The document provides information about anatomy and physiology of the heart. It discusses the size, weight, and function of the heart. It describes the layers of the heart including the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. It outlines the flow of blood through the heart including the atria, ventricles, and valves. It also discusses the coronary arteries and veins as well as heart sounds, blood pressure, cardiac output and related terms.
Power point the cardiovascular system - anatomy and physiologyStephen Collins
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart and cardiovascular system. It describes the size and structure of the heart, including the four chambers and valves. It explains how blood flows through the heart and is pumped into the arteries and circulated throughout the body before returning to the heart through the veins. It also discusses the composition of blood and its transport of oxygen, nutrients and waste products.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the cardiovascular system. It describes the three types of blood vessels - arteries, capillaries, and veins. It explains how blood flows through the heart chambers, and the role of the heart valves and muscles in pumping blood. Key concepts covered include blood pressure, the cardiac cycle, heart sounds, and neural and hormonal control of the heart.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the cardiovascular system. It describes the heart's structure including the four chambers and valves that allow blood to pass through. It explains how blood flows through two circuits, passing from the heart to the lungs and throughout the body. It also outlines the types of blood vessels involved in circulation and their roles in transporting blood under pressure away from and toward the heart.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the cardiovascular system. It describes the heart's structure including the four chambers and valves that allow blood to pass through. It explains how blood flows through two circuits, passing from the heart to the lungs and throughout the body. It also outlines the types of blood vessels involved in circulation and their roles in transporting blood under pressure away from and toward the heart.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through a closed system of arteries, capillaries and veins. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste between the blood and tissues. The circulatory system transports these materials throughout the body to sustain homeostasis.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through a closed system of arteries, capillaries and veins. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste between the blood and body tissues. The circulatory system transports these materials throughout the body to sustain homeostasis.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit which circulates blood to the lungs, and the systemic circuit which pumps blood to the rest of the body. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries where gas exchange occurs, and veins which return blood to the heart. The cardiovascular system works to supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove wastes through complex vascular pathways and pressure gradients established by the heart. Cardiovascular disorders like atherosclerosis and hypertension can develop when this delicate system is damaged or imbalanced.
This document provides an overview of the circulatory system, including its components and functions. It describes that blood is composed of plasma, proteins, formed elements, and transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste. It also summarizes the structures and roles of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and different types of circulation (systemic, pulmonary, coronary, hepatic portal).
Power point the cardiovascular system - anatomy and physiologyStephen Collins
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart and cardiovascular system. It describes the size and structure of the heart, including the four chambers and valves. It explains how blood flows through the heart and is pumped into the arteries and circulated throughout the body before returning to the heart through the veins. It also discusses the composition of blood and its transport of oxygen, nutrients and waste products.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the cardiovascular system. It describes the three types of blood vessels - arteries, capillaries, and veins. It explains how blood flows through the heart chambers, and the role of the heart valves and muscles in pumping blood. Key concepts covered include blood pressure, the cardiac cycle, heart sounds, and neural and hormonal control of the heart.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the cardiovascular system. It describes the heart's structure including the four chambers and valves that allow blood to pass through. It explains how blood flows through two circuits, passing from the heart to the lungs and throughout the body. It also outlines the types of blood vessels involved in circulation and their roles in transporting blood under pressure away from and toward the heart.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the cardiovascular system. It describes the heart's structure including the four chambers and valves that allow blood to pass through. It explains how blood flows through two circuits, passing from the heart to the lungs and throughout the body. It also outlines the types of blood vessels involved in circulation and their roles in transporting blood under pressure away from and toward the heart.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through a closed system of arteries, capillaries and veins. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste between the blood and tissues. The circulatory system transports these materials throughout the body to sustain homeostasis.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through a closed system of arteries, capillaries and veins. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste between the blood and body tissues. The circulatory system transports these materials throughout the body to sustain homeostasis.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit which circulates blood to the lungs, and the systemic circuit which pumps blood to the rest of the body. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries where gas exchange occurs, and veins which return blood to the heart. The cardiovascular system works to supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove wastes through complex vascular pathways and pressure gradients established by the heart. Cardiovascular disorders like atherosclerosis and hypertension can develop when this delicate system is damaged or imbalanced.
This document provides an overview of the circulatory system, including its components and functions. It describes that blood is composed of plasma, proteins, formed elements, and transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste. It also summarizes the structures and roles of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and different types of circulation (systemic, pulmonary, coronary, hepatic portal).
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through three types of blood vessels - arteries, capillaries, and veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, capillaries allow for gas and nutrient exchange, and veins carry blood back to the heart. The cardiovascular system includes two circuits - the pulmonary circuit which circulates blood to the lungs, and the systemic circuit which circulates blood to the rest of the body. Major cardiovascular disorders include atherosclerosis, heart attack, stroke, and aneurysm. Modern medical treatments are improving diagnosis and management of these conditions.
The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels to supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from tissues throughout the body. Blood contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The circulatory system also helps fight infections and regulates body temperature.
The document discusses cardiovascular physiology, including the composition of blood, blood circulation, and the functions of the heart. It notes that blood is composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma. Blood circulates through arteries, capillaries, and veins via the pumping action of the heart. The four chambers of the heart work together with four valves to oxygenate blood in the lungs and circulate it throughout the body in the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
Chapter 37 lecture- Circulatory & respiratoryMary Beth Smith
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body using the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body. Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, and platelets help with clotting. The lymphatic system drains fluid from tissues and returns it to the blood.
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels. The blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. It carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products. The heart has four chambers that pump blood in two circuits - the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated. It is then pumped through arteries, capillaries and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove carbon dioxide and other wastes.
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, and its main function is to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body. It has two circuits: systemic circulation, which transports blood between the heart and body, and pulmonary circulation, which transports blood between the heart and lungs. The main components of blood are plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, and platelets help with clotting. The heart pumps blood through a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Diseases can occur if blood flow or components are compromised.
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood throughout the body in two circulation loops - pulmonary circulation to the lungs and systemic circulation to the rest of the body. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products and circulates in a double circulation through arteries, veins, and capillaries where gas and nutrient exchange occurs. The circulatory system helps transport these materials, fight infections, regulate temperature and pH, and heal injuries through clotting.
This document summarizes the circulatory system. It describes how the closed circulatory system of vertebrates works, including the anatomy and function of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. It also discusses the pulmonary and systemic circuits, lymphatic system, common cardiovascular disorders like hypertension, and the components and functions of blood.
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system. It discusses the composition and functions of blood, the structure and layers of the heart, types of circulation including pulmonary and systemic circulation, the cardiac cycle, heart valves and conducting system, blood pressure, electrocardiograms, and some common cardiovascular disorders like hypertension and stroke. The document is intended as an educational resource on the key components and functioning of the cardiovascular system.
Chapter 37- Circulatory and Respiratory SystemsMary Beth Smith
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to pump oxygenated blood from the lungs and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries, and veins. The respiratory system exchanges gases through the nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli in the lungs. Breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata and diaphragm. Smoking damages lungs and increases risk of diseases like cancer, emphysema, and bronchitis.
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to pump oxygenated blood from the lungs and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries, and veins. The respiratory system exchanges gases through the nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli in the lungs. Breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata and diaphragm. Smoking damages lungs and increases risk of diseases like cancer, emphysema, and bronchitis.
A powerpoint designed for the South African Life Sciences syllabus for grade 11. Includes information about blood and it's transportation, the human heart, the lymph system etc. Hope it helps :)
The document summarizes the structure and function of the circulatory system. It describes that blood is composed of plasma and blood cells. Plasma contains nutrients, waste, gases, and proteins. Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells protect against disease, and platelets help with clotting. The heart has four chambers and uses systole and diastole to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body in double circulation. Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries to transport blood throughout the body.
The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood, and is responsible for circulating blood throughout the body. The heart pumps blood through three types of blood vessels - arteries, capillaries, and veins. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, waste, etc. between the blood and body tissues. The circulatory system helps deliver oxygen, hormones, and nutrients to organs and tissues and removes waste.
The document describes the structure and function of the heart. It discusses the location of the heart in the mediastinum and its external and internal anatomy. The four chambers of the heart (right and left atria and ventricles) are described along with the valves that regulate blood flow. The circulations of blood through the pulmonary system and systemic circulation are also summarized. Key details about the layers of the heart wall, coronary circulation and blood flow through arteries, capillaries and veins are provided.
The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a muscular pump made of four chambers that pumps blood throughout the body. There are three types of blood vessels - arteries, which carry blood away from the heart; capillaries, where nutrient and gas exchange occurs; and veins, which carry blood back to the heart. Blood contains red blood cells to carry oxygen, white blood cells for immunity, platelets for clotting, and plasma. The circulatory system transports these components between tissues and organs.
The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, and wastes throughout the body via blood vessels. Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries, then into capillaries where nutrients and oxygen are exchanged, and finally returns to the heart through veins. The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels which work together to transport blood containing red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma to all parts of the body.
The cardiovascular system circulates blood throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located in the chest that pumps blood through two circuits: systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. Systemic circulation pumps oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart. Pulmonary circulation pumps deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and returns oxygenated blood to the heart. The cardiovascular system is regulated by short term mechanisms like the autonomic nervous system and long term mechanisms like the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to maintain normal blood pressure.
2024 Media Preferences of Older Adults: Consumer Survey and Marketing Implica...Media Logic
When it comes to creating marketing strategies that target older adults, it is crucial to have insight into their media habits and preferences. Understanding how older adults consume and use media is key to creating acquisition and retention strategies. We recently conducted our seventh annual survey to gain insight into the media preferences of older adults in 2024. Here are the survey responses and marketing implications that stood out to us.
More Related Content
Similar to powerpoint-thecardiovascularsystem-anatomyandphysiology-141126132329-conversion-.pdf
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through three types of blood vessels - arteries, capillaries, and veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, capillaries allow for gas and nutrient exchange, and veins carry blood back to the heart. The cardiovascular system includes two circuits - the pulmonary circuit which circulates blood to the lungs, and the systemic circuit which circulates blood to the rest of the body. Major cardiovascular disorders include atherosclerosis, heart attack, stroke, and aneurysm. Modern medical treatments are improving diagnosis and management of these conditions.
The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels to supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from tissues throughout the body. Blood contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The circulatory system also helps fight infections and regulates body temperature.
The document discusses cardiovascular physiology, including the composition of blood, blood circulation, and the functions of the heart. It notes that blood is composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma. Blood circulates through arteries, capillaries, and veins via the pumping action of the heart. The four chambers of the heart work together with four valves to oxygenate blood in the lungs and circulate it throughout the body in the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
Chapter 37 lecture- Circulatory & respiratoryMary Beth Smith
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body using the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body. Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, and platelets help with clotting. The lymphatic system drains fluid from tissues and returns it to the blood.
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels. The blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. It carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products. The heart has four chambers that pump blood in two circuits - the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated. It is then pumped through arteries, capillaries and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove carbon dioxide and other wastes.
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, and its main function is to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body. It has two circuits: systemic circulation, which transports blood between the heart and body, and pulmonary circulation, which transports blood between the heart and lungs. The main components of blood are plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, and platelets help with clotting. The heart pumps blood through a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Diseases can occur if blood flow or components are compromised.
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood throughout the body in two circulation loops - pulmonary circulation to the lungs and systemic circulation to the rest of the body. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products and circulates in a double circulation through arteries, veins, and capillaries where gas and nutrient exchange occurs. The circulatory system helps transport these materials, fight infections, regulate temperature and pH, and heal injuries through clotting.
This document summarizes the circulatory system. It describes how the closed circulatory system of vertebrates works, including the anatomy and function of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. It also discusses the pulmonary and systemic circuits, lymphatic system, common cardiovascular disorders like hypertension, and the components and functions of blood.
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system. It discusses the composition and functions of blood, the structure and layers of the heart, types of circulation including pulmonary and systemic circulation, the cardiac cycle, heart valves and conducting system, blood pressure, electrocardiograms, and some common cardiovascular disorders like hypertension and stroke. The document is intended as an educational resource on the key components and functioning of the cardiovascular system.
Chapter 37- Circulatory and Respiratory SystemsMary Beth Smith
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to pump oxygenated blood from the lungs and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries, and veins. The respiratory system exchanges gases through the nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli in the lungs. Breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata and diaphragm. Smoking damages lungs and increases risk of diseases like cancer, emphysema, and bronchitis.
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to pump oxygenated blood from the lungs and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries, and veins. The respiratory system exchanges gases through the nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli in the lungs. Breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata and diaphragm. Smoking damages lungs and increases risk of diseases like cancer, emphysema, and bronchitis.
