This document discusses cancer vaccines and oncolytic viruses. It describes two types of cancer vaccines - prevention vaccines which protect against cancers like HPV and hepatitis B, and treatment vaccines which can prevent cancer recurrence, destroy remaining cancer cells, or stop tumor growth. Limitations of treatment vaccines include cancer's ability to suppress the immune system. It then discusses Provenge, the first FDA-approved cancer treatment vaccine for prostate cancer. Next, it summarizes MD Anderson's Moon Shots Program and their personalized colorectal cancer vaccine approach. It concludes by outlining Stanford's promising two-part cancer vaccine and the mechanism of oncolytic viruses in directly killing cancer cells and activating T cells against tumors.
Global cancer immunotherapy market outlook 2020KuicK Research
"Global Cancer Immunotherapy Market Outlook 2020" Report Highlight:
Introduction & Classification of Cancer Immunotherapy
Global Cancer Immunotherapy Pipeline by Company, Indication & Phase
Marketed Cancer Immunotherapies Clinical Insight & Patent Analysis by Company & Indication
Global Cancer Immunotherapy Pipeline: 1834 Drugs
Marketed Cancer Immunotherapies: 113 Drugs
Cancer Monoclonal Antibodies Pipeline: 622 Cancer mAb
Cancer Vaccines Pipeline: 312 Vaccines
Marketed Cancer mAb: 36 mAb
Marketed Cancer Vaccines: 12 Vaccines
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines: A Future of Possibilities Haunted By A History o...Michael Sheckler
These slides provide an overview of 100 therapeutic cancer vaccines in development, a look at some of the failures, what's been and is being done to address the clinical development of these vaccines and a snapshot of some deals, terms and the number of companies seeking commercializations partners.
The presentation outlines aspects of immunity against cancer, evasion strategies by cells, immunotherapy in cancer, cancer vaccines etc. Download and view the slideshow for better experience.
Prepared in Sept 2014
Global cancer immunotherapy market outlook 2020KuicK Research
"Global Cancer Immunotherapy Market Outlook 2020" Report Highlight:
Introduction & Classification of Cancer Immunotherapy
Global Cancer Immunotherapy Pipeline by Company, Indication & Phase
Marketed Cancer Immunotherapies Clinical Insight & Patent Analysis by Company & Indication
Global Cancer Immunotherapy Pipeline: 1834 Drugs
Marketed Cancer Immunotherapies: 113 Drugs
Cancer Monoclonal Antibodies Pipeline: 622 Cancer mAb
Cancer Vaccines Pipeline: 312 Vaccines
Marketed Cancer mAb: 36 mAb
Marketed Cancer Vaccines: 12 Vaccines
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines: A Future of Possibilities Haunted By A History o...Michael Sheckler
These slides provide an overview of 100 therapeutic cancer vaccines in development, a look at some of the failures, what's been and is being done to address the clinical development of these vaccines and a snapshot of some deals, terms and the number of companies seeking commercializations partners.
The presentation outlines aspects of immunity against cancer, evasion strategies by cells, immunotherapy in cancer, cancer vaccines etc. Download and view the slideshow for better experience.
Prepared in Sept 2014
Cancer Immunotherapies (Focus on Melanoma & Lung Cancers)Zeena Nackerdien
Effective immunotherapy i.e. enlisting the patient’s own immune system to fight disease may mark a milestone in the fight against certain cancers. Three lymphocytes – T cells, B cells and NK-cells – involved in specific immune responses against cancers and other diseases. T cells recognize specific antigens via a T-cell antigen-receptor. The two main types of T cells, CD4- and CD8 T-cells, are categorized according to their respective CD4 and CD8 surface markers. The latter group includes cytotoxic T cells, also known as killer T lymphocytes. These cells kill invading pathogens or other disease-causing agents. Scientists discovered that a type of protein receptor, cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4), prevented T cells from launching immune attacks [1]. In the early 1990s, another “brake” was discovered in dying T cells namely programmed death 1 or PD-1. The rationale underlying cancer immunotherapy is that exposing CTLA-4, PD-1 or using other appropriate immune-system-based therapies may enable the activation of the immune system to destroy cancer.
Genetically engineering a patient’s T cells to target tumor cells marked one of the promising turning points in cancer immunotherapy, particularly for certain blood cancers and solid tumors. Melanoma and lung cancer, two often-fatal diseases, are treatable in the early stages with surgery or other standards of care. However, some patients are diagnosed during the later stages of the disease or relapse with refractory/unresectable tumors. For these subgroups, the latest National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) tailored algorithms coupled with systemic treatment options, including immunotherapies, could potentially improve outcomes. Here, I summarize the latest approved immunotherapies mentioned in the NCCN guidelines, along with other examples of investigational agents such as monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, and natural killer cells. Additional examples of targeted therapies, novel “druggable” and other immunotargets are presented in the section, ”Future Directions.”
