines in that zone are governed by the same legal
regime applicable for land cables and pipelines.
• Usually, participating States and companies sign special
international treaties and agreements, defining
contractual terms, conditions and the applicable law.
17. TITLE
Sensor Network Architectures for Monitoring
Underwater Pipelines
AUTHORS
Nader Mohamed, Imad Jawhar, Jameela Al-Jaroodi & Liren
Zhang
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2011
INFERENCES
• This paper develops and compares different sensor
network architecture designs that can be used for
monitoring underwater pipeline infrastructures.
• These architectures are underwater wired sensor
networks, underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks,
RF (Radio Frequency) wireless sensor networks,
integrated wired/acoustic wireless sensor networks, and
integrated wired/RF wireless sensor networks.
• The reliability challenges and enhancement approaches
for these network architectures.
18. TITLE
Research on Leakage Detection and Analysis of
Leakage Point in the Gas Pipeline System.
AUTHORS Zhao Yang, Mingliang Liu, Min Shao, Yingjie Ji
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2011
INFERENCES
• The leakage caused by holes on gas pipelines generates
economic losses to gas companies and causes risks to
the environment and sometimes accidents. In order to
detect and locate pipeline rupture immediately, the
leakage detection method plays a key role in the overall
integrity management in the pipeline system.
19. TITLE
Stress analysis of underwater pipeline for irregular
seabed topography
AUTHORS Nurul alia binti mohd anuar
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2012
INFERENCES
• The pipeline was be examined on various conditions
according to the geometry of the seabed.
• The input or load cases of the pipeline system are ocean
current and wave.
• The analyses are carried out for both the fully fixed and
simply supported pipes, which form the two extreme
conditions of pipelines under service conditions.
• Result is that the stress of the pipelines should not
exceed the maximum allowable stress set by the
regulations.
20. TITLE
Effectiveness of using fibre-reinforced polymer
composites for underwater steel pipeline repairs
AUTHORS
Md Shamsuddoha, Md Mainul Islam, Thiru Aravinthan, Allan
Manalo, Kin-tak Lau
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2013
INFERENCES
• Metal pipelines are the most efficient and safe ways for
oil and gas transportation over a long distance.
• At present, almost all pipelines are made by ferrous steel
which is sensitive to corrosion at harsh working
environments, particularly in the presence of salty water
and sulphur ingress media.
• For years, the most traditionally-credible solution for a
damaged steel pipe is to remove the pipe entirely or just
a localized damaged section and then replace it by a
new one or cover with a steel patch through welding,
respectively.
• Numerous literatures have shown that fibre-reinforced
polymer-based composites can be effectively used for
steel pipe repairs. Considerable research has been
carried out on the repair of corroded and gouged pipes
incorporating with fibre-reinforced composite wraps
21. TITLE
Underwater Pipeline Repair in Difficult Seabed
Conditions: Problems and Solution
AUTHORS B. A. Jones & N. Wright
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2015
INFERENCES
• This paper examines the application of innovative
technology to significantly reduce the time for a major
repair to a 36 inch diameter buried submarine pipeline.
• The actual repair is achieved by cutting out the damaged
section and inserting a replacement spool-piece.
• Such operations would be based upon hyperbaric
welding which is performed in a dry habitat chamber and
is a relatively controlled and straightforward operation.
• Therefore the research effort was directed towards
saving time on the auxiliary tasks such as: seabed
excavation, the use of a protective cofferdam, seabed
surveying, pipeline weight coating removal and pipeline
isolation.
• It is anticipated that a 40% reduction in the overall repair
time is possible with the application of the equipment and
methods described in this paper
22. TITLE
Subsea Pipeline Corrosion Estimation by Restoring and
Enhancing Degraded Underwater Images
AUTHORS Amjad Khan
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2018
INFERENCES
• Subsea pipeline corrosion is considered as a severe
problem in offshore oil and gas industry. It directly affects
the integrity of the pipeline which further leads to cracks
and leakages.