A powerpoint designed for the South African Life Sciences syllabus for grade 11. Includes information about blood and it's transportation, the human heart, the lymph system etc. Hope it helps :)
The document summarizes the structure and function of the circulatory system. It describes that blood is composed of plasma and blood cells. Plasma contains nutrients, waste, gases, and proteins. Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells protect against disease, and platelets help with clotting. The heart has four chambers and uses systole and diastole to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body in double circulation. Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries to transport blood throughout the body.
The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood, and is responsible for circulating blood throughout the body. The heart pumps blood through three types of blood vessels - arteries, capillaries, and veins. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, waste, etc. between the blood and body tissues. The circulatory system helps deliver oxygen, hormones, and nutrients to organs and tissues and removes waste.
The document describes the structure and function of the heart. It discusses the location of the heart in the mediastinum and its external and internal anatomy. The four chambers of the heart (right and left atria and ventricles) are described along with the valves that regulate blood flow. The circulations of blood through the pulmonary system and systemic circulation are also summarized. Key details about the layers of the heart wall, coronary circulation and blood flow through arteries, capillaries and veins are provided.
The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a muscular pump made of four chambers that pumps blood throughout the body. There are three types of blood vessels - arteries, which carry blood away from the heart; capillaries, where nutrient and gas exchange occurs; and veins, which carry blood back to the heart. Blood contains red blood cells to carry oxygen, white blood cells for immunity, platelets for clotting, and plasma. The circulatory system transports these components between tissues and organs.
The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, and wastes throughout the body via blood vessels. Blood is pumped from the heart through arteries, then into capillaries where nutrients and oxygen are exchanged, and finally returns to the heart through veins. The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels which work together to transport blood containing red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma to all parts of the body.
The cardiovascular system circulates blood throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located in the chest that pumps blood through two circuits: systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. Systemic circulation pumps oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart. Pulmonary circulation pumps deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and returns oxygenated blood to the heart. The cardiovascular system is regulated by short term mechanisms like the autonomic nervous system and long term mechanisms like the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to maintain normal blood pressure.
Similar to powerpoint-thecardiovascularsystem-anatomyandphysiology-141126132329-conversion-.pdf (20)
2024 Media Preferences of Older Adults: Consumer Survey and Marketing Implica...Media Logic
When it comes to creating marketing strategies that target older adults, it is crucial to have insight into their media habits and preferences. Understanding how older adults consume and use media is key to creating acquisition and retention strategies. We recently conducted our seventh annual survey to gain insight into the media preferences of older adults in 2024. Here are the survey responses and marketing implications that stood out to us.
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials fo...rightmanforbloodline
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials for clinical practice 1st edition myrick.
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials for clinical practice 1st edition myrick.
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials for clinical practice 1st edition myrick.
Test bank calculating drug dosages a patient safe approach to nursing and mat...rightmanforbloodline
Test bank calculating drug dosages a patient safe approach to nursing and math 2nd edition by castillo werner mccullough
Test bank calculating drug dosages a patient safe approach to nursing and math 2nd edition by castillo werner mccullough
Test bank calculating drug dosages a patient safe approach to nursing and math 2nd edition by castillo werner mccullough
Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Children - Counselling and Family Thera...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Benefits:
Linga mudra generates excessive heat within the body and is very useful for dealing with colds.
It also helps in boosting the immune system and makes the body more resistant to colds and similar infections.
The benefits of penis posture also extend to the respiratory system and it can help loosen the phlegm accumulated from the throat.
This posture also helps in weight loss.
Discomfort experienced in an air conditioned room is relieved by this mudra.
Difficulty in breathing can be relieved by this mudra.
Congested nose can be relieved by this mudra immediately and one can get good sleep.
It controls the flow of the menstrual cycle. Performing the Linga mudra with the Sun Mudra gives better results – both 15 minutes each, one after the other.
When navel center is shifted from its original place, comes back to its place by this mudra.
About CentiUP - Product Information Slide.pdfCentiUP
A heightened child formula, with the trio of Nano Calcium, HMO, and DHA mixed in the golden ratio, combined with NANO technology to help nourish the body deeply and comprehensively, helps children increase height, boost brain power, and improve the immune system and overall well-being.
