This document discusses cancer vaccines as a novel approach to treating and preventing cancer. It defines cancer vaccines and explains the different types, including dendritic cell vaccines, antigen vaccines, tumor cell vaccines, DNA vaccines, and anti-idiotype vaccines. Several examples of cancer vaccines currently in clinical trials are provided, such as OncoVAX for colon cancer and Provenge for prostate cancer. While progress has been made, more research is still needed before cancer vaccines can be widely used in clinical settings.

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CANCER VACCINES:
A novel approach to cancer.

2. TOPICS OF THE DAY:
Introduction
Cancer statistics
Immunotherapy
Cancer vaccines
Types of cancer vaccines
Conclusion
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A cancer vaccine is a vaccine that treats
existing cancer or prevents the development of cancer
in certain high-risk individuals. Vaccines that treat
existing cancer are known as therapeutic cancer
vaccines.
Some types of cancer, such as cervical cancer and
some liver cancers, are caused by oncoviruses.
Scientists have also been trying to develop vaccines
against existing cancers.
INTRODUCTION:

4. CANCER STATISTICS:
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
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5. IMMUNOTHERAPY:
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Immunotherapy is treatment that uses your body's
own immune system to help fight cancer.
Considered by many to be the “fourth modality of
cancer treatment” after chemotherapy, radiation,
and surgery.
Based on utilizing the patient’s immune system to
fight the cancer.
Cancer vaccines fall under this category of treatment.

6. CANCER VACCINES:
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Majority used for treatment not prevention.
May offer method that can enhance the
immune
response against cancer.
Cancer Vaccines: Different than HPV vaccine
and traditional prophylactic vaccines.
HPV Vaccine: Immunity to the virus causing
cervical cancer.
Traditional prophylactic vaccines:
As with the HPV vaccine, provide immunity to
a particular disease.
At this time, cancer vaccines are only
available in clinical trials.

7. TYPES OF CANCER VACCINES:
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Types of Cancer
Vaccines
Dendritic
cell vaccines
Antigen
vaccines
Tumour cell
vaccine
DNA vaccine
Anti
idiotype
vaccine

8. Dendritic Cell Vaccines:
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Dendritic cells can be generated outside of the
body.
Dendritic cells are made capable of recognizing
antigen by gene therapy and exposure to
antigen.
Dendritic cells are made capable of recognizing
antigen by gene therapy and exposure to
antigen.

9. These vaccines are being studied in:
prostate
melanoma
breast
lung
colorectal
leukemia
kidney

10. Antigen Vaccines:
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This includes peptide vaccines:
only one specific epitope is injected.
Vast amounts of antigen can be created in
laboratories.
Some antigens are specific for a certain
type of cancer; others may induce an
immune response in several cancers.


11. These vaccines are being studied in:
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prostate
melanoma
breast
ovarian
colorectal
pancreatic
kidney

12. Anti-Idiotype Vaccines:
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Based on the idea that antibodies can also
act as antigens triggering an immune
response.
This idea would be used to create a vaccine
in which the antibodies (which resemble the
cancer cells) would be injected into the
cancer patient eliciting an immune response.
Primary target is LYMPHOMA.

13. DNA Vaccine:
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Introduction of tumor genes instead of
tumor antigen itself.
Cells in the body take up the injected
DNA. Specific antigens would then be
made on a continuous basis.
The idea of these vaccines is that the
body would be provided with a constant
supply of antigens to allow the immune
response to continue against the cancer.

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prostate
melanoma
head
neck
leukemia
THESE VACCINES ARE BEING
STUDIED IN:

15. TUMOR CELL VACCINES:
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16. Utilizes whole tumor cells rendered safe by irradiation.
Specific immune response initiated when injected into body.
Body attacks similar cells that remain in body.
Autologous: removed tumor cells from patient’s own body.
Allogenic:removed tumor cells from someone other than the
patient.
Many different epitopes are recognized.
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lung
melanoma
breast
ovarian
colorectal
pancreatic
kidney
THESE VACCINES ARE BEING
STUDIED IN:

18. OncoVAX by Intracel:
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Autologous vaccine for Stage II colon
cancer.
Received fast-track status from FDA
in 2006.
STUDY: 254 patients received either
OncoVAX or placebo.
Improves 5-year survival and recurrence-free interval.
57.1% relative risk reduction.

19. Sipuleucel-T (Provenge)
by Dendreon:
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Asymptomatic Androgen-Independent
Prostate Cancer (AIPC).

20. TARGET:
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Target-prostatic Acid
Phosphatase (PAP),
which is found in 95%
of prostate cancers.
STUDY OF PROVENGE
VS. PLACEBO:
98 men with AIPC.
3.3 month or 21%
improvement in median
survival.
3-YEAR FOLLOW-UP:
32% of men that
receivedProvenge alive
compared to21% placebo.
 52% increase in survival
rate.

21. Lung Cancer Vaccine at UK:
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Dendritic cell vaccine.
Study: Patients with Stage
IA to IIIB were given
vaccine.Patients treated
prior with surgery,
chemoradiation.

22. CONCLUSION:
May be more effective in cancers that are not advanced.
Clinically not yet at our fingertips.
Much progress has been made in this area of research.
More research still needs to be done including larger studies.
Researchers are actively trying to overcome hurdles in the making of
these vaccines.
Could make a big impact on our approach to cancer.
Most importantly these vaccines could mean better quality of life
and longer survival for our patients!!
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23. BOTTOM LINE:
“A whole new front,
in the war of cancer.’’
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