• At present, subsea visual inspection and monitoring is
performed by trained human divers; however, offshore
infrastructures are moving from shallow to deep waters
due to exhaustion of fossil fuels.
• Therefore, inhospitable underwater environmental
conditions for human diver demand imaging based
robotic solution as an alternate for visual inspection and
monitoring of subsea pipelines.
• This paper presents a new method for subsea pipeline
corrosion estimation by using colour information of
corroded pipe.
23. TITLE
Metallography of an Underground Oil Pipeline.
AUTHORS Francisco Casanova-del-Angel, Alejandra Cordova-Castillo
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2018
INFERENCES
• The study was based on a 45 cm long pipe sample,
visibly and entirely corroded, with a fish-mouth crack
along its length.
• The work contributes to finding new ways to prevent
structural failure, which has high-impact consequences
from the point of view of production, damage to property,
pollution, and risks to human live.
• Through this analysis the knowledge on behavior of
failures in terrestrial ducts has been extended.
24. TITLE The Value of Subsea Pipelines to Marine Biodiversity
AUTHORS T. Bond; J. Prince; J. C. Partridge; D. White; D. L. McLean
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2018
INFERENCES
• As offshore oil and gas infrastructure reaches the end of
its operational life, owners and regulators will question
the best options available to decommission it, with
decisions requiring information about the potential
ecological value of these structures and the
environmental impact of their removal.
• Pipeline spans had high fish abundance, with fish
appearing to utilise these spans as refuges. These
results, together with allied assessments of marine
growth on pipelines, suggest over the course of their
operating lives, pipelines gain ecological and fishery
value, enhancing the diversity and abundance of fish
(including important commercial species) which can be
translated to a monetary value for commercial fisheries.
25. TITLE
Investigation on underwater spreading characteristics and
migration law of oil leakage from damaged submarine
pipelines
AUTHORS YuanSun, XuewenCao, FachunLiang
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2019
INFERENCES
• Great threats and damages to natural ecosystem and
marine environment will be caused once oil and gas
leakage occurs. It is crucial to develop a quick response
strategy, including the accurate prediction of oil and gas
migration path, oil droplet size distribution and other
parameters.
• A formula is proposed to predict the oil diffusion distance
at certain time. The results of investigation can offer a
valuable guidance for formulation of emergency
response.
26. TITLE
Hydromechanics of submarine pipelines: design
problems
AUTHORS John B Herbich
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2019
INFERENCES
• The design and construction of pipelines in offshore cold
regions calls for special measures (such as deep burial)
because of seabed scouring caused by ice.
• Offshore pipelines fail in many different ways, and each
mode of failure should be examined individually.
Because of the complexity of the ocean environment it is
quite difficult to evaluate pipeline failures in detail.
• Environmental factors such as hydrodynamic wave
forces and currents, buoyancy forces due to liquefaction
of sediment, and scouring potential are presented.
• Methods for scour protection in shallow and deep water
are described as well as the need for inspection and
maintenance to prevent failures
27. TITLE
Recent Advances in Pipelines Monitoring and Oil 3
Leakage Detection Technologies: Principles and
Approaches
AUTHORS
Mutiu Adesina Adegboye, Wai-Keung Fung and Aditya
Karnik
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2019
INFERENCES
• The state-of-the-art achievements in pipelines leakage
detection 75 technologies and to discuss research gaps
and open issues that required attention in the field of 76
pipelines leakage detection technology. The input or load
cases of the pipeline system are ocean current and
wave.
• The exterior based leak detection methods and
compares their strengths and weaknesses, The
visual/biological based leak detection methods, presents
the interior based leak detection methods and features
their strengths and weaknesses.
28. TITLE
Inspection and monitoring systems subsea pipelines: A
review paper.
