Introduction, Types, Causes, Symptoms of cancer Anti-cancer drug & Recent advances in cancer treatment included Newer drug carrier systems, Nanotechnology, Carbon nanotubes, Cancer Vaccine, Antigen Vaccines, Dendritic Cell Vaccines, DNA Vaccines.

1. Recent Advances In Cancer
Treatment
By Guided By
Samiksha Hamane Dr. P. V. Ajmire
M Pharm (Sem II)
Dr. Rajendra Gode Institute of Pharmacy, Amravati.

2. CONTENTS -
 Introduction
 Types
 Causes
 Symptoms
 Anti-cancer drug
 Recent advances in cancer treatment

3. INTRODUCTION
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the
potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
They form a subset of neoplasms. A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells
that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or
lump, but may be distributed diffusely.

4. TYPES OF CANCER
 Bone cancer
 Breast cancer
 Eye cancer
 Kidney cancer
 Leukemia cancer
 Lung cancer
 Neuroblastoma
 Skin cancer
 Prostate Cancer

5. CAUSES OF CANCER
 Environment
 Diet
 Obesity
 Infections
 Radiations
 Stress
 Lack of physical activity
 Pollution
 Smoking
 Viruses
 Hormones

6. SYMPTOMS
 Unusual lump in the body
 Changes in mole in the body
 Changes in mole on the skin
 Difficulty in swallowing
 Abnormal bleeding
 Bleeding in urine
 Unexplained weight loss
 Difficulty passing urine

7. DIAGNOSIS
Endoscopy
• Bronchoscopy
• Cystoscopy
Radiology
• Computed tomography(CT scanning)
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Biopsy
• Needle Biopsy
• Surgical Biopsy

8. Stages of cancer
Four types of stages
 Stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, stage 4.
 Staging tells us the extent of the disease.
 Treatment depends on the stage of the specific cancer.
 Staging helps determine the patient's prognosis (prediction of course
and outcome of disease, especially chances of recovery)

9. Treatment of Cancer
1. Chemotherapy
2. Surgical resection
3. Radiotherapy
4. Immunotherapy

11. RECENTADVANCES IN
CANCER TREATMENT

12. Nitrogen Mustards
 Trofosfamide
It Is cyclophosphoamide derivatives is an alkylating agent.
Inhibit the cell division by cross-linking DNA strands & decreasing DNