CAPE HISTORY UNIT ONE Evidence of nordic movements in pre
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There is evidence from several sources that Norse people from Scandinavia reached the Americas before Christopher Columbus. Oral histories and written sagas from Iceland describe Norse explorers reaching lands that archaeologists have identified as Baffin Island, Labrador, and Newfoundland between the 10th-11th centuries. Artifacts excavated at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, including iron nails, butternut shells, and woodworking tools, indicate the Norse established a small settlement there. Maps from the 15th century also depict an area of North America called Vinland. Together, the archaeological, botanical, written, and cartographic evidence suggests the Norse had contact with the pre-Columbian Americas.
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Mohandas Gandhi was born in 1869 in Gujarat, India. He faced racism as a lawyer in South Africa, which turned him toward non-violent activism. He led non-violent campaigns for Indian rights in South Africa and then India that weakened British control and ultimately led to India's independence, though the country was partitioned, leading to violence. Gandhi continued non-violent campaigns and fasts to reduce tensions until his assassination in 1948.
A life of inspiration - Mahatma Gandhi 1869-1948
Mahatma Gandhi, Father of our nation, whose profound spirituality and belief in justice inspired the world. In remembrance of his life of inspiration on his birth anniversary.
IB History OPVL Chart
The document provides a chart that outlines different types of historical documents, including their origin, purpose, value as a historical source, and potential limitations. It discusses primary sources like diaries, letters, speeches, memoirs, official documents, statistics, and photographs. It also covers secondary sources such as history texts, biographies, cartoons, and newspaper articles. For each type of document, the chart identifies key details about its origin and purpose and assesses its value for historians while also noting potential limitations.
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Week 4 vikings in america
The Norse likely traded goods like this coin found in Maine in exchange for resources from Native Americans, such as walnuts and butternuts for food, wood to send back to Greenland, and valuable items like walrus tusks and polar bear fur to send back to Norway. Direct trade between the Norse and Native Americans appears to have occurred.
Chapter 3 new bookppt
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915, hypothesizing that around 200 million years ago, all the Earth's land masses were joined together in a single supercontinent called Pangaea. Pangaea began to break apart in the late Triassic period, separating into the supercontinents of Laurasia and Gondwanaland. By the end of the Cretaceous period, the continents had separated into their modern positions.
L anse aux-meadows
L'Anse aux Meadows is an archaeological site located in Newfoundland, Canada that provides evidence of Viking settlement in North America around the year 1000 AD. The site contains the remains of eight buildings similar to those used by Vikings in Iceland and Greenland at the time. Artifacts found at the site, such as iron nails, rivets, and tools, confirm the settlers were Norsemen. It is believed the settlement served as a waystation for repairing ships and exploring, rather than a long-term colony, and was later abandoned.
Pre Columbian Times
The document discusses the theory of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915. It describes his hypothesis that all the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which began breaking apart around 200 million years ago. As the continents drifted apart, they formed the landmasses that exist today. The document also provides background on the Bering Land Bridge that connected Asia and North America during the last ice age, allowing humans, plants and animals to migrate between the continents.
Whoreallydiscoveredamerica
The document discusses several possible early visitors to the Americas before Columbus, including the Vikings, Japanese, and Irish monk St. Brendan. Evidence suggests that Vikings such as Lief Erickson may have visited an area called Vinland around 1000 CE. Pottery fragments in Ecuador dating to 3000 BCE resemble Japanese pottery, suggesting possible early Japanese contact. A voyage by St. Brendan in the 6th century was recreated in the 1970s, proving Irish boats could have reached North America. Ultimately, Native Americans were the earliest inhabitants, migrating over 10,000 years ago, but Columbus initiated sustained contact between the Old and New Worlds.
Columbus test
The document discusses several possible early visitors to the Americas before Columbus, including the Vikings, Japanese, and Irish monk St. Brendan. Evidence suggests that Vikings such as Lief Erickson may have visited an area called Vinland around 1000 CE. Pottery fragments in Ecuador dating to 3000 BCE resemble Japanese pottery, suggesting possible early Japanese contact. A voyage by St. Brendan in the 6th century was recreated in the 1970s, proving Irish boats could have reached North America. Ultimately, Native Americans were the earliest inhabitants, migrating over 10,000 years ago, but Columbus initiated sustained contact between the Old and New Worlds.