AUTHORS Micheal Ho, Sami El-Borgi, Devendra Patil,
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2019
INFERENCES
• Challenges in inspection and monitoring of subsea
pipelines.
• Possible failure modes of subsea pipelines
29. TITLE
The Influence of Oil leaking rate and Ocean Current
Velocity on the Migration and Diffusion of Underwater
Oil Spill
AUTHORS Hong Ji, Manlin Xu, Weiqiu Huang & Ke Yang
YEAR(s) OF PUBLICATION 2020
INFERENCES
• The gradual depletion of land resources, people have
turned their eyes to the ocean. Submarine pipelines are
the lifelines of offshore oil and gas fields.
• Submarine pipelines are in a harsh environment for a
long time and normally damaged under various
unforeseen risks, which could cause oil spills. In the
event of oil spill, it will cause huge economic losses and
lead to a series of adverse social effects.
• Accurate prediction of the diffusion pattern and behavior
of oil spills is important to the risk assessment of oil
spills, emergency response and control of the pollutants.
31. Environmental
Impact
Solution Causes
• The risks associated with hazardous liquid pipelines depend primarily on
the commodity and the characteristics of the surrounding area.
• Some hazardous liquids, such as propane, pose a near-term hazard of fire
or explosion.
• Other releases, such as crude oil, have greater risks for the environment in
both the short and long term.
• Crude oil spills can result in harm to human health and the environment,
including injuries or fatalities to fish and wildlife, and contamination of
drinking water supplies.
•Poor maintenance of pipes, joints, and
valves
•Metal fatigue
•Corrosion
•Mechanical damages, such as dents
•Improper repair welds
•Defective products
•Damage caused by chemicals
•Violations of applicable codes
•Inadequate safety practices
• Require regular integrity testing of
pipelines
• Require better training and oversight
of staff
• Require pipeline companies to provide
pipeline mapping data with the
possible exception of gathering lines
• Require double-walled pipelines
especially in high consequence areas
• Require state of the art leak detection
system and automatic shut off valves
• Require setbacks of at least 1,000 feet
for high-risk area.
• Establish mandatory fines
• Require strict and thorough reporting
1. Causes Of Leakage Of Underwater Pipeline And The Environmental Impact Caused
32. 1. Case Study on Alaska, 2017
Causes
Environmental
Impact
Solution
• The pipeline carries gas from
onshore to four production platforms
owned by Hilcorp Alaska LLC. The
platforms burn natural gas for power.
• In 2017, a rock on the ocean floor
punctured the line and caused the
loss of as much as 310,000 cubic
feet of natural gas a day.
• Ice in the inlet blocked divers and
Hilcorp from repairing the 2017 leak
for three months.
• Hilcorp gas pipeline springs another
leak in 2021 in Cook Inlet, about six
miles offshore from Nikiski.
• The company estimates 310,000 cubic feet of gas
daily is leaking into winter habitat.
• The gas is a threat to beluga whales, sea lions,
humpback whales, sea otters and eiders which are
endangered species.
• A leak of processed natural gas creates a low-
oxygen dead zone threatening marine mammals
and fish.
• Poses a pipeline integrity risk to public safety,
property, and the environment
• A repair plan and to do a
comprehensive safety
inspection of the line.
• Implement Underwater
Leak Detection System.
• Regular assessment of
pipelines and pressure
levels in the pipelines.
• Universal Guidelines for
Operation and
Implementation of
Underwater Pipelines.
33. 2. Case Study on Gulf of Mexico, 2021
Causes
Environmental
Impact
Solution
• A gas leak west of Mexico's Yucatan
Peninsula broke out of an
underwater pipeline, causing bright
flames to appear to boil up to the
Gulf of Mexico's surface.
• Gas started leaking from the pipeline
in the Campeche Sound.
• Lightning storm with heavy rain
affected some of the pipeline
equipment — at the same time that a
gas leak had been detected in the
pipeline.
