Also called as diabetes mellitus. A group of diseases that result in too much sugar in the blood.Most common types of diabetes are; type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes, prediabetes, gestational diabetes.
A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle. A heart attack is a medical emergency.A heart attack usually occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the heart.Without blood,tissues loses oxygen and dies
Also called as diabetes mellitus. A group of diseases that result in too much sugar in the blood.Most common types of diabetes are; type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes, prediabetes, gestational diabetes.
A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle. A heart attack is a medical emergency.A heart attack usually occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the heart.Without blood,tissues loses oxygen and dies
It is also called as Coronary heart disease,usually caused due to BP,diabetes , obesity e.t.c.It leads to the restriction of the blood flow to the heart.
Related with cardio vascular system. Angina is Retrosternal chest pain which if left untreated can cause the higher complications with respect to cardiac health of human body. May be this is simple chest pain but if exceeds can cause major damage # prevention is better than cure :-)
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease, is a progressive loss in renal function over a period of time. The three most common causes of CKD are,
-Diabetes mellitus
-Hypertension and
-Glomerulonephritis.
Together, these cause about 75% of all adult cases.
It is also called as Coronary heart disease,usually caused due to BP,diabetes , obesity e.t.c.It leads to the restriction of the blood flow to the heart.
Related with cardio vascular system. Angina is Retrosternal chest pain which if left untreated can cause the higher complications with respect to cardiac health of human body. May be this is simple chest pain but if exceeds can cause major damage # prevention is better than cure :-)
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease, is a progressive loss in renal function over a period of time. The three most common causes of CKD are,
-Diabetes mellitus
-Hypertension and
-Glomerulonephritis.
Together, these cause about 75% of all adult cases.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
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Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
CASE STUDY ON CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE WITH LEFT VENTRICULAR FAILURE
1. CASE STUDY ON CORONARY
ARTERY DISEASE
WITH
LEFT VENTRICULAR FAILURE
PREPARED BY:
SUMAIYA SALEEM
III PHARM D
2. CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
CAUSES
• It is a condition in which the coronary artery gets plaque
in the inner walls thus causing rigidity and narrowing of
artery.
• This restricts blood flow to heart muscle thus causing
hypoxia.
- Smoking
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Diabetes
- Sedentary life style.
- High stress
- Unhealthy diet
3. SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breadth
- Heart attack
- Pain radiating to limbs and neck
- Indigestion
- Nausea
- Sweating
- Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- CT scan
- Echocardiogram
- Stress test
4.
5. LEFT VENTRICULAR FAILURE
CAUSES
• Heart failure is a state in which the heart cannot provide
sufficient cardiac output to satisfy the needs of the body.
• Left ventricular failure occurs when the ability of
ventricles to pump blood to the body decreases which
leads to left ventricular remodeling.
- Alcohol
- Heart attack
- Hypertension
- Hypothyroidism
- Leaking or narrow heart valves
- Volume overload
9. CHIEF COMPLAINT
• Complaint of shortness of breadth on exertion.
• Chest pain since 1 day.
• Complaint of pedal edema since 1 week.
• Complaint of fever since 2 days.
PAST HISTORY
• No similar complaints in the past were observed.
• Diabetes mellitus.
• Hypertension.
9
10. PERSONAL HISTORY
• DIET : Mixed diet
• SLEEP : Normal
• APPETITE : Normal
• BOWELAND
BLADDER HABITS : Regular and Normal
•ALCOHOLIC / SMOKER : Non- alcoholic, Not a
smoker
10
11. GENERAL EXAMINATION
• Patient is conscious and coherent.
• Moderately built and nourished.
• Not having pallor, icterus, clubbing, sinosis and
lymphadenopathy.
11
13. 13
2D ECHO
Global hypokinesia of left ventricle.
Moderate LV dysfunction.
Dilated right atrium, right ventricle and left atrium.
Severe TR/PAH
Severe MR
No clot
Ejection fraction: 28%
15. MEDICATION CHART
DRUG INDICATION DOSE ROA FREQUENCY
Tab. Aspirin NSAID 150 mg oral OD
Tab. Clopitab Anti platelet 75 mg oral OD
Tab. Atorvastatin HMG CoA
reductase
inhibitors
20 mg oral OD
Tab. Furosemide Loop diuretic 40 mg oral BD
Tab.
Spiranolactone
Potassium
sparing diuretic
25 mg oral BD
Tab. Metoprolol β blocker 25 mg oral OD
Tab. Cefixime Antibiotic 200 mg oral BD
Tab. Metformin Anti-diabetic 500 mg oral BD
16. 1. Aspirin + Clopidogrel
Combination of these two may cause unusual bleeding,
severe abdominal pain, weakness, and the appearance of
black, tarry stools.
2. Atorvastatin + Clopidogrel
Atorvastatin reduces the blood levels and effects of
Clopidogrel.
3. Furosemide + Metoprolol / Spiranolactone + Furosemide
/ Metaprolal + Spiranolactone
Administering the drugs together may cause in severe
decrease in the blood pressure and slow the heart rate. It
causes dizziness and weakness, irregular heart beat etc.
16
DRUG INTERACTIONS
17. 4. Furosemide + Cefixime
Cephalosporin antibiotics like Cefixime can occasionally
cause kidney problems, and using it with furosemide may
increase that risk.
5. Furosemide + Metformin
Using furosemide together with metformin may increase the
effects of metformin.
