Cardiac glycosides are steroidal compounds found in several plants that have effects on heart function. Key points: - Digitalis, from foxglove, contains cardiac glycosides like digoxin used to treat heart conditions. Its active constituents include digitoxin. - Strophanthus seeds contain strophanthin and are used for heart failure, hypertension, and as a diuretic. - Squill and nerium bulbs/leaves also contain cardiac glycosides like scillaren and oleandrin respectively. They have diuretic, expectorant and other cardiac effects but are also highly toxic. - The cardiac glycosides in these plants act by inhibiting sodium-potassium

1. CARDIAC GLYCOSIDECARDIAC GLYCOSIDE

2. PRESENTED BY:
Name Roll
Md Asaduzzaman Nur ASH1803015 M
Jahidul islam showrov ASH1803016 M
Jannatul Fardoush BKH1803018 F
Md.Murad ASH1803019 M
Shahadul Islam ASH1803020 M
Subrina Chowdhury BKH1803022 F

3. OUTLINE
 Cardiac glycoside
 What is Cradiac Glycosides,Characteristics,Uses
 Cardiac glycoside containing drugs
 Digitalis
 Uses,Toxic Effect
 Stropanthus
 Synonym,Sources,Chemical constituents, Characteristics,,Uses
 Squill
 Synonym,Sources,Chemical constituents,Characteristics,Uses
 Nerium
 Synonym,Sources,Charteristics,Chemical constituents,Uses

4. CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
 Cardiac glycosides are steroidal glycosides and
show highly specific and powerful action upon
the cardiac muscles.The sugar part is attached
at C-3 position of thesteroidal nucleas.
General characteristics of cardiac glycosides :
 cardiac glycosides originally present in the
plant but some of them are resulted from
removal of one sugar from the primary
glycosides. e,g. Digitoxin.
 cardiac glycosides usually solids either
amorphous or crystalline.
 They are usually bitter in taste.
 Cardiac glycosides are generally non volatile.
 Reduce fehlings solution only after hydrolysis.
 Soluble in water and polar organic solvent.

5. USES OF CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE
o Cardiac glycosides have long served as the main medical treatment
to the congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhyrhmia, due to
their effects of increasing the force of muscle contraction while
reducing heart rate.
o Cardiac glycosides inhibit Na+/k+- ATPase.
o Increasing cardiac contractility and decreasing AV conduction and
heart rate.
o Reduce intracellular Na+ concentration.

6. DIGITALIS
Synonym:
 Foxglove, Purple foxgloves, Fairy gloves,
Digitora, Neodigitalis, Pil-digis, Folia-digitali,
Digitalis folium etc.
Biological source:
 Digitalis consists of dried leaves of Digitalis
Purpurea Linn. processing not less than 0.3
percent of total cardenolides calculated as
digitoxin. The collected leaves are immediately
dried at a temperature below 60 degree and
stored in a water proof container. The moisture
should not be less than 5 percent. (Family:
Scrophulariaceae).
Geographical source:
 Digitalis Purpurea Linn. is native to and
widespread throughout most of temperate
Europe. It is also naturalised in parts of North
America and some other temperate regions.

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITALIS
 Digitalis purpurea is a BIENNIAL growing to 1.2 m (4ft) by 0.6 m
(2ft in) at a medium rate.
 It is hardy to zone (UK) 5 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from
June to September, and the seeds ripen from August to October.
The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs)
and is pollinated by Bees.
 It is noted for attracting wildlife.
 Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils.
Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in
semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers dry or moist
soil.

8. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT OF DIGITALIS
 Digitalis contains about 35 glycosides.
 Digitalis contains 0.2 to 0.45% of both primary and secondary
glycosides.
 Primary glycosides: Purpurea glycosides A & B, glucogetaloxin
And Secondary are- digitoxin, gitoxin and getaloxin.
 Primary glycosides are less stable and less significant than
secondary glycosides.
 Purpurea glycosides A and B constitute the principle active
constituent of the fresh leaves.
 In addition to Cardiac glycosides, tannins, inositol, luteolin,
acids, fatty matters, antirhinic acid, digitalosmin etc have also
been found in Digitalis.

9. USES OF DIGITALIS
 Digitalis medicine strengthen the rate of heartbeat
by increasing the amount of calcium in the heart's
cell.
 Digitalis medicine control irregular heart rhythm by
slowing the signals that start in the sinoatrial node.
 It is used to treat congestive heart failure and heart
rhythm problems.
 Digitalis can increase the blood flow throughout the
body and reduce swelling in hands and ankles.
 It is used to treat cardiac contractility and as an
antiarrhythmic agent to control the heart rate,
particularly in the irregular atrial fibrillation.
 Digoxin for symptomatic chronic heart failure for
patient with reduced systolic function, preservation
of systolic function, and rate control for atrial
fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response.