• As the gas rose to the water's
surface, it was hit with electrical
shocks from the storm, causing the
fire to break out
• 10,000 barrels of gasoline were going through the
pipeline with 20 kilograms of pressure when it
ruptured.
• Damage to marine life due to fire and lack of
oxygen thereof.
• Erosion of pipeline resulting in sediment deposition
in the sea bed.
• Blast impact of pipeline to the sea bed and marine
line thereof.
• Detailed study of the
(environmental) impact
caused by the fire.
• Major reasons for the leak.
• Regular assessment of
pipelines using cutting-edge
technology.
• Re-Evaluate best practices
and management strategies
in line with changing trends of
sea bed environment
34. Proper BMP selection
• BMPs must be properly selected and
sized based on the drainage area.
• A set of practices with specifications that
address large drainage areas should be
followed.
• Construction across ridgetops and
headwaters watersheds poses a
challenge to storm-water control.
• Extra attention to drainage area
calculations during the design phase and
utilization of ESCs specially designed for
these sensitive environments can help
protect water quality in these areas.
• These practices can include, for
example, diversion ditches or dikes on
the uphill side of a construction area that
transport water away from the right-of-
way and help prevent controls from
being overwhelmed
Access road BMPs
• Controls to adequately handle flow
associated with access roads must not
be overlooked.
• Like the pipeline corridor itself, access
roads can channel runoff and sediment,
often directly into streams and
waterbodies, if ESC practices are not in
place for the road surface and
associated ditches and conveyances.
• Large pipeline projects typically have
many miles of access roads
Sufficient company staff
• When company staff are spread across
an extremely large construction site, as
is the case with many of these long
pipelines, it can be difficult to mobilize
and correct BMP failures before
waterways are impacted.
• When staff are responsible for managing
and monitoring very large areas, it can
also take time to notice failures.
• Additionally, management structures
often require that managers who are not
on site make decisions necessary to
quickly remedy failing BMPs or to adjust
construction plans based on on-site
conditions.
• Improving this management structure to
allow for quick adjustments at a
construction site would help prevent
impacts due to failing BMPs or when the
conditions on the ground necessitate
additional controls than are described in
plans.
3. Analyze Best Management Practices including Leak
inspection and Repair Management carried out
35. Vegetative stabilization specifications
• Specifications regarding
vegetative stabilization in
challenging conditions, such as
steep slopes or shade, should be
developed and followed during
construction.
• Erosion resulting from vegetation
that did not grow was observed on
the MVP
Use of short pipeline sections.
• Large- scale pipelines should be built to
completion in short sections, thereby limiting
the total area disturbed at any one time.
• The pipeline projects described here utilized a
construction method that left very long
stretches of the pipeline route with active
construction areas.
• For example, trees were cleared along most of
the routes, then the trenches were dug along
most of the routes. ESCs were installed as
work progressed, but very large areas were
denuded at one time.
• Typical construction projects must stabilize
open areas before moving to new areas; this
same strategy should be applied to pipeline
projects. This would allow attention to be
given to a smaller disturbed area during
intense storm events by staff and ensure
controls are properly constructed and
maintained. The extremely large construction
sites also pose a challenge for regulatory
agency inspectors.
Sufficient time on design and planning
• Perimeter controls, such as silt
fences and filter socks, can act
as channels when not utilized
correctly.
• To remedy this, more time
should be spent in the design
and planning phase.
• The drainage area must be
properly calculated.
• Additional ESCs—such as J-
hooks, diversions, and outlet
sediment traps—can be used to
accommodate large drainage
areas
37. Environmental impacts of oil operations may influence species, populations, assemblages, or
ecosystems by modifying a variety of ecological parameters (e.g., biodiversity, biomass,
productivity, etc.).
Potential impacts are generally assessed through some type of formal process, termed an
environmental impact assessment (EIA). These typically involve the identification,
prediction, evaluation, and mitigation of impacts prior to the start of a project.
