Carbon credits are reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, measured in tons of carbon dioxide, from projects that reduce emissions. They provide a way to reduce emissions on an industrial scale through trading. The Kyoto Protocol established mechanisms like Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism to generate carbon credits by financing emission reduction projects internationally. Credits can then be traded between countries and companies to help nations meet emissions targets cost effectively. However, some criticize that loopholes allow high emitting nations to avoid caps and question whether some offset projects deliver real reductions.

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SUBMITTED BY:NARESH CHAND

2. Introduction
Carbon is an element stored in fossil fuels
such as coal and oil. When these fuels are
burned, carbon dioxide is released and acts as
what we term a "greenhouse gas".
Similarly, oxides of Carbon and Nitrogen
which are released on account of incomplete
combustion also are Green-house gases.
Methane or Natural gas liberated is also a
green house Gas.

3. Cont….
 The effects of Global warming are well known to
humans, including ill effects on all living species of
plants and animals and giving rise to the threat of
melting of ice bergs in the Sea, which can raise the sea
levels in dangerous proportions resulting in flooding &
led to climate change.
 Considering the global impacts of climate change, the
carbon came about in response to the Kyoto Protocol.
Signed in Kyoto, Japan, by some 180 countries in
December 1997, the Kyoto Protocol calls for around 38
industrialized countries to reduce their greenhouse gas
emissions between the years 2008 to 2012 to levels
that are 5.2% lower than those of 1990.

4. What Carbon Credit exactly is?
 Carbon credits are reductions of emissions of greenhouse
gases caused by a project or a Product utilized by anybody
which directly or indirectly reduces or eliminates green house
gases. Currently this reduction is measured in terms of
Carbon-di-oxide reduced.
1 Carbon Credit = 1 Ton of Carbon Dioxide Reduction
 Carbon credits are a basic component of national and
international emissions trading schemes that have been
implemented to prevent or overcome impact of global
warming.

5. Cont…
 They provide a way to reduce greenhouse
emissions on an industrial scale by reducing total
annual emissions and letting the market assign a
monetary value to any shortfall through trading.
 Credits can be exchanged between businesses or
bought and sold in international markets at the
prevailing market price.
 Credits can be used to finance carbon reduction
schemes between trading partners and around
the world.

6. Need of Carbon Credit concept: To reduce the Greenhouse gas emissions by
employing measures to reduce the green
house gases .
 To encourage the countries to put up
measures to reduce the green house gases
either by decreasing their emissions or by
encouraging measures of reducing the green
house gases.
 To reduce the impact of pollution.

7. How to Work out?
 Kyoto Protocol provides three mechanisms
which are supposed to work for the
mentioned purpose.
 These mechanisms are:
1. Joint Implementation (JI)
2. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
3. International Emission Trading (IET).

9. Cont..
 Under Joint Implementation (JI) a developed country with
relatively high costs of domestic greenhouse reduction would set
up a project in another developed country.
 Under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) a developed
country can ’sponsor’ a greenhouse gas reduction project in a
developing country where the cost of greenhouse gas reduction
project activities is usually much lower, but the atmospheric effect
is globally equivalent.
 Under International Emissions Trading (IET) countries can trade in
the international carbon credit market to cover their shortfall in
allowances.

10. Early Consideration
•
Project Idea Note (PIN)
Letter of No Objection
CDM Project Cycle
• Mandatory by your DNA? Generally used for marketing
purposes –Setting out project outline, proof of Early
consideration
•
Select / submit project methodology
• Takes 12+ months to get approval for new methodology or
can use existing methodologies.
•
Project Design Document (PDD)
• Project developer responsible for developing PDD – sets out
how project reduces emissions, justifies methodology used,
additionality etc.
•
Host country approval
Letter of Approval
• Host country has to have a Designated National Authority
(DNA) in place. Endorses project and confirms that it is in
line with the Sustainable Development aims of that country
•
Validation
•
Registration
• Validation report submitted to the CDM Executive Board
(EB) for registration. Any stakeholders free to comment and
request review for ~60 days
•
Monitoring & Verification
• Project Developer responsible for monitoring the project in
accordance with protocol set out in PDD. DOE responsible
for verifying this report and submitting to EB
•
CER Issuance
• EB reviews verification report and issues CER’s assuming
that all is in order
• Independent Designated Operational Entity (DOE) reviews
PDD, confirms it is accurate & meth. chosen is applicable

11. Buying Carbon Credits = Reduction in
emissions………..How???
 Carbon credits create a market for reducing
greenhouse emissions by giving a monetary
value to the cost of polluting the air.
  This means that carbon becomes a cost of
business and is seen like other inputs such as
raw materials or labor.

12. Sectors in which Carbon Credits can
work

13. Facts Regarding Carbon Credits
Benefits: (1) Contribution towards the fight against
Global warming.
 (2) Improve the return on investments in
Projects.
 (3) Boost the economic feasibility of projects.
 (4) Accelerate project implementation.
 (5) Provide an additional source of revenue.

14. Criticism
 As several countries responsible for a large
proportion of global emissions (notably USA,
Australia, China and India) have avoided
mandatory caps.
 Governments of capped countries may seek to
unilaterally weaken their commitments.
 The grandfathering of allowances.
 Establishing a meaningful offset project is
complex
 The validation of the effectiveness of some
projects.

15. Thank You