Reference
1. Couzin-Frankel, J., Breakthrough of the year 2013. Cancer immunotherapy. Science, 2013. 342(6165): p. 1432-3.
In this webinar:
Dr. Michele Ardolino, Assistant Professor at the University of Ottawa, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology and Scientist Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, discusses: The body has a phenomenal weapon to fight infections and cancer: the immune system. This seminar focuses on how the immune system recognizes and shapes cancer and on how research in tumor immunology led to the development of life-saving and revolutionizing immuno-therapies.
The webinar is followed by a question & answer session.
View the video:
https://youtu.be/-a7DfHT8dU8
To learn more about CCSN, visit us at survivornet.ca
Follow CCSN on social media:
Twitter - https://twitter.com/survivornetca
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/CanadianSurv...
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In this presentation, I discuss a new standard of treatment in cancers which is immunotherapy. I also discuss the few cancers for which it has been approved.
Global breast cancer vaccine clinical trial insightKuicK Research
“Global Breast Cancer Vaccine Clinical Trial Insight” Report Highlight:
Global Breast Cancer Vaccine Market Overview
Global Breast Cancer Vaccine Clinical Pipeline by Company, Phase & Country
Mechanism of Breast Cancer Vaccine & Personalized Cancer Vaccines
Detailed Clinical Insight on Breast Cancer Vaccine Pipeline: 35 Vaccines
Majority in PHASE-I Clinical Trial: 12 Vaccines
Highest Clinical Phase is PHASE-III: 2 Vaccines (NeuVax & OBI-822)
Learn more about how AARSOTA Bio-Immunotherapy integrates with Hope4Cancer's non-toxic cancer treatment strategies. Hope4Cancer's alternative cancer treatments reduces the toxic effects of prior chemo and radiation treatments while directly healing the cancer.
A detailed ppt about cancer immunotherapy.
includes:-
Immunosurveillance and Immunoediting
Dentritic cell vaccines
Antibody therapy
Combined therapy
immune blockades
Cytokine therapy
T cell therapy
Include latest research finding about therapy.
Different types of immunotherapy for lung cancer treatmentlee shin
Immunotherapy (http://lungcancersymptomsx.com/?s=immunotherapy) is one of the lung cancer treatment methodologies which has been used along with other treatment method or with as a single treatment. some of the types are mentioned in these slides
Cancer Immunotherapies (Focus on Melanoma & Lung Cancers)Zeena Nackerdien
Effective immunotherapy i.e. enlisting the patient’s own immune system to fight disease may mark a milestone in the fight against certain cancers. Three lymphocytes – T cells, B cells and NK-cells – involved in specific immune responses against cancers and other diseases. T cells recognize specific antigens via a T-cell antigen-receptor. The two main types of T cells, CD4- and CD8 T-cells, are categorized according to their respective CD4 and CD8 surface markers. The latter group includes cytotoxic T cells, also known as killer T lymphocytes. These cells kill invading pathogens or other disease-causing agents. Scientists discovered that a type of protein receptor, cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4), prevented T cells from launching immune attacks [1]. In the early 1990s, another “brake” was discovered in dying T cells namely programmed death 1 or PD-1. The rationale underlying cancer immunotherapy is that exposing CTLA-4, PD-1 or using other appropriate immune-system-based therapies may enable the activation of the immune system to destroy cancer.
Genetically engineering a patient’s T cells to target tumor cells marked one of the promising turning points in cancer immunotherapy, particularly for certain blood cancers and solid tumors. Melanoma and lung cancer, two often-fatal diseases, are treatable in the early stages with surgery or other standards of care. However, some patients are diagnosed during the later stages of the disease or relapse with refractory/unresectable tumors. For these subgroups, the latest National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) tailored algorithms coupled with systemic treatment options, including immunotherapies, could potentially improve outcomes. Here, I summarize the latest approved immunotherapies mentioned in the NCCN guidelines, along with other examples of investigational agents such as monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, and natural killer cells. Additional examples of targeted therapies, novel “druggable” and other immunotargets are presented in the section, ”Future Directions.”
Reference
1. Couzin-Frankel, J., Breakthrough of the year 2013. Cancer immunotherapy. Science, 2013. 342(6165): p. 1432-3.
In this webinar:
Dr. Michele Ardolino, Assistant Professor at the University of Ottawa, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology and Scientist Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, discusses: The body has a phenomenal weapon to fight infections and cancer: the immune system. This seminar focuses on how the immune system recognizes and shapes cancer and on how research in tumor immunology led to the development of life-saving and revolutionizing immuno-therapies.