Activity management is to be done and the AM is the phasing out of drilling muds that used
diesel oil as their base. These drilling fluids biodegrade very slowly, have a high toxicity, and
exposure to them can result in negative environmental consequences. During exploration
activities, activity management may be required for seismic surveys, because the intense
acoustic energy can cause ecological impacts particularly to marine mammals.
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38. Temporal management approaches are intended to reduce impacts on the breeding, feeding, or
migration of fish, marine mammals, and seabirds. Furthermore, seismic operations along marine
mammal migration routes or within known feeding or breeding grounds may be restricted during
aggregation or migration periods in order to reduce the probability of marine mammals being present
in the area during the survey.
Spatial management prohibits particular activities from certain areas, for example where
sensitive species or habitats are present. This can range from implementing exclusion zones
around sensitive areas potentially affected by individual oil and gas operations to establishing
formal marine protected areas through legislative processes where human activities deemed to
cause environmental harm are prohibited.
The use of EIAs as a tool for identifying local spatial restrictions for deep-water oil and gas
operations is widely applied, and specific no-drilling zones (mitigation areas) are defined by the
regulatory authority around sensitive areas known or occurring with high-probability.
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39. Releases of hydrocarbons (oil or gas) into the marine environment have the potential to impact marine
organisms. Dissolution of toxic components into the water column leading to poisoning or irritation of marine
organisms;
Indirect asphyxiation due to microbial consumption of released hydrocarbons, resulting in decreased
dissolved oxygen in the affected area, potentially leading to a “marine dead zone”;
Direct asphyxiation of marine mammals and other marine dwelling air breathing species who rely on
access to the sea surface to breath, formation of an oil slick can prevent these creatures from accessing
the surface, or where they do, may result in irritation or poisoning as a result of contact with toxic
components.
In addition to impacting marine life forms, a release of oil into the marine environment may impact birds
(through coating of feathers), shore based terrestrial species, where oil grounding occurs and industries reliant
on the marine environment (e.g., fishing and tourism). Accidental releases may arise from either a loss of
containment from a hydrocarbon production system or as a result of a vessel-based spill.
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40. Key standard components of an EIA include
1.
• Description of the proposed development,
including information about the size, location,
and duration of the project,
2.
• Baseline description of the environment
3.
• Description of potential impacts on the
environment
4.
• Proposed mitigation of impacts
5
• Identification of knowledge gaps.
43. Additional
inspections
• Require third-party inspectors or provide funding for additional regulatory agency inspectors, who should
be on site very frequently—especially before and following large storm events. Frequent inspections are
more effective in preventing impacts to water quality than fines assessed by regulatory agencies.
• VDEQ required that pipeline companies fund third-party inspectors for two large pipelines: MVP and the
Atlantic Coast Pipeline.
Site-specific
management
plans
• Site-specific stormwater management plans for all stream and wetland crossings should be a mandatory aspect of the
permitting process.
• These plans ensure that careful consideration is given to uniquely sensitive environments—steep slopes and highly
erodible soils, for example—at all crossing locations, and that planned controls are adequate.
• Site-specific plans also help regulators hold companies accountable for environmental impacts. Virginia required site-
specific stormwater plans for two large-scale pipelines crossing the state.
Full evaluation
of trenchless
stream
crossings
• Companies should be required to fully evaluate the use of trenchless stream crossings, which do not
require disturbing streambeds, and to justify decisions to use other methods.
• When HDD is proposed for stream crossings, thorough site analyses should be conducted, including
geotechnical analyses, boring tests, and fracture trace analyses
CONTROL MEASURES
44. Designated
stormwater
manager.
• Each pipeline should have a designated stormwater manager whose focus is solely on environmental impacts.
• This manager should oversee the project and facilitate communication between regulatory agencies and pipeline
companies.
• The stormwater manager could be a position at a regulatory agency or a third-party consultant; ideally this person would
be funded by the pipeline company. Usually, stormwater management is addressed by the pipeline company and its
contractors.
