The document discusses carbon banking and the Kyoto Protocol. Carbon banking allows countries to trade carbon credits, with countries emitting less than their target able to sell credits to countries emitting more. The Kyoto Protocol, signed by over 140 countries, committed industrialized nations to reducing carbon emissions by 5.2% below 1990 levels. However, the US has not ratified the treaty and it does not require developing countries like China and India to reduce emissions. Overall, the Kyoto Protocol has been ineffective at legally binding large emitters to reduce emissions.

1. CARBON BANKING AND KYOTO
PROTOCOL
Mulund College Of Commerce
FY_BMS ‘A’

2. GROUP MEMBERS :

3. GLOBAL WARMING :
 Increase of Earth's average surface
temperature due to effect of
greenhouse gases.
 Tom Wigley in 1998 reported research
showing that adherence to the Kyoto
Protocol alone, without subsequent
action, would have a minimal impact
on global warming.

5. CARBON BANKING:
 International effort to reduce carbon
gas emissions (Carbon dioxide,
Methane, CFC's etc) which may
contribute to global warming.
 An industrialized nation may produce
more than its share and a less
developed nation may be provided
incentives for not destroying its rain
forests such as food aid and so on, since
plant life, and especially the very rich
plant life of the tropical rain forests
removes carbon dioxide from the air by
photosynthesis.

6.  According to one study, 60-70% of Green House Gases emission is through fuel
combustion in industries like cement, steel, textiles and fertilizers.
 These gases are released as by-products of certain industrial
process, which adversely affect the ozone layer, leading to global warming.
 So ,to make carbon emissions neutral in the world, carbon offsets was vital.

7.  Because of ignorance of human beings, different countries across the world formed and
decided to reduce this emissions and it was known as Kyoto protocol.
 Kyoto protocol gave rise to Carbon Banking.
 This is the facility given by an Organization working in common within the world. It
enables different countries for trading of carbon.
 A target is decided in the meet between various countries.
 For example, America scores high in emitting carbon whereas Japan is below the target. So
Japan can purchase carbon emissions from America. This transaction of selling and
purchasing carbon emissions in order to reduce increasing global warming, is known as
Carbon banking.

8. CARBON TRADING
Carbon emissions trading is a form of
emissions trading that specifically
targets carbon dioxide (calculated in
tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent or
tCO2e) and it currently constitutes the
bulk of emissions trading.

10. INTERNATIONAL CARBON BANK AND
EXCHANGE :
•The ICBE is a service provider in the greenhouse space, with experience in IT, academia,
consulting, verification, certification, project development, buying and selling of tons since its
inception in February of 1998.
•The primary web product provides individuals and organizations the ability to profile
greenhouse gas emissions in a bank-like environment. Clients can then use their account to
manage emissions, establish baselines, and submit reductions.
•The ICBE also assist clients with organizing their emissions
information, after which the information can be used for
reporting purposes. Verified reductions may also be banked,
retired, or made available to consumers under the name
ClimateSafe and to industry at the CarbonExchange.

11. KYOTO PROTOCOL :
 More than 140 countries across the world ,
marked one of the first and the largest
international treaties in response to
increasing global warming.
 This treaties were signed in Kyoto, Japan
 Hence the mission was named as ‘KYOTO
PROTOCOL’.

12.  The main goal, among others, of the Kyoto Protocol was to create a legally binding
document that would commit industrialized countries to lowering carbon emissions by 5.2%
below 1990 levels
 American leaders have continually stated that the Kyoto Protocol could harm the American
economy, cost American jobs, and decrease productivity by up to ten percent by 2010,
hence they refuse to retify the treaty.
 By not participating in the treaty, the US is denying responsibility for a problem they
helped to create, weakening their ties to other countries that have ratified the treaty, and
ultimately causing itself more harm than good.
 The effects of global warming will eventually cost America millions in damage relief,
international aid, and more expensive natural resources

14.  Another criticism of the Kyoto Protocol is that it does not require developing countries to
lower their carbon emissions.
 China, now the largest emitter of carbon, is not bound by the Kyoto Protocol to reduce
production of carbon dioxide. They are, however, able to take advantage of the funding
provision, which states that the group of developed countries must economically help
developing countries tackle climate change.
 India, also a large contributor to global carbon emissions, is under no legal agreement to
reduce their levels of emissions.
 In the end, the Kyoto Protocol is ineffective in legally binding the countries that produce
more than 40% of total carbon dioxide emissions worldwide.

15.  Considering the fact that the emissions of both China and the United States
increased in the past decade while the emissions of other countries decreased, it
seems as though a legal document is necessary in order to actually make progress in
reducing global carbon emissions ("Kyoto Protocol...").

17. REFERENCE
1.Google
2.Wikipedia
3.Environmental Management - P.G.Shinde
4.Environmental Management – H.V.Jadhav