China's global maritime expansion reaches Australia in 1400 A.D.
The document summarizes evidence found at Gympie, Australia that suggests pre-colonial Chinese settlements from the 15th century, including:
- Coins dated 1385-1400 AD found at the Gympie Pyramid site
- A Chinese "teapot" and jade jewelry found nearby, dating to the Ming period
- Similarities to structures and artifacts from South America, China, and other ancient cultures
- Local Aboriginal stories describing "strange gods" mining for gold, consistent with possible Chinese explorer visits
- Maps and historical records providing evidence that Chinese fleets under Admiral Zheng He explored the Australian coast in the 15th century
Finland's prehistory
Finland was covered by ice sheets until around 10,000 years ago. As the climate warmed, the ice sheets receded and the first humans began migrating to Finland in small groups between 8,000-6,500 BC during the Stone Age. These hunter-gatherer populations utilized stone tools. During the Bronze Age (1500-500 BC), new groups arrived and cultivated crops. The Iron Age (500 BC-1150 AD) saw the development of iron smelting and increased trade and organization into communities and hillforts. By the end of this period, an estimated 50,000 people inhabited Finland.
Vikings
1. Vikings were seafaring Norse people who raided and traded across northern Europe from the late 8th to late 11th centuries, originating from Scandinavia.
2. They were skilled sailors and boat builders, navigating the seas in longships and establishing settlements as far as North America and Russia.
3. Viking culture was non-literate but is now understood through archaeological remains, including artifacts of their pagan religious practices, settlements, crafts and ships like the longship.
Earlymedieval ( P P Tminimizer)
The document discusses several artifacts from Anglo-Saxon and Viking cultures including a round fibula from the 7th century AD decorated with gemstones, a purse lid from the Sutton Hoo ship burial decorated with gold and garnet plaques depicting animals, and a carved animal head found on the Oseberg ship burial in Norway from the 9th century AD. The artifacts demonstrate the importance of animals and animal-style artwork in Norse and Anglo-Saxon culture as symbols of strength and depictions on functional objects like weapons, jewelry, and ships.
Norse mythology
The document summarizes the origins and history of Norse mythology from the last ice age to the Viking Age. It describes how early hunter-gatherer tribes in Scandinavia transitioned to farming and were later invaded by Indo-European groups. Norse religion and mythology developed out of these cultures between 3000 BCE-500 CE. The Viking Age began in 793 CE when Vikings raided monasteries in England and went on to explore regions like Iceland, Greenland, and North America between 800-1100 CE. Norse gods like Odin and Thor were eventually replaced as most Vikings converted to Christianity between the 8th-12th centuries, though some traditions remained influential or were revived later.
Cova Negra
Cova Negra cave is located near the Albaida river in Xátiva, Valencia. Excavations have uncovered remains from Neanderthals who lived there over 100,000 years ago, including bones, teeth, and stone tools. The climate was initially mild but later grew very cold and wet during the Würm glaciation. Further excavations found more human and animal remains, demonstrating that Neanderthals occupied the cave sporadically, with periods of use separated by long stretches of abandonment. Cova Negra is the most important Middle Paleolithic site in Valencia and provides insights into human evolution in Europe 300,000 years ago.
3 history of oceanography
Here are brief bios and illustrations for some important people in oceanography:
Robert Ballard: Discovered the Titanic wreck site in 1985 using remote operated vehicles. Pioneered deep ocean exploration.
[Illustration of Ballard next to an ROV]
James Cook: British explorer who meticulously mapped New Zealand and eastern Australia. Conducted surveys of the Pacific Ocean.
[Illustration of Cook on ship with sextant]
Jacques Cousteau: French naval officer, explorer, ecologist. Invented the Aqua-Lung, allowing open-circuit scuba. Filmed underwater worlds. Championed ocean conservation.