18. PROGRESS
DAY 1:
• Patient conscious and coherent
• BP : 130/ 100 mm of Hg
• PR : 88 beats/ min
• Temp : Afebrile
• Medications : Aspirin, Clopitab, Atorvastatin, Furosemide,
Spiranolactone, Metoprolol, Cefixime, Metformin
18
19. • Patient conscious and coherent
• BP : 130/ 70 mm of Hg
• PR : 84 beats/ min
• Temp : Afebrile
• Medications: C.S.T
DAY 3:
19
DAY 2:
• Patient conscious and coherent
• BP : 130/ 80 mm of Hg
• PR : 126 beats/ min
• Temp : Afebrile
• Medications: C.S.T
20. DAY 4:
• Patient conscious and coherent
• BP : 120/ 70 mm of Hg
• PR : 86 beats/ min
• Temp : Afebrile
• Medications: C.S.T
21. PATIENT COUNSELLING
ABOUT THE DISEASE:
• Coronary artery disease is a condition in which the coronary
artery gets plaque in the inner walls. This restricts the flow of
blood to heart muscle thus causing hypoxia.
• Heart failure is a state n which the heart cannot provide
sufficient cardiac output to satisfy the needs of the body.
• Left heart failure occurs when the ability of ventricles to
pump blood to the body decreases which leads to left
ventricular remodeling.
21
22. ABOUT THE MEDICATION:
1. Tablet Aspirin: It is a Non- Steroidal Anti Inflammatory
Drug used to reduce fever and relive mild to moderate
pains. Low doses are given to prevent blood clots to
reduce the risk of stokes and heart attacks.
Side effects
- Excess acid secretion
- Nausea
- Heart burn
- Irritation of stomach
- Stomach cramps
- Severe dizziness
Pharmacokinetics
-Half life: approx. 15 min
-Bioavailability: 40 %
-Onset of action: 5- 30 min
-Duration of action: 3- 6 hrs
22
23. 2. Tablet Clopitab: It is an anti platelet drug which is used
to prevent the clot formation in the blood vessels. It
works by preventing the platelets from sticking together
to each other. This decreases the risk of stoke.
Side effects
- Easy bleeding
- Diarrhoea
- Constipation
- Upset stomach
- Redness of skin
- Difficulty in breathing
- Blood in urine and stools.
Pharmacokinetics
- Half life: 30 min
- Bioavailability: 99 %
- Onset of action: 2 hrs
- Duration of action: 12 hrs
23
24. 3. Tablet Atorvastatin: It is used to reduce the levels of
cholesterol and triglycerides in blood. Due to which it
avoids the obstruction of blood vessels due to
accumulation of cholesterol in them.
Side effects
- Cold
- Gas
- Heart burn
- Diarrhoea
- Upper stomach ache
- Joint pain
- Weakness
- Confusion
- Loss of appetite.
Pharmacokinetics
- Half life:14 hrs
- Bioavailability: 14 %
- Onset of action: 3- 5 days
- Duration of action: 2- 4 weeks
24
25. 4. Tablet Furosemide: It is a loop diuretic that prevents the
body from absorbing too much salt and allows the salt to
pass through urine. It is used to treat fluid retention in
people with heart failure, liver damage, kidney disorders,
hypertension.
Side effects:
- Rashes
- Dizziness
- Diarrhoea
- Mild itching
- Stomach pain
- Constipation etc.
Pharmacokinetics
- Half life: 2 hrs
- Bioavailability: 50- 70 %
- Onset of action: 5 min
- Duration of action: 2 hrs
25
26. 5. Tablet Spiranolactone: It is a potassium sparing diuretic.
It helps in the removal of excess fluid from the body. It is
used in congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome,
abdominal distension, hypertension etc.
Side effects:
- Nausea
- Dizziness
- Vomiting
- Leg cramps
- Confusion
- Drowsiness
- Increased creatinine level.
Pharmacokinetics
- Half life: 1.3 hrs
- Bioavailability: 50- 70 %
- Onset of action: 5 min
- Duration of action: 2 hrs
26
27. 6. Tablet Metoprolol: It belongs to the class of drugs called
Beta blockers. It blocks the beta- adrenergic receptors
therefore reducing the blood pressure and heart rate. It is
used in treatment of angina, CHF, Hyperthyroidism.
Side effects:
- Low blood pressure
- Diarrhoea
- Constipation
- Depression
- Memory loss
- Fever
- Nausea
- Abdominal cramps
- Shortness of breadth
Pharmacokinetics
- Half life: 3- 4 hrs
- Bioavailability: 50 %
- Onset of action: 1 hr
- Duration of action: 3- 6 hrs
27
28. 28
7. Tab. Cefixime: It is used to treat certain infections caused by
bacteria such as bronchitis, gonorrhoea and infections of the
ears, throat, tonsils, and urinary tract. It belongs to class of
medications called cephalosporin antibiotics
Side effects:
- Stomach pain
- Gas
- Dizziness
- Diarrhoea
- Headache
- Nausea and vomiting
- Trouble breathing
- Rashes
Pharmacokinetics
- Half life: 3- 4 hours
- Bioavailability: 40- 50 %
- Duration of action: 3- 4 hours
29. Pharmacokinetics
- Half life: 6 hrs
- Bioavailability: 50-60 %
- Onset of action: 1- 3 hrs
- Duration of action: 4- 8 hrs
8. Tablet Metformin: It is an anti- diabetic drug used for
suppression of gluconeogenesis & improvement of
glucose uptake & insulin sensitivity.
Side effects:
- Heart burn
- Stomach pain
- Bloating
- Weight loss
- Hypoglycemia
30. LIFE STYLE MODIFICATIONS
1. Decrease the intake of salt.
2. Avoid alcohol and Smoking.
3. Exercise regularly.
4. Take in fibre rich food.
5. Decrease stress and handle
situations calmly.
6. Eat foods with low oils
and cholesterols.
7. Administer the medications
prescribed regularly.
30