2. Is about 4.8 inches tall and 3.35 inches wide
Weighs about .68 lb. in men and .56 lb. in women
Beats about 100,000 times per day
Beats 2.5 billion time in an average 70 yr. lifetime
Pumps about 2000 gallons of blood each day
Circulates blood completely 1000 times each day
Pumps blood through 62,000 miles of vessels
Suffers 7.2 mil. CAD deaths worldwide each year
3. The heart resides in the pericardium
o A loose membranous sac.
Epicardium
◦ Continuous with the pericardium
Myocardium
◦ Composed of bands of involuntary striated
muscle fibers
Endocardium
◦ Thin layer of tissue lining the inside of the heart
4. Atria
◦ Thin-walled upper chambers
◦ Separated by atrial septum
◦ Right side of septum has oval depression, fossa
ovalis cordis, remnant of the foramen ovale
◦ Act as receiving chamber for blood returning from
the body and lungs
6. Ventricles
◦ Lower chambers which make up the bulk of the
muscle mass of the heart
◦ Left ventricle 2/3 larger than right ventricle
◦ Right ventricle is a thin-walled and oblong, like
pocket attached to left ventricle
7. Ventricles
◦ Contraction of left ventricle pulls in right
ventricle, aiding its contraction (termed left
ventricular aid)
◦ Separated by intraventricular septum
14. Pulmonary artery to left lung
Pulmonary Artery to right
lung
Pulmonary veins from left
lung
Pulmonary veins from
right lung
Superior vena cava
Aorta
Brachiocephalic artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
15. Arises from root of the aorta
Left Coronary Artery
Right Coronary Artery
Anterior Descending Artery
Circumflex Artery
Posterior Descending Artery
16. 1) Blood enters the heart through the inferior and superior vena
cava, flowing into the right atrium.
2) The blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right
ventricle.
3) It then passes through the pulmonic semilunar valve, entering
the pulmonary artery of the pulmonary circulation.
4) It flows through the pulmonary bed of the right and left lungs to
the pulmonary vein, reentering the heart at the left atrium.
5) It then flows through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle.
6) Passing through the aortic semilunar valve, the blood enters the
aorta and systemic vascular system.
17. Anterior descending artery
◦ Supplies anterior sulcus and apex
◦ “Widow maker” heart attack
Circumflex artery
◦ Supplies posterior side of left ventricle
18. Together supply most of left ventricle, left
atrium, 2/3 of intra ventricular septum, half
of intra atrial septum, and part of right atrium
22. Supplies anterior and posterior portions of
right ventricular myocardium, right atrium,
sinus node, posterior 1/3 of intraventricular
septum, and portion of base of right ventricle
23. Closely parallel the arterial system
Some coronary venous blood enters the
heart through the Thebesian veins
◦ Thebesian veins empty directly into all chambers
thus creating some venous admixture lowering
Pa02
24.
25. Large, highly elastic, low resistance to blood
flow
Small muscular arterioles of varying
resistance
26. Transport blood away from the heart
Generally contain oxygenated blood
Exception: pulmonary artery
Composed of three layers
◦ Tunica adventitia (external layer)
◦ Tunica media (thickest layer)
◦ Tunica intima (thinnest layer)
27. Tunica adventitia
◦ Consists of connective tissue surrounding
collagenous and elastic fibers
◦ Supports and protects the vessel
◦ Contains lymphatic vessels and nerve
fibers
◦ Has fine vessels that provide its blood
supply
28. Tunica media
◦ Thickest layer
◦ Composed of concentrically arranged
smooth muscle and elastic fibers
◦ Nerve fibers of tunica adventitia terminate
in tunica media
29. Tunica intima
◦ Thinnest layer of the artery
◦ Consists of the epithelium – flat layer of
simple squamous cells
◦ Common to all blood vessels including the
endocardium
30. Large arteries are termed conductance or elastic
arteries because the tunica media has less smooth
muscle and more elastic fibers
Medium sized arteries are termed the nutrient arteries
because they control the flow of blood to the various
regions of the body
Arterioles have a thin tunica intima and adventitia, but a
thick tunica media composed almost entirely of smooth
muscle and control blood flow to the capillary bed
◦ Called resistance vessels because they control the rate
that the blood leaves the arterial tree , control arterial
blood volume and thereby blood pressure
34. Microcirculation
Maintains constant environment for the cells and
tissues
Exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes
The blood does not directly come in contact with
the parenchymal cells and tissues in the body,
but constituents of the blood first exit the micro
vascular exchange blood vessels to become
interstitial fluid, which comes into contact with
the parenchymal cells of the body. Lymph is
the fluid that is formed when interstitial fluid
enters the initial lymphatic vessels of the
lymphatic system
35. Pre-capillary sphincter valves
◦ Smooth muscle rings at the proximal end of the
capillary
◦ Contraction decreases blood flow
◦ Relaxation increases blood flow
◦ Responsive to local changes in PaO2, PaCO2, pH,
and temperature
◦ Called exchange vessels because they are the
site of gas, fluid, nutrient, and waste exchange
36.
37. Transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart – exception:
pulmonary vein
Composed of the same layers as arteries, but are thinner
Called capacitance or reservoir vessels because 70% to 75% of
the blood volume is contained in the venous system
Peripheral veins contain one-way valves.
◦ Valves are formed by duplication of endothelial lining
◦ Found in veins >2mm in diameter
◦ Are in areas subjected to muscular pressure, arms/legs
◦ Prevent retrograde flow of blood
38. Mechanisms aiding venous return to the
heart:
◦ Sympathetic venous tone
◦ Skeletal muscle pumping or “milking” combined
with the one-way valves
◦ Cardiac suction
◦ Thoracic pressure differences created by
respiratory efforts (thoracic pump)
39.
40.
41.
42. Consists of formed elements (cells)
suspended & carried in plasma (fluid part)
Total blood volume: 60-80 mL/kg of body
weight
Plasma is straw-colored liquid consisting of
90% H20 & dissolved solutes
◦ Includes ions, metabolites, hormones, antibodies,
proteins
43. Constitute 7-9% of plasma
Three types of plasma proteins: albumins,
globulins, & fibrinogen
◦ Albumin accounts for 60-80%
Creates colloid osmotic pressure that draws H20 from
interstitial fluid into capillaries to maintain blood
volume & pressure
Globulins carry lipids
◦ Gamma globulins are antibodies
Fibrinogen serves as clotting factor
◦ Converted to fibrin when clotting blood
◦ Serum is fluid left when blood clots
44. Composed of erythrocytes (RBCs) &
leukocytes (WBCs)
RBCs are flattened biconcave discs
◦ Generated in the red bone marrow by the
process of erythropoiesis from the
hemocytoblast, a common stem cell
◦ Shape provides increased surface area for
diffusion
◦ Lack nuclei & mitochondria
◦ Has semi-permeable membrane
◦ Contains hemoglobin molecule that
transports oxygen
◦ Approx. 30 trillion in the body
45. Is the formation of blood cells from stem
cells in marrow (myeloid tissue) & lymphoid
tissue
◦ RBC’s increase in number above normal with
chronic hypoxia
Erythropoiesis is formation of RBCs
◦ Stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO) from kidney
Leukopoiesis is formation of WBCs
◦ Stimulated by variety of cytokines
46. 2.5 million RBCs
created daily
Lifespan of 120 days
Old RBCs removed
from blood by
phagocytic cells in
liver, spleen, & bone
marrow
◦ Iron recycled back into
hemoglobin
production
47. Have nucleus, mitochondria, & amoeboid
ability
Formed in the myeloid tissue
Can squeeze through capillary walls
(diapedesis)
◦ Granular leukocytes help detoxify foreign
substances & release heparin
Include eosinophils, basophils, & neutrophils
49. Specialized type of blood cell
Fragments into small irregular pieces of
protoplasm called thrombocytes and platelets
Have no nucleus
Have a granular cytoplasm
Function in clot formation
50. Are smallest of formed
elements, lack nucleus
Constitute most of mass of
blood clots
Release serotonin to
vasoconstrict & reduce blood
flow to clot area
Secrete growth factors to
maintain integrity of blood
vessel wall
Survive 5-9 days
53. Systolic pressure
◦ Pressure during contraction phase of heart
◦ Normal value: 90 – 140 mmHg
Diastolic pressure
◦ Pressure during relaxation phase of heart
◦ Normal value: 60 – 90 mmHg
54. Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
◦ Average pressure in the arterial system over a
given time
◦ Normal value: 80 – 100 mmHg
55. Mean arterial pressure
MAP = (2 x diastolic pressure) + (systolic pressure)
3
A MAP of approximately 60 mmHg is necessary to
perfuse coronary arteries, brain, kidneys.