[Illustration of Cousteau in scuba gear underwater]
Presentationnam1
The document provides information about Paleoindians, the earliest inhabitants of North America. It discusses their origins migrating across the Bering land bridge, their hunter-gatherer lifestyle hunting megafauna like mammoths, and artifacts found at Paleoindian sites in Alabama including projectile points, scrapers, and knives. Specifically, it summarizes the Quad Site in Alabama, a grouping of small camps occupied seasonally by Paleoindians to take advantage of resources in the forest-riverine environment.
Internet copy
The McInnis Site in Orange Beach, Alabama was excavated between 2013-2015. Archaeological investigations uncovered evidence of prehistoric Mississippian and Protohistoric occupations from 1200-1700 AD. Artifacts recovered included shell-tempered pottery, lithics, faunal remains, and some historic Native American and European materials. The site provides information about Native American lifeways in this region during this time period.
Who Really Discovered America?
While Christopher Columbus is often credited as the discoverer of America, there is evidence that others reached the Americas before him, including the Vikings, Japanese, and Irish monk Saint Brendan. The Vikings may have established a settlement in present-day Newfoundland or Nova Scotia as early as 1000 AD. Some pottery fragments found in Ecuador date to 5000 years ago and suggest the Japanese may have sailed across the Pacific. An Irish text describes a voyage by Saint Brendan in the 6th century that may have reached Newfoundland. Ultimately, the Native Americans who crossed the Bering Strait over 10,000 years ago were likely the first to discover America.
Batavia
The Batavia was a ship of the Dutch East India Company that wrecked off the coast of Western Australia in 1629, killing around 40 of its 341 passengers. A mutiny then broke out among the survivors led by Jeronimus Cornelisz, resulting in the massacre of over 110 men, women and children. Cornelisz was later hanged for his role in the mutiny along with some of his accomplices. The wreck of the Batavia was one of the worst mutinies in maritime history.
Colonization
1) The human colonization of the Pacific Islands occurred in three main phases, with the earliest peoples settling Near Oceania like New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago over 35,000 years ago.
2) Between 3,500-2,800 years ago, the Lapita people colonized Remote Oceania using advanced seafaring skills, spreading as far as Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa. They left behind distinctive Lapita pottery.
3) The third phase saw the settlement of East Polynesia around 1,200 years ago, with peoples reaching places like Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island remarkably quickly, showing sophisticated navigation abilities.
Comment on the claims that nordic and west african people came to the america...
The document discusses evidence that supports the claims of Norse and West African people arriving in the Americas before Columbus. It presents four key pieces of evidence:
1) The discovery of a Norse settlement called L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland in 1961, which showed housing structures similar to those in Norway from around 1000 AD.
2) The discovery of 90 iron nails in Newfoundland dating to the Vikings, indicating iron smelting.
3) The discovery of wooden boat parts near L'Anse aux Meadows that matched Norse shipbuilding techniques from around 1000 AD.
4) Oral histories like the Saga of Erik the Red from the 11th century that describe Viking voyages across the Atlantic
Human origins tour Mossel Bay
In 1997, two scientists discovered an archeologically significant cave during an environmental assessment near Mossel Bay, South Africa. Extensive excavations of the Pinnacle Point caves since 2000 have uncovered evidence of human occupation dating back over 160,000 years, challenging previous beliefs that modern human behavior emerged much more recently in Europe. The caves contain thick layers of shells, bones, stone tools, and charcoal remains that have provided insights into how early humans lived in the area and harvested resources sustainably from the shoreline.
