Capacitors are electronic components that store electric charge between two conductive plates separated by an insulating material called a dielectric. The capacitance of a capacitor depends on the surface area and distance between the plates, as well as the dielectric material. Common types of capacitors include electrolytic, ceramic, mica, paper, and film capacitors. Multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) contain many thin layers that increase their capacitance while maintaining a small size, making them well-suited for applications requiring small capacitances. Capacitors are used widely in electronic devices to filter signals and store energy.

1. Presented By :-
Sumit Chouhan
Intern, R&D

2. What is a Capacitor?
Capacitors are the most widely used electronic components
after resistors. We find capacitors in televisions, computers,
and all electronic circuits. A capacitor is an electronic device
that stores electric charge or electricity when voltage is
applied and releases stored electric charge whenever
required.

3. 1 microfarad = 10-7 farads
1 nanofarad = 10-9 farads
1 picofarad = 10-12 farads
1 femofarad = 10-15 farads

4. The capacitance of a
capacitor, measured in
farads, is directly
proportional to the
surface area of the two
plates, as well as the
permittivity ε of the
dielectric, while the
smaller distance between
the plates the greater
capacitance
Charge on a capacitor :-

5. Capacitor Construction
• A capacitor is constructed out of two
metal plates, separated by an insulating
material called dielectric. The plates are
conductive and they are usually made of
aluminum, tantalum or other metals,
while the dielectric can be made out of
any kind of insulating material such as
paper, glass, ceramic or anything that
obstructs the flow of the current.
• Capacitor acts as a small battery that
charges and discharges rapidly

6. • Dielectric material does not allow the flow of
charge carriers, but they allow the electric
force, electric charge, or electric field
produced by the charged particles
(electrons). As a result, when charge is build
up on the two plates, a strong electric field is
generated between the two plates.
• If we place the conductive medium between
these plates, the electric charges flow easily
from one plate to another plate.

7. How capacitor works?
Capacitor with no voltage source :-
First, we can note that a metal typically has an equal amount of positively and
negatively charged particles, which means it’s electrically neutral or
"Uncharged capacitor"

8. We connect a power source or a battery to the metal plates of the capacitor, a current will try to
flow, or the electrons from the plate connected to the positive lead of the battery will start moving to
the plate connected to the negative lead of the battery. However, because of the dielectric between
the plates, the electrons won’t be able to pass through the capacitor, so they will start accumulating
on the plate
Charging a capacitor:-

9. After a certain number of electronics accumulated on the plate, the battery will have
insufficient energy to push any new electronics to enter the plate because of the
repulsion of those electronics which are already there

10. At this point, the capacitor is actually fully charged.The first plate has developed a
net negative charge, and the second plate has developed an equal net positive
charge, creating an electric field with an attractive force between them which holds
the charge of the capacitor.

11. Capacitor Dielectric Working Principle
"The dielectric can increase the
capacitance of the capacitor"
A dielectric contains molecules that
are polar which means that they can
change their orientation based on the
charges on the two plates. So the
molecules align themselves with the
electric field in such a way enabling
more electrons to be attracted to the
negative plate, while repelling more
electrons out of the positive plate.

12. Use or Discharge the Capacitor with Load :-
So, once the capacitor is fully charged, if we remove the battery, it will hold the electric charge
for a long time, acting as energy storage.
Now, if we shorten the two ends of the capacitor through a load, a current
will start flowing through the load. The accumulated electrons from the first plate will
start moving to the second plate, until both plates become back again electrically
neutral.

13. Types Of Capacitors >
Capacitors are mainly classified into two types:
 Fixed capacitors
 Variable capacitors
Fixed capacitor:-
fixed capacitor is a
type of capacitor that
stores fixed amount of
electric charge which
is not adjustable

14. Fixed capacitors are classified into different types based on the
dielectric material -
•Electrolytic Capacitor
•Mica Capacitor
•Paper Capacitor
•Film Capacitor
•Non-Polarized Capacitor
•Ceramic Capacitor

15. Electrolytic Capacitor -
• An electrolytic capacitor is a polarized capacitor which uses an electrolyte to achieve a larger
capacitance than other capacitor types
• An electrolyte is a liquid electric conductor in which electric current is carried by the moving ions
• In electrolytes, ions are of two types namely anions (-) and cations (+).
• Electrolytic capacitors are mainly used when high charge storage in a small volume is required
• Electrolytic capacitors are classified in to three types based on the material used to construct the
dielectric:-
Aluminum electrolytic capacitors
Tantalum electrolytic capacitors
Niobium electrolytic capacitor

16. • Aluminum electrolytic capacitor is made of two
aluminum foils, aluminum oxide layer, an
electrolytic paper or paper spacer soaked in
electrolytic liquid
• In aluminum electrolytic capacitor, the anode
(+) and cathode (-) are constructed using pure
aluminum foil
• This insulating aluminum foil acts as dielectric
of the electrolytic capacitor which blocks electric
current flow
• DC power supply circuit because they are
large in capacitance and small in reducing the
ripple voltage. The applications of this
electrolytic capacitors are coupling and
decoupling.
Aluminum electrolytic capacitor -
Symbol of electrolytic Capacitor

17. Application of electrolytic capacitor -
1. The electrolytic capacitor is used for storage energy 2. It is used in biasing circuits -
4. It is used in motor as start capacitor and run
capacitor3. It is used to improve the power factor

18. 5. To minimize the ripple voltage in AC to DC poweer supply and SMPS as
Filter Capacitor.
6. For selection of frequency it is used in tuning circuits -ᴵ