The webinar is followed by a question & answer session.
View the video:
https://youtu.be/-a7DfHT8dU8
To learn more about CCSN, visit us at survivornet.ca
Follow CCSN on social media:
Twitter - https://twitter.com/survivornetca
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/CanadianSurv...
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/survivornet...
Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/survivornet...
In this presentation, I discuss a new standard of treatment in cancers which is immunotherapy. I also discuss the few cancers for which it has been approved.
Global breast cancer vaccine clinical trial insightKuicK Research
“Global Breast Cancer Vaccine Clinical Trial Insight” Report Highlight:
Global Breast Cancer Vaccine Market Overview
Global Breast Cancer Vaccine Clinical Pipeline by Company, Phase & Country
Mechanism of Breast Cancer Vaccine & Personalized Cancer Vaccines
Detailed Clinical Insight on Breast Cancer Vaccine Pipeline: 35 Vaccines
Majority in PHASE-I Clinical Trial: 12 Vaccines
Highest Clinical Phase is PHASE-III: 2 Vaccines (NeuVax & OBI-822)
Learn more about how AARSOTA Bio-Immunotherapy integrates with Hope4Cancer's non-toxic cancer treatment strategies. Hope4Cancer's alternative cancer treatments reduces the toxic effects of prior chemo and radiation treatments while directly healing the cancer.
A detailed ppt about cancer immunotherapy.
includes:-
Immunosurveillance and Immunoediting
Dentritic cell vaccines
Antibody therapy
Combined therapy
immune blockades
Cytokine therapy
T cell therapy
Include latest research finding about therapy.
Different types of immunotherapy for lung cancer treatmentlee shin
Immunotherapy (http://lungcancersymptomsx.com/?s=immunotherapy) is one of the lung cancer treatment methodologies which has been used along with other treatment method or with as a single treatment. some of the types are mentioned in these slides
EHL Bio is an R&D center established to find ways to overcome various diseases and aging.
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What is immunology?
What is Tumor?
Types of tumor
Classification of Malignant tumors
Malignant transformation of cells
General features of Tumor immunity
Tumor antigens
Tumor specific antigen
Tumor associated antigens
Immune response to tumor
Evasion of immune response by tumor
Cancer Immunosurveillance versus Immunoediting
Immunotechniques
RIA
ELISA
Cancer is one of the most challenging diseases and up until now. One of the most challenging things about cancer treatment is not the cure itself but the differentiation between the tumor cells and the normal cells. Most of the medical treatments of the cancer today cannot differentiate between the cancer cells and the normal one as well as it damages the hall tissue and it is still considered as a low-effect treatment to be applied in cancer. One of the most popular treatments of this kind is chemotherapy which is known for damaging the hall cells, cancer, and normal ones. Our research is focusing on generating a new therapy that can target the cancer cell itself so it will give us more efficiency ratio to stop cancer and will keep the other cells without any damage. We will use an antibody body for the protein antigen ErbB-2 which is located rabidly in the lung cancer cells' membrane surface. These antibodies will be produced by the immune system so it will target the tumor cells especially and stop the cell growth and damage it in some cases.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. Vaccines are medicines that help the body fight
disease. They can train the immune system to
recognize and destroy harmful substances. There are
2 types of cancer vaccines:
- Prevention vaccines
- Treatment vaccines
3. Cancer Prevention vaccines
There are 2 types of cancer prevention vaccines approved by
the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA):
- HPV vaccine: protects against the human papillomavirus
(HPV) Which is associated with Cervical,Vaginal,Penile and Anal
Cancers
- Hepatitis B vaccine: prevent HCC
4. Cancer Treatment vaccines
Used for people already diagnosed with cancer. The vaccines may:
- Prevent the cancer from coming back
- Destroy any cancer cells still in the body after other treatments have
ended
- Stop a tumor from growing or spreading.
5. Limitations of cancer treatment vaccines
Cancer cells suppress the immune system.
Cancer cells develop from a person’s own healthy cells. The immune
system may ignore the cells instead of finding and destroying them.
Larger or more advanced tumors are hard to get rid of using only a
vaccine. This is one reason why doctors often give people cancer vaccines
with other treatments.
People who are sick or older can have weak immune systems. Their
bodies may not be able to produce a strong immune response after
vaccination.
6. Most cancer treatment vaccines are only available
through clinical trials.
But in 2010, the FDA approved PROVENGE®
(Sipuleucel-T) for men with metastatic resistant
prostate cancer.
7. PROVENGE® (sipuleucel-T)
PROVENGE® is a personalized immunotherapy that
activates immune system to seek out and attack
advanced prostate cancer.
The treatment costs about 93.000 $.