10. TOXIC EFFECT OF DIGITALIS
Digitalis toxicity can be caused by high levels of digitalis in the body. A
lower tolerance to the drug can also cause digitalis toxicity.
 Diuretics medicine are given to heart failure patient. Many diuretics
can cause potassium loss. A low level of potassium in the body can
increase the risk of digitalis toxicity.
 An irregular heartbeat that causes dizziness, feeling that the heart
has skipped a beat, shortness of breath, sweating or fainting.
 Hallucinations, confusion and mental changes like depression.
 Unusual tiredness or weakness.
 Trouble with eyesight, such as blurry eye sight, double vision, seeing
yellow, green or white halos around objects.
 A loss of appetite or an upset stomach.
 Digitoxin may cause a variety of arrhythmias in patients.
 It frequently causes vomiting, anorexia and diarrhea. Digitoxin has
adverse effects potentiated by hypokalemia, reduced by
hyperkalemia.

11. STROPHANTHUS
Synonyms:
 Semina strophanthi
 Strophanthus seeds
Biological source:
 The ripe seeds of Strophanthus
kombe Olive, S.hispidus DC.
Geographical source:
 Wild in the forest of East Africa near
lakes of Nyasaland and Tanganyika.
Portuguese East Africa at present
cultivated in Cameroon

12. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF STROPHANTHUS
 Strophanthin-K(2-5%)
 Kombic acid
 Choline
 Trigonelline
 Fixed oil (30%)

13. CHARACTERISTICS OF STROPHANTHUS
 Strophanthus kombe is a deciduous vine, that under solitary
conditions can be found as a shrub. Most frequently, it occurs as a
climbing vine that grows to the highest points on tall trees.
 It is seen curling on the ground and draping from tree to tree.
 It can grow up to 3.5 meters, with a stem that grows up to 10 cm in
diameter.
 The bark is a reddish brown, with dark brown, grey or black
lenticels.
 The roots are thick and fleshy.
 The papery leaves are simple, and found in opposite arrangement.
The young leaves are exceptionally hairy on both sides, but as they
age, the top of the leaves become smooth.
 One to twelve cream colored flowers can be found on the peduncle.
They are narrowly ovate or linear and slightly unequal. The dichasial
cyme inflorescence is on the terminal end of the plant.

14. USES OF STROPHANTHUS
 In acute cardiac failure.
 Hypertensive
 Diuretic in cardiac edema.
 hardening of the arteries(arteriosclerosis)
 It has been used as an arrow poison in Africa.
 Heart problems.
 High blood pressure.

15. SQUILL
Synonym:
 Scientific Name(s): Urginea indica (Roxb.) Kunth. (Indian squill),
Urginea maritima (L.) Baker (European or white squill), Urginea
maritima var. pancratium Stein Baker (red squill)
 Common Name(s): European squill, Indian squill, Mediterranean
squill, Red squill, Scilla, Sea onion, Sea squill, White squill

16. SOURCES OF SQUILL
Geographical:
 This plant often grows in rocky coastal habitat, especially in
the Mediterranean Basin, where it is common.It occurs in many
other types of habitat, except for the driest deserts.It can grow in
open and also in very shady areas.Its habit of producing leaves in
the spring and flowers in the fall is an adaptation to
the Mediterranean climate of its native range, where the summers
are hot and dry.It is native to southern Europe, western Asia, and
northern Africa.

17. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF SQUILL
 Chemical Class: The Chemical Class of Squill is
Cardioglycosides.
 Active Constituent: The active Constituent used in the
squill is Scillaren A .

18. CHARACTERISTICS OF SQUILL
 This plant grows from a large bulb which can be up to 20 cm
(7.9 in) wide and weigh 1 kg (2.2 lb).
 Several bulbs may grow in a clump and are usually just
beneath the surface of the soil. In the spring, each bulb
produces a rosette of about ten leaves each up to a meter
long.
 They are dark green in color and leathery in texture.
 hey die away by fall, when the bulb produces a tall,
narrow raceme of flowers.
 This inflorescence can reach 1.5–2 m (4 ft 11 in–6 ft 7 in) in
height.
 The flower is about 1.5 cm (0.59 in) wide and has
six tepals each with a dark stripe down the middle.
 The tepals are white, with the exception of those on the
red-flowered form. The fruit is a capsule up to 1.2 cm
(0.47 in) long.