56. Reflects right atrial pressure
Influenced by changes in right ventricular
function
Measured with catheter placed in superior
vena cava just above right atrium
57. Purpose
◦ Assess blood volume status
◦ Administration of fluids
◦ Sampling of blood
◦ Measurement of SvO2
◦ Assessment of right ventricular pre-load
Normal value
o CVP: < 6 mmHg
o Right atrial pressure (RAP): 2-6 mmHg
58. Used to assess filling pressure of the left side
of heart
Measured by flow-directed, balloon-tipped
catheter
Measures
◦ Pulmonary artery pressures – systolic, diastolic,
mean
◦ Right ventricular preload (via right atrial pressure)
◦ Right ventricular afterload (via PA systolic pressure)
60. Total amount of blood pumped by the heart
per minute
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke
Volume
Normal value – 5L/min
61. Cardiac Index
◦ Volume of blood pumped by the heart per
minute divided by body surface area
CI = CO
BSA
Normal range: 2.5 - 4.0 L/min per square meter
Low values can indicate cardiogenic shock
62. Amount of blood ejected from the ventricle
with each ventricular systole
End-systolic volume (ESV)
◦ Volume remaining after systole
63. End-diastolic volume (EDV)
◦ Volume to which the ventricles fill during
diastole
SV = EDV – ESV
Normal value: 60 – 130 ml/beat
64. Ejection fraction (EF)
◦ Proportion of EDV ejected on each stroke
EF = SV
EDV
◦ Normal value – 64%
65. Preload
◦ Initial stretch of the ventricle
◦ The greater the preload, the greater the tension
on contraction
66. Afterload
◦ Force against which the heart must pump.
◦ In clinical practice, left ventricular afterload
equals systemic vascular resistance.
67. Contractility
◦ Amount of systolic force exerted by heart muscle at any
given preload.
◦ Increases in contractility leads to higher EF, lower end
systolic volume, and higher stroke volume
◦ Decreases in contractility lead to lower ejection fraction,
higher end systolic volume, and decreased stroke volume.
68. Contractility
Inotropism: any factor which affects the
contractility of the heart
◦ Positive inotropism
Higher stroke volumes for a given preload:
indicating an increase in contractility
◦ Negative inotropism
Decreased stroke volumes for a given preload;
indicates a decrease in contractility
69. Heart rate
Autonomic nervous system
o Sympathetic: fight or flight: HR, RR, BP, pupil
dilation and bronchodilation
o Parasympathetic: rest and digest
70. Heart Rate
◦ Cardiac output directly proportional to heart
rate
Relationship exists up to 160 to 180
beats/min
Filling time for ventricles insufficient at
higher rates
71. Sum of all frictional forces opposing blood flow
through the vascular circulation.
SVR = Mean Aortic Pressure-Right Atrial Pressure
Cardiac Output
◦ Mean Aortic Pressure - use systolic pressure (normal mean = 90mmhg)
◦ Right Atrial Pressure - use central venous pressure (normal mean =
4mmhg)
◦ Cardiac Output normal mean = 5L/min.
Normal value: 15 – 20 mmHg/L/min
72. Cardiac anatomy
◦ Layers of the heart
◦ Chambers of the heart
◦ Valves
◦ Coronary arteries
Blood flow through the heart
Arterial system
◦ Structure of artery
◦ Purpose
◦ Major arteries
73. Venous system
◦ Structure of system
◦ Purpose
◦ Aids to venous flow
Capillary system
◦ Structure of system
◦ Purpose
74. Composition of blood
Plasma proteins
Types of cells, functions, normal values,
abnormalities
◦ Erythrocytes
◦ Leukocytes
◦ Megakaryocytes
◦ Platelets
◦ Hemoglobin
◦ Hematocrit
75. Definition, normal values, and formula (if
applicable)
◦ Systemic vascular resistance
◦ Systolic pressure
◦ Diastolic pressure
◦ Mean arterial pressure
◦ Cardiac output and index
◦ Stroke volume, esv, edv, ef
Factors affecting stroke volume