8. Technique
Immune cells (immature Antigen Presenting Cells) are extracted
from the patient by leukapheresis.
9. Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
Key component of immune system. Engulf harmful agents which are processed
into fragments and presented as antigens on the surface of the APCs.
Upon maturation, APCs activate T Cells which proliferate and attack cells that
express the original antigen.
10. Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) sent to manufacturing facility and
exposed to recombinant antigen that functions as prostate cancer
associated antigen.
This antigen consists of two components :
- Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP)
- Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor
(GM-CSF)
11. Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP)
A protein that is highly expressed in prostate cancer. (found in
95% of prostate cancers).
14. Patient’s APCs engulf and process the recombinant antigen, they begin to
mature and present the antigen on their surface.
This processing occurs outside of the body to support APCs activation and
maturation by removing the cells from the immunosuppressive environment
created by the patient’s cancer cells.
15. After 2-3 days, the fully mature APCs become PROVENGE®
16. In patient’s body, Provenge activates the patient’s resting T Cells
and induces their proliferation.
17. The Provenge-activated T Cells are able to recognize,
target and attack PAP antigen expressing prostate
cancer cells.
18. At Phase 3 clinical trial, Provenge showed a median OS
(Overall Survival) benefit of 4.1 months compared with the
placebo (P = 0.032).
20. Launched by The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.
The Moon Shots Program is focused on thirteen cancer types.
B-CELL LYMPHOMA MOON SHOT
BREAST CANCER MOON SHOT
COLORECTAL CANCER MOON SHOT
GLIOBLASTOMA MOON SHOT
HPV-RELATED CANCERS MOON SHOT
LEUKEMIA (CLL) MOON SHOT
LEUKEMIA (MDS AND AML) MOON SHOT
LUNG CANCER MOON SHOT
MELANOMA MOON SHOT
MULTIPLE MYELOMA MOON SHOT
OVARIAN CANCER MOON SHOT
PANCREATIC CANCER MOON SHOT
PROSTATE CANCER MOON SHOT
21. COLORECTAL CANCER MOON SHOT
They building a personalized vaccine for each individual
patient.
This vaccine is being used as a treatment, rather than for
prevention.
22. Small piece of tumor is
removed
How They Identify Personalized Targets
23. Sample is sent to the lab and divided into 3 pieces.
24. Isolate DNA to identify
mutations present in
the tumor.
25. Isolate RNA to find out
which of these mutations
are expressed at the
protein level.
27. All data are integrated
together using sophisticated
bioinformatics to identify the
top 10 targets for each
patient, which then goes into
the vaccine.
28. The vaccine is used
alongside with
Keytruda
(Pembrolizumab)
which is a PD-1
Inhibitor.
30. On January 31 2018, a research team at Stanford University Published a
study about Cancer Vaccine that eliminates Tumors in mice.
Method works to reactivate the cancer-specific T cells by injecting two
immune-stimulating agents directly into the tumor site.
1st agent is a short sequence of DNA called a CpG oligonucleotide, which
activates receptor called OX40 on the surface of the T cells.
The 2nd is an antibody that binds to OX40, activates the T cells to lead the
charge against the cancer cells.
Because the two agents are injected directly into the tumor, only T cells that
have infiltrated it are activated. In effect, these T cells are “prescreened” by
the body to recognize only cancer-specific proteins.
31. The approach worked startlingly well in laboratory mice with
transplanted mouse lymphoma tumors in two sites on their
bodies. Injecting one tumor site with the two agents caused the
regression not just of the treated tumor, but also of the second,
untreated tumor.
32. 87 of 90 mice were cured of the cancer. Although the cancer
recurred in three of the mice, the tumors again regressed after a
second treatment.
This approach bypasses the need to identify tumor-specific immune Targets
and doesn’t require activation of the whole immune system or customization
of patient’s immune cells.
34. Oncolytic Viruses
Some viruses tend to infect and kill tumor cells. Known as oncolytic viruses.
There are 2 main ways that oncolytic viruses help fight cancer:
1st: they kill cancer cell directly when they infect these cells and cause them
to burst.
35. 2nd: when the
cancer cells die,
they release
antigens into the
body.
36. The immune system takes up those antigens, which alerts
and activates T Cells to attack cancer through out the
body.
38. On October 2015 T-VEC (Imlygic®) - a modified version of herpes simplex
virus (HSV) - was approved by FDA for treatment of melanoma.
39. Imlygic® has been approved for use only in melanoma cases in
which the lesions cannot be surgically removed.
Imlygic® is used as intralesional injection.
Imlygic® has limited effect on tumors that are not near the skin.
In the phase 3 trial, 64% of the injected tumors on and just below
the skin shrank to at least half of their original size.