19. Electrolytic capacitor failures -
W h y C a p a c i t o r s F a i l ?
•Capacitors may fail due to capacitance drift, instability with temperature, high
dissipation factor or low insulation resistance.
•Failures can be the result of electrical, mechanical, or environmental overstress,
manufacturing defects

20. • OPEN CAPACITORS
• BAD SOLDERING
• SERVICE/Working LIFE
• CAPACITANCE
• DIELECTRIC STRENGTH
• SEALING
• VIBRATION, ACCELERATION & SHOCK WAVES
• BAROMETRIC/Atmospheric Pressure
• RADIATION
Cause of failures -

22. Non-Polarized Capacitors -
The nonpolarized capacitor requires the AC applications in
the series or in parallel with the signal or power supply
The examples are the speaker crossover filters and power factor correction network. In
these two applications, a large AC voltage signal is applied across the capacitor.

23. Mica Capacitor -
Mica capacitors are prepared by sandwiching mica
sheet coated with metal on both sides and this assembly is then encased in
epoxy to protect the environment.The mica capacitors are used in the design
calls for stable, reliable capacitor of relatively small.
The mica capacitors are the low loss capacitors, used at high frequencies and
this capacitor is very stable chemically, electrically, and mechanically

24. Paper Capacitor -
The sandwich of the thin foils and papers then
rolled into the cylindrical shape and then it is enclosed and they are separated
from the paper, or, oiled paper into the plastic capsule.
The capacitance range of the paper capacitor is from 0.001 to 2.000micro
farad and the voltage is very high which is up to 2000V.

25. Film Capacitor -
The film capacitor is prepared extremely thin using the
sophisticated film drawing process
• The core difference between these capacitors types is the material used as a
dielectric and dielectric should be chosen properly according to their properties.
• The applications of the film capacitors are stability, low inductance, and low cost.
• If the film is manufactured, it may be metalized depend on the properties of a
capacitor
• The PTE film capacitance is a heat resistance and it is used in the aerospace and
military technology

26. Ceramic Capacitor -
The ceramic capacitors are the capacitors and use the
ceramic material as a dielectric. The ceramics are one of the first materials to
use in the production of capacitors as an insulator.
The two common types of ceramic capacitors are multilayer ceramic capacitor
(MLCC) and ceramic disc capacitor.
The multilayer ceramic capacitors are prepared by using the surface mounted (SMD)
technology and they are smaller in size, therefore, it is used widely.The values of the
ceramic capacitors are typically between the 1nF and 1µF and the values are up to 100µF
are possible
The ceramic disc capacitors are manufactured by coating a ceramic disc with silver
contacts on both sides and to achieve with the larger capacitance, these devices are
made from multiple layers.The ceramic capacitors will a have high-frequency responses
due to the parasitic effects like resistance and inductance.

27. Ceramic Capacitor Polarity and Symbol
Ceramic capacitors are most commonly found in
every electrical device and it uses a ceramic
material as the dielectric. The ceramic
capacitor is a non-polarity device, that means
they do no have polarities. So we can connect it
in any direction on a circuit board.

28. MLCC(Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor)
is SMD(Surface Mounted Device) type
capacitor
MLCCs are generally the capacitor of
choice for applications where small-
value capacitances are needed.
They are used as bypass capacitors,
in op-amp circuits, filters, and more

29. Basic of multilayer ceramic capacitors -
•The multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) is made
of multiple layers of ceramic material and
conductive electrodes placed one above the other.
•The conductive electrodes are placed between
each layer of ceramic material and the multiple
layers of ceramic material acts as dielectric.
•The multiple layers of ceramic and electrodes are
contacted via the terminal surfaces

30. •Some MLCCs contain hundreds of
ceramic layers and electrodes, each layer
only a few micrometers thick
•The capacitance of each layer in MLCC is
same. The total capacitance of MLCC is
obtained by multiplying the capacitance
of one layer by total number of layers
•Total capacitance of MLCC = 2 pF × 50 =
100 pF
•The capacitance of the MLCCs increases
by reducing the space between the
ceramic dielectric layers

34. Difference between Class II and Class III is simply how much the
capacitance will change over a certain temperature
The first character X indicates the
lowest temperature corresponds to
–55°C
The second character Y indicates
the maximum temperature
corresponds to 85°C
The third character indicates the
maximum amount of capacitance
change over the part’s temperature
range

35.  FEATURE AND APPLICATION -
 Feature:-
- Miniature Size
- Wide Capacitance and Voltage Range
- Highly Reliable Performance
- Tape & Reel for Surface Mount Assembly
- Low ESR
- High Q at High Frequencies
- Stable Temperature Dependence of Capacitance

36. Application:-

38. Advantages of Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors
High technical capabilities and an abundant lineup
High value: up to 1000 μF
Small size: 0.25 x 0.125 mm and above
Low profile: 0.064 mm and above
Highly reliable products in small case size
have been achieved with using all ceramic
devices in electrical circuits
Deploying production bases in various places around the
world to ensure a stable production system
Japan
South Korea
Malaysia
Chine etc.

39. Product development based on strategic directions
in the capacitor market

40. References -
• https://www.electronicproducts.com/Passive_Components
/Capacitors/Failure_modes_in_capacitors
• http://www.capacitorguide.com/electrolytic-capacitor
• http://www.electronicproducts.com/passives.asp
• https://uk.rs-online.com/web/c/passive-
components/capacitors/mlccs-multilayer-ceramic-
capacitors/
• http://www.elna.co.jp/en/capacitor/alumi/trust/

41. Thank You