Improved
communications
strategy
• . A communications strategy that allows on-site company staff to quickly act when a problem arises must be in
place prior to construction.
• Management of large-scale pipeline projects is often spread out across pipeline construction management staff,
making it difficult to take quick action when ESCs fail.
• It is often difficult for regulatory agency staff to communicate with appropriate company staff in a timely manner.
Online
mapping
tools.
• Online mapping tools should be designed and maintained by companies to inform agency staff of their daily
construction activities, because it is often difficult for agency regulators to know exactly where work is occurring on
a day-to-day basis on large-scale projects.
CONTROL MEASURES
45. Suitable for
pipeline
construction.
• It should be acknowledged that there are some areas where conditions are not suitable for pipeline construction,
regardless of the BMPs utilized. Steep slopes, highly erodible soil, high-quality streams, and other key environmental
factors should be considered when evaluating pipeline construction plans.
• If BMPs cannot ensure that water quality is protected, the route should be re-assessed.
• As long as the company states that water quality will be protected through implementation of BMPs, any area may be
crossed by a pipeline.
Real-time
water quality
monitoring
stations.
• A network of real-time water quality monitoring stations should be installed upstream and downstream of sensitive stream and river
crossings.
• These monitoring stations should be put in place ahead of construction of the relevant stream crossing and should be installed with
as much time prior to construction as possible to establish baseline conditions and natural variation in stream conditions.
• Monitoring should continue until all vegetation is established in the area, at a minimum, and longer for a complete assessment of
impacts..
Increased
fines and
permit fees.
• Fines and permit fees should be increased.
• The amount of state agency staff time needed to oversee large-scale construction projects is immense, and fines on billion-dollar
projects generally do little to encourage sound construction practices.
CONTROL MEASURES
47. THE SUBMARINE
PIPELINES REGULATIONS
OF 2014:
• Procedures that's needs
to be followed to establish
a pipeline person shall
have the right to lay,
construct, convert and/or
operate a pipeline in the
Exclusive Economic Zone
and/or the Continental
Shelf of the Republic,
without a license from the
competent authority.
THE CONVENTION FOR THE
PROTECTION OF THE
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
AGAINST POLLUTION and
RELATED PROTOCOLS
(RATIFICATION) LAW OF
1979, as amended or
substituted from time to time :
• The special characteristics
and vulnerability of the
Mediterranean, to achieve
international cooperation for
a coordinated and
comprehensive approach to
the protection and
enhancement of the marine
environment in the
Mediterranean area.
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT ACT,
2004 (NO. 20 OF 2004).:
• An Act to provide for
legal and institutional
framework for
sustainable
management of
environment; to outline
principles for
management, impact
and risk assessments,
prevention and control of
pollution, waste
management,
environmental quality
standards.
ESPOO CONVENTION
(THE CONVENTION ON
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT IN A
TRANSBOUNDARY
CONTEXT).: The Convention,
obligates its Parties to assess
the environmental impacts of
certain activities that may
cause transboundary
environmental harm at an early
stage of planning. The
Convention also obligates
States to notify and consult
with affected States with
respect to certain proposed
projects
49. The Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974
• The Water Prevention and Control of Pollution
Act, 1974 (the "Water Act") has been enacted to
provide for the prevention and control of water
pollution and to maintain or restore
wholesomeness of water in the country.
• The Water Act prohibits the discharge of
pollutants into water bodies beyond a given
standard, and lays down penalties for non-
compliance.
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Cess Act was enacted in 1977 to provide for the
levy and collection of a cess on water consumed
by persons operating and carrying on certain
types of industrial activities.
Clean Water Act, 1972
• The Clean Water Act (CWA) establishes the
basic structure for regulating discharges of
pollutants into the waters of the United States
and regulating quality standards for surface
waters.
