HEAT ENGINE.pptx
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The document is a presentation on heat engines prepared by three students. It discusses the key components and processes of a 4-stroke gasoline engine, including the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. It then covers engine efficiency, defining it as the ratio of net work done to heat supplied. The document introduces the Carnot engine as a theoretical most efficient heat engine model and describes its ideal Carnot cycle and maximum efficiency. Finally, it briefly discusses entropy and how heat pumps and refrigerators operate similarly to a reversed heat engine.
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SINK: The sink should be at a fixed lower temperature 𝑻_𝟐 to which any amount of energy can be rejected. It also has infinite thermal capacity and its temperature remains at a constant temperature 𝑻_𝟐.
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reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
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HEAT ENGINE.pptx
- 1. Presentation on HEAT ENGINE PREPARED BY: CHAUHAN SATISH(EN. NO:131150102007) GAUTAM ASHISH(EN. NO: 131150102010) KETUL PATEL(EN. NO: 131150102013) SUB: E.M.E DEPARTMENT:AUTOMOBILE SWAMINARAYAN COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH.,SAIJ
- 2. Heat Engines A gasoline engine is a form of a heat engine, e.g. a 4-stroke engine INTAKE stroke: the piston descends from the top to the bottom of the cylinder, reducing the pressure inside. A mixture of fuel and air, is forced by atmospheric pressure into the cylinder through the intake port. The intake valve then close. COMPRESSION stroke: with both intake and exhaust valves closed, the piston returns to the top of the cylinder compressing the fuel-air mixture. POWER stroke: the compressed air–fuel mixture in a gasoline engine is ignited by a spark plug. The compressed fuel-air mixture expand and move the piston back EXHAUST stroke: during the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns to top while the exhaust valve is open and expel the spent fuel- air mixture out through the exhaust valve(s).
- 3. Efficiency • Efficiency is the ratio of the net work done by the engine to the amount of heat that must be supplied to accomplish this work. e W QH
- 4. Carnot Engine • The efficiency of a typical automobile engine is less than 30%. – This seems to be wasting a lot of energy. – What is the best efficiency we could achieve? – What factors determine efficiency? • The cycle devised by Carnot that an ideal engine would have to follow is called a Carnot cycle. • An (ideal, not real) engine following this cycle is called a Carnot engine.
- 5. • If the process is adiabatic, no heat flows into or out of the gas • In an isothermal process, the temperature does not change. – The internal energy must be constant. – The change in internal energy, U, is zero. – If an amount of heat Q is added to the gas, an equal amount of work W will be done by the gas on its surroundings, from U = Q - W. • In an isobaric process, the pressure of the gas remains constant. – The internal energy increases as the gas is heated, and so does the temperature. – The gas also expands, removing some of the internal energy. • Experiments determined that the pressure, volume, and absolute temperature of an ideal gas are related by the equation of state: PV = NkT where N is the number of molecules and k is Boltzmann’s constant. Different Thermal Process
- 6. 1. Heat flows into cylinder at temperature TH. The fluid expands isothermally and does work on the piston. 2. The fluid continues to expand, adiabatically. 3. Work is done by the piston on the fluid, which undergoes an isothermal compression. 4. The fluid returns to its initial condition by an adiabatic compression.
- 7. Carnot Efficiency • The efficiency of Carnot’s ideal engine is called the Carnot efficiency and is given by: • This is the maximum efficiency possible for any engine taking in heat from a reservoir at absolute temperature TH and releasing heat to a reservoir at temperature TC. – The temperature must be measured in absolute degrees. • Even Carnot’s ideal engine is less than 100% efficient. eC TH TC TH
- 8. Entropy • entropy is an expression of disorder or randomness. – the higher the level of disorder, the higher the entropy is. – e.g. When an objected is broken into small pieces, entropy increases. – 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 = 𝑘𝐵ln(Ω) , where Ωis number of microstates – 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 = ∆𝑄 𝑇 , ∆𝑄 is the change of the system heat and T is the absolute temperature of the system. – When a system absorb heat, ∆𝑄is positive, i.e. entropy increase. Otherwise, the entropy decrease.
- 9. Heat Pumps, and Entropy • If a heat engine is run in reverse, then work W is done on the engine as heat QC is removed from the lower-temperature reservoir and a greater quantity of heat QH is released to the higher- temperature reservoir. • A device that moves heat from a cooler reservoir to a warmer reservoir by means of work supplied from some external source is called a heat pump. W QC QH
- 10. Refrigerators and Heat Pumps • A refrigerator is also a form of a heat pump. • It also moves heat from a cooler reservoir to a warmer reservoir by means of work supplied from some external source. • It keeps food cold by pumping heat out of the cooler interior of the refrigerator into the warmer room. • An electric motor or gas-powered engine does the necessary work.