19. USES OF SQUILL
 Sea squill contains cardiac glycosides which are strongly
diuretic and relatively quick-acting.
 The bulb has been widely used by herbalists, mainly for
its effect upon the heart and for its stimulating,
expectorant and diuretic properties.
 The fresh bulb is slightly more active medicinally than
the dried bulb, but it also contains a viscid acrid juice
that can cause skin inflammations.
 This is a very poisonous plant and it should only be
used under the supervision of a qualified practitioner.
 The dried bulb is cardiotonic, strongly diuretic, emetic
when taken in large doses and expectorant. The bulb
can weigh up to 2 kilos.
 It is used internally in the treatment of bronchitis,
bronchitic asthma, whooping cough and edema.
 Externally, the bulb has been used in the treatment of
dandruff and seborrhoea.

20. NERIUM
Synonym:
 oleander Medik, Nerium Oleander, Oleander
indica Medik, Oleander Vulgaris Medik.
Biological Source-
 Nerium Oleander is a shrub or small tree in
the dog bane family Apocynaeceae,toxic in
all it's parts.it is the only species currently
classified in the genus Nerium.
Geographical source-
 Nerium Oleander is either native or
naturalized to a broad area from
Mauritania,Morocco and Portugal, Eastward
through the Mediterranean region and the
Sahara,to the Arabian,Peninsula, southern
Asia, Yunnan, Southern parts of China.

21. CHARACTERISTICS OF NERIUM
 Every green shrub or small tree with
thick,gummy,clear sap,leaves opposite or
whorled,simple,leathery,with smooth margins
and conspicuous pinnate veins.
 Flowers clustered at tip of twigs,5-
parted,funnel-shaped,white,pink, Red or
yellow, hight: 7- 12.
 There are large numbers of secondary
metabolic compounds found in plants
.Phytochemical technique mainly applies to the
control of herbal medicine of various chemical
components such as saponins, alkaloids,
flavanoids and anthraquinones.
 The entire plant , including the milky white sap
is toxic and any part of the plant can cause
adverse reaction.

22. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF NERIUM
 The most well known effects of Oleander due to
two glycosides,neriin, and an alkaloid,oleandrin
which have a cardiostimulatory action and to the
glycosides gentiobiosyl-oleandrin,gentiobiosyl-
nerigoside and gentiobiosyl-beaumontoside
extracted from the leaves.
 Its lymph is Rich of minerals,Alpha tocopherol
 Adyregin is a compound with no cardiac effect.
 There are also weakly active cardenolides
(heterosides of uzarigenin) and inactive
cardenolides (heteroside of adynergenine,of
digitalose),triterpenoids,a resin, tannins, glucose,
a paraffin, ursolic acid, vit c and essential oil.
 The seeds contain glucosides (oleandrin,
odorosides, adigoside).
 The bark also contains glucosides (rosaginoside,
nerioside, corteneroside).
 The roots contain steroids.
oleandrin
adigoside

23. USES OF NERIUM
 The leaves and flowers are 1)cardiatonic 2) diaphoretic 3)diuretic 4) antibacteriale
5) antifungal 6)exporant.
 A decoction of leaves has been applied externally in the treatment of scabies and to
reduce swellings
 Bark is bitter and is used as 1)cathertic 2)febrifuge and 3) intermittent fever.
 Oil prepared from the root bark is used in the treatment of leprosy and skin disease
 Oleandrin is 1)anti-inflammatory 2) antitumoral 3) emollientd 4)potentialises
apoptosis.
 The hydro alcoholic and aqueous extract of the flowers in antinociceptic and
cardiatonic .
 The aqueous extract of Nerium Oleander L. has been undergoing clinical
investigations as an anticancerous agent.
 The chief active principle oleandrin was found to stimulate the heart function also
had a diuretic effect.
 Nerium Oleander contains at least 2 percent cardiac glycoside.Rosagenin may be
extracted from the bark and has a strychnine like action .
 Several flavones (O.5 Percent) and volatile oil (unimportant amount) as well as
rubber fats,sugars, and hydrocyanic acid can be isolated from it's leaves.

24. POISONOUS EFFECT OF NERIUM
 The leaves and seeds provoke poisoning with -
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Mental confusion
 Bradycardia
 Ventricular hyperkalemia
That can quickly end in death