The document discusses various methods of raising capital in the primary market, including the pure prospectus method, offer for sale method, private placement method, initial public offer, right issue method, bonus issue method, book-building method, and employee stock option schemes. It then defines the capital market and its key constituents, including the gilt-edged market for government securities and the industrial securities market comprising the primary market for new issues and the secondary market for existing securities traded on stock exchanges.

1. Ajith S

2. New Issue Market Primary market, characterized by the presence of a set of all institutions , structures , people, procedures , services , and practices involved in raising of fresh capital funds by both new and existing companies

3. Methods of marketing securities Pure Prospectus Method Existing enterprises mops up capital fund from general public by issuing a prospectus Advantages Excellent mode of disclosure of all the information pertaining to the issue Wide diffusion of ownership of securities leading to reduction in concentration of economic power

4. Disadvantages High issue cost Time consuming

5. Offer for sale method Marketing of securities takes place in bulk quantity to intermediaries Advantage Saves company from the hassles involved in selling the shares Disadvantage Expensive for the investors

6. Private Placement method Issuer makes the offer of sale to individuals and institutions privately without the issue of prospectus Advantage Less expensive Less troublesome for the issuer Used when stock market is dull and public issue is doubtful

7. Disadvantage Concentration of securities in few hands Depriving the common investors of an opportunity to subscribe to the issue

8. Initial Public Offer Public issue made by a corporate entity for the first time Often prompted by venture capitalists who wish to realize a cash return on their investment. Founders of the firm may wish to go through an IPO to establish a value for their company. There exists greater price uncertainty with an IPO than with other new public stock issues

9. Right Issue Method Where the shares of an existing company are offered to the existing shareholders , it takes the form of ‘right issue’. Under this method, the existing company issues shares to its existing shareholders in proportions to the number of shares already held by them

10. Bonus Issue method A method of marketing the securities of a company by converting its accumulated reserves and surplus profits, it takes the form of ‘bonus issue method’.

11. Book-building method A method of marketing the shares of a company whereby the quantum and the bid price of the securities to be issued will be decided on the basis of the bids received from the prospective shareholders by the lead merchant bankers is known as book building method

12. Employees Stock Option Scheme A method of marketing the securities of a company whereby its employees are encouraged to take up shares and subscribe to it is known as ‘Stock Option’. Help to retain the most productive employees in an industry , which is known for its constant churning of personnel

13. Bought – out deals A method of marketing of securities of a body corporate whereby the promoters of an unlisted company make an outright sale of a chunk of equity shares to a single sponsor or to the lead sponsor, is known as “bought –out deal”

14. CAPITAL MARKET

15. Definition A market for borrowing and lending long term capital funds required by business enterprises Have long or indefinite maturity The primal role of the capital market is to channelize investments from investors who have surplus funds to the ones who are running a deficit.

16. Characteristics Securities market dealings are done through shares and debentures Security prices prices are determined through the general laws of demand and supply. prices depends upon 1) Yield on securities 2)Level of demand for funds 3)Extend of funds available from public savings

17. 4) Flow of funds from the banking system 5) Price situation in general Participants -Brokers -FII - Block exchanges - Depositories - Underwriters

18. - Mutual funds - Venture capital funds - Regulators Location exists all over the country,where suppliers and users of capital get together and do business

19. FUNCTIONS Allocation function - the current savings for a period are allocated amongst the various users and uses. - also allocates and rations funds by a system of incentives and penalities. Liquidity function -Provides a means where by buyers and sellers can exchange securities at mutually satisfactory prices . - allows better securities for the securities that are traded

20. Indicative function - Showing not only the progress, but also the economy as a whole through share price movements Savings and Investment function - Provides a means of quickly converting long- term investment into liquid funds, thereby generating confidence among investors and speeding up the process of saving and investment.

21. Transfer function - facilitates the transfer of existing assets among individual economic units or groups Merger function - encourages voluntary take-over mechanism to put the management of inefficient companies into more competent hands

22. CONSTITUENTS OF INDIAN CAPITAL MARKET The gilt-edged market The industrial securities market

23. GILT EDGED MARKET Also known as gov. securities market Market for gov securities and semi- gov. securities FEATURES: Guaranteed return on investment No speculation in securities Institutional based investors which are compelled by low to invest a portion of their funds in these securities Predominated by such institutions as LIC, GIC,etc. Heavy volume of transactions necessitating negotiation of each transaction

24. INDUSTRIAL SECURITIES MARKET Market for industrial securities such as bonds and equities Has two segments Primary market Secondary market

25. PRIMARY MARKET Also known as new issues market(NIM) Market for raising fresh capital in the form of shares & debentures Allows for the formation of capital in the country MODES OF RAISING CAPITAL Public issue : securities issued to the members of general public Rights issue : issue of equity shares of a body corporate is made to the existing shareholders as a preemptive method Private placement : shares of a body corporate are sold to a group of small investors

26. SECONDARY MARKET Market which deals in securities that have been already issued by companies. Also called stock exchange or share market. IMPORTANCE: For efficient growth of primary market, a sound secondary market is necessary. Its because secondary market offers the important facility of trading of securities

27. STOCK EXCHANGES Integral part of secondary market in India 24 stock exchanges in India recognized by the gov. A stock exchange operating at the national level is also there – Over the Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI) a) it operates through electronically linked counters at different locations b) helps small & start up companies to overcome the problem of raising capital c) helps investors to overcome the problem of illequidity.