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BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
CAPE HISTORY UNIT ONE Evidence of nordic movements in pre
- 1. EVIDENCE OF NORDIC MOVEMENTS IN PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICAS The term Nordicdescribesasubdivisionof the Caucasoidrace whowere inhabitantsof Northern Britain,Scandinavia,NorthernGermanyandthe Netherlands.The termNorse onthe otherhand, referstoancientand medievalScandinaviaoritsinhabitantsaswell asitcouldbe usedto referto Norway.Norseman/Northmanisatermthat isusedinterchangeablywiththe wordViking(who were anyDanes,Norwegians orSwedeswhoraidedthe seasof NorthandWestEurope the 8th and 11th centuries). Evidence of Nordicpresence inthe AmericaspriortoColumbuscanbe classifiedintobotanical, metallurgical,archaeological,cartographic,oral andwritten. 1. Oral/Written The most prominentsourcesof evidence of pre-ColumbianVikingcontactwiththe NewWorldcan be foundin the IcelandicAnnals –Islendingbok,Flateyjarbokand Landnamabok. Initially,the sagascontainedinthe above mentionedsourceswere transmitted orallyuntil AdamusBremensis/Adamof Bremenaclericbegantranscribingthese storiesin1070. The sagas whichmake special reference toNew Worlddiscoveriesare generally termed“Vinland”sagasbutare foundinsectionsof the Greenlander’ssagaand Erik the Red’ssaga. The sagas documentthe arrival of Icelanderstothree territoriescalledHelluland, Marklandand Vinlandwhichwere takentobe BaffinIsland,LabradorandNew FoundlandinCanada. The most importantof these placesmentionedinthe sagas seemedtohave been Vinlandasseveral expeditionsweretakentothatplace: i. Leif Eriksson ii. ThorvaldEriksson iii. ThorsteinEriksson iv. ThorfinnKarlefni v. FreydisEriksson It iswidelybelievedthatVindlandispresentdayL’Anse aux Meadows 2. Cartographic A worldmapdatedaround 1440 wasfoundin1965 The map clearlyshowedthe locationof Vinland The map was foundina bookcalled The VinlandMapand Tartar Relation 3. Metallurgical Evidence of Norse style smeltingwasuncoveredatanexcavationsite inL’Anse aux Meadows Iron manufacturingwasanactivitywhere bogore (a formof ironcollectedfrom bogs) wasprocessedinorderto make boat nails The needforboa tnailsexplainsthe introductionof ironsmeltingtothe Americas
- 2. 4. Botanical Duringthe excavationof the site at L’Anse aux Meadows,the Ingstadsfound3 butternutthatwere preservedinthe bogs Importantly,bogscontaintannicacidwhichcan preserve bothorganicandinorganic materialsforcenturies The presence of these butternutssuggeststhattheywere transportedtothe area rather thangrownthere.Thisadds more value tothe pre-ColumbianNordic presence theory A burl of butternutwoodwasalsofoundinthe bog andsince butternuttreesdonot and didnot growin “Vinland” itcansafelybe concludedthatthe Vikingsalso broughtthiswoodwiththem Similarly,itemsmade fromScot’sPine (PinusSylvertris) were foundinthe bog. Againthistype of wooddidnot grow inthat area andit was commonforutensilsto be made from itin the OldWorld. 5. Archaeological Most archaeological evidence wasgarneredfromthe excavationatL’Anse aux Meadowsin1960 conductedby Helge andAnne Stine Ingstad The Ingstadsfounda Norse site 100m fromthe oceanshore comprisingthree complexes All the buildingswere locatedonanarrow beach terrace surroundingasedge peat bog anda wetsphagnumbog The buildingswere made fromatimberframe coveredinsodandthe roofswere steeplypeaked.There wasnowindows,onlysmoke holesthroughthe smoke from openfiresonthe flooreventuallydriftedout Some itemsfoundatthe site that were preservedinthe boginclude: i. Wood shavingsandchipsfromthe carpentryshop ii. Itemsof brokenwood iii. Treenails iv. Plankpatch forcracked boatstrake v. Bow foran auger vi. Piecesof rope made fromspruce roots vii. Bronze pin viii. Glassbead ix. Spindle whorl x. Small needle hone xi. Bone needle usedforknitting xii. Gildedbrassring xiii. Dug out fire places Runestones are alsopiecesof archaeological evidence of pre-ColumbianNorse presence inthe Americas - three mostpopularruneswere: i. OklahomaRune ii. SpiritPondRune (Maine) iii. KensingtonRune (Minnesota)