these slide for beginner and please read it and share

1. CHEMISTRY AND ITS BASIC
CONCEPT

2. Chemistry → Branch of Science
Study about → matter
- Composition
- Structure
- Properties
- Reaction or Change
- Energy
- Occurrence
- Extraction
- Laws and Principal
↓↓↓
↓
Everything has mass & occupied space
Matter exist in three states
- Solid (definite shape & volume
- Liquid (definite volume nor shape)
- Gas (neither definite vol. & shape

4. Elements → two classes → metal & non-metal
118 elements are arranged in the periodic table
Element → made-up of → same type of atoms
→Oxygen – Carbon – Nitrogen – Iron – Gold – Mercury – Bromine
Compounds → Ionic and Covalent compounds
Billions of compounds are divided into Organic and In-organic
Two or more elements chemically combine to form compounds.
→ Sodium Chloride, Methane, Ammonia, Carbon dioxide, Water
Mixture → solution and suspension
Various mixtures are divided into Homogenous and Heterogenous
Two or more substance physically combine.
Homogenous → uniform composition → in-phase
→ Salt in water – sugar in water -
Heterogenous → un-uniform composition → out of phase
→ Sand in water – salads – Iron in Sulphur

5. COMPOSITION OF MATTER
Water is a matter which is exist in liquid state
Chemical formula of water → H2O
We can get water at any source the composition (ratio)
is fixed by mass and atoms
By Mass
H2O
atomic mass of H is 1
atomic mass of O is 16
H → 2 x 1 = 2
Ratio → 2:16 → 1:8
By Atoms
H2O → the number of atoms in
a water molecule are fixed
H → 2
O → 1
Ratio → 2:1

6. STRUCTURE OF MATTER
Every chemical compounds have specific structures depend
upon the nature of bonding
H2O → have 2 bonded pairs and 2 lone pair
It keeps bent structure and 104.45° degree bond angle
Other Example
NH3 → Bond Angle → 109.28° → Trigonal Pyramidal shape
CH4 → Bond Angle → 109.5° → Tetrahedral Shape

8. • Boiling Point
• Melting Point
• Hardness
• Softness
• Colors
• Taste
• Odour
• Density
• Conductivity
• Malleability
• Ductility
• Crystallization
• Hydrolysis
• Reduction
• Oxidation
• Substitution
• Halogenation
• Acidity
• Basicity
• Flammability
• Combusbility
• Electrolysis
• Toxicity
• Chemical stability
Physical Properties Chemical Properties
Physical properties → not change → Composition of matter
Chemical properties → Change → Composition of matter

9. REACTION OR CHANGES OF MATTER
Two types of changes → Chemical & Physical Changes

10. We can be separated components by physically method or process such as filtration, crystallization, magnetic etc
Example of Physical Change
• Salt dissolve in water
• Sugar dissolve in water
• Sand dissolve in water
• Iron mixed in Sulphur
• All mixtures are physically combine have
not fixed composition

11. Basic Chemical Reaction
- Decomposition → Break a substance into two or more simpler substances
- Addition → two or more substances added to form single substance
- Single displacement → one atom or group of atoms replace to another one atom or group of atoms
- Double displacement → two substance exchange their partners
- Combustion → these reaction done by the presence of oxygen
Example of Chemical changes
• Decomposition:- CaCO3 → CaO + O2
• Addition:- CaO + O2 → CaCO3
• Single displacement:- Fe + H2O → FeO + H2
• Double displacement:- HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
• Combustion:- CH4 + O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

12. Energy Of Matter
Energy used → breaking and
making of chemical bonds
- Heat
Exothermic and Endothermic
- Electrical
Electrolysis
- Solar
Halogenation

13. OCCURRENCE OF MATTER

14. EXTRACTION OF MATTER
Mineral → combine form → metals → chemical impurities
Ores → often these minerals → found → mixed earthy material
ORES
-Iron → Haematite (Fe2O3) Magnetite (Fe3O4)
-Copper → Copper pyrite (CuFeS2) Cuperite (CuS2)
We are extracting matter (metal element) by the various process
-Froth Floatation Process
-Roasting
-Smelting
-Reduction
-Refining
We will be discussing more in detail about this topic Chapter no. 16
(Extraction Of The Metals)

15. Sulphur extraction from earth deposit
by the Frasch Process.
Other examples
- Methane Gas (sui gas)
- Oil (from sea & earth)
- Gold (rare & precious)
- Salt (mine at Jhelum, Punjab)
- Diamond (rare & precious)
300 known minerals are extracted.

16. LAWS & PRINCIPAL OF MATTER
- These laws will study in our text books. It’s very
important topics.
- Law of Conversion of Mass
- Law of Definite proportion
- Law of Multiple proportion
- Law of Reciprocal proportion
- Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis
- Modern Periodic Law
- Mendeleev’s Periodic Law
- Newland’s Octave Law