Sri harshini degree and PG college Ongole B.Sc Biotechnology Acharya nagarjuna university

1. B.Sc BIOTECHNOLOGY – Semester II
SRI HARSHINI DEGREE & PG COLLEGE.
ONGOLE-523001.
Dr Vemu Anil kumar M.Sc, Ph.D.nanobiotechanil@gmail.com

2. Definition
• Optically active Polyhydroxy Aldehydes or Ketones, or substance that yield one
of these compounds on hydrolysis.
• Hydrates of Carbon.
• Also known as Saccharides.
• Contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.
• Contains Carbonyl group : Aldo (–CHO) or Keto (=O).
At least Two Hydroxyl group (– OH).
• Simplest carbohydrate.
• Aldo form : Glyceraldehyde.
• Keto form : Dihydroxy acetone.(Now its not considered )

3. Classification
Sugars
(Saccharide)
Mono saccharides
Aldoses
Aldo triose
Aldo
tetrose
Aldo
pentose
Aldo
hexose
Ketoses
Keto triose
Keto
tetrose
Keto
pentose
Keto
hexose
Oligo saccharides
Di
Tetra
Tri
Penta
Non sugars
(PolySaccharide)
Homo Hetero
Neutral sugars
Muco
polysaccharides

4. MONOSACCHARIDES
• Simple sugars with a free Aldehyde or Ketone, and two or more Hydroxyl groups.
• Sweet in taste, Soluble in water, Optical activity – mutarotation,
• Crystalline.
• Contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
• General formula - (CH2O)n.
• Also called as Reducing agents or sugars.
• Contain one or more asymmetric Carbon atoms. C attached to 4 different groups.
• Based on number of C atoms – Triose, Tetrose, Pentose, Hexose…..
• Based on Carbonyl group – Aldehyde : Aldoses.
Ketone : Ketoses.

5. • Aldoses have suffix – ose.
• Ketoses have suffix – ulose.

6. Classification of Monosaccharides
1. Trioses
• Simple sugars.
• Molecular formula- C3H6O3
• Sweet in taste.
• Soluble in water.
• Crystalline.
• Triose containing
Aldehyde (CHO) – Aldotriose.
Keto (CO) – Keto triose or Triulose.
• Glycerose – 2 C asymmetric – Optical Isomers – D/L forms.
• Dihydroxy acetone - No asymmetric C.

7. 2. Tetroses
• Simple sugars.
• Molecular formula- C4H8O4
• Sweet in taste.
• Soluble in water.
• Crystalline.
• Tetrose containing
Aldehyde (CHO) – Aldotetrose.
Keto (CO) – Keto triose.
• Erythrose – 2 and 3 C asymmetric – Optical Isomers – D/L forms.
• Erythrulose - 3 C asymmetric.

9. 3. Pentoses
• Simple sugars.
• Molecular formula- C5H10O5
• Sweet in taste.
• Soluble in water.
• Crystalline.
• Tetrose containing
Aldehyde (CHO) – Aldopentose – 3 asymmetric Carbons.
Keto (CO) – Ketopentose / pentulose – 2 asymmetric Carbons.
• Ribose, Ribulose, Xylose, Xylulose…

11. 4. Hexoses
• Simple sugars.
• Molecular formula- C6H12O6.
• Sweet in taste.
• Soluble in water.
• Crystalline.
• Tetrose containing
Aldehyde (CHO) – Aldohexose – 4 asymmetric Carbons.
Keto (CO) – Ketohexose / Hexulose – 3 asymmetric Carbons.
• Glucose, Galactose, Mannose, Fructose…

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