• Under the CWA, EPA has implemented pollution
control programs such as setting wastewater
standards for industry. EPA has also developed
national water quality criteria recommendations
for pollutants in surface waters.
• The CWA made it unlawful to discharge any
pollutant from a point source into navigable
waters, unless a permit was obtained.
• The CWA imposes different fines for different
category of industries in case of non-compliance.
COMPARISON OF INDIAN LAW WITH THE LAW OF US
51. • UN Convention of the Law of the Sea - UNCLOS
• Law of the Sea concepts involved in the construction of
transboundary pipelines concern territorial waters,
continental shelves, exclusive economic zones, freedom
of the high seas and protection of the environment.
• Under international law the high seas are open to all
states to law underwater pipelines and for various other
types of construction.
• The convention also codified freedom of the sea,
explicitly providing that the oceans are open to all states,
with no state being able to subject any part to its
sovereignty. Consequently, state parties cannot
unilaterally extend their sovereignty beyond their EEZ,
the 200 nautical miles in which that state has exclusive
rights to fisheries, minerals, and sea-floor deposits.
"Innocent passage" is permitted through both territorial
waters and the EEZ, even by military vessels, provided
they do no harm to the country or break any of its laws.
INTERNATIONAL LAW & LAW OF THE SEA
53. Underwater pipelines pose environmental risk because pipelines themselves may become
damaged by ship's anchors, corrosion, tectonic activity, or as a result of defective construction and
materials.
Concerns about the environmental risks of underwater pipelines have been
raised on numerous occasions such as during the Alaska leak and Gulf of
Mexico leak.
The legislations governing the underwater pipeline activities ensure that there
are a set of standards and limitations for such activities and also impose a fine
in case of non-compliance
Old pipelines and their vulnerability to fractures that often lead to ruptures are
discussed. There appears to be a gap in the existing pipeline integrity management
system with respect to inspection and repair of pipelines in unclear water conditions
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54. For pipelines installed in unclear water condition, a perspective is suggested to extend the capability of existing
remotely operated vehicles to employ the use of clear laminar water system or a related technique to provide
integrity engineers and operators with close visual assess to inspect leaking pipelines and effect adequate
repairs.
We suggest that the use of optical eye as the main tool for examination remains valuable in
managing the challenges in underwater pipeline repairs in unclear water condition.
The Close-Visual Inspection in its original meaning of using the optical human eyes as the
main tool of observation cannot be substituted with any better alternative system.
This gap needs to be filled in order to minimize spills and pollution. Even a close-up photography
will contain more virtual details than any 3-D imaging of any technology as at today.
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55. In bridging this gap and providing solution to incessant leak-repair-leak cycle due to improper inspection and
repair work in underwater pipelines where poor visibility is common, it is important to explore opportunities in
laminar flow approach or related technique, and in combination with other existing technology, to extend the
innovation to use remotely operated system by using the exiting plume as the tracking medium.
The reasons for the free span of submarine pipelines include the scour of wave flow, the fluctuation of
seabed topography, residual stress, or thermal stress of pipelines, and human activities, among which
the scour caused by waves and currents is the most important. The study of scour initiation and
maximum depth is crucial for the prevention and treatment of scour of submarine pipelines.
Due to the many and complex factors affecting scour, the current research is limited by the research
means, observation, and measuring instruments. We are not yet able to fully consider all the influencing
factors, so only reasonable simplified methods can be adopted for analysis and prediction.
At present, the submarine suspended span pipeline treatment methods mainly include the re-digging trench
burying method, structural support method, bionic water plant method, choke plate self-burying method,
flexible hose bridging method, and heavy ballast method.
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56. Although many experts and scholars have formulated and implemented many pipeline free-span
management methods, the most effective protection measures have not yet been found.
Current treatment methods generally have disadvantages
such as high cost and a large amount of underwater
operation by divers.
With the exploration of oil and gas resources in deeper waters,
management measures with a high degree of automation and
good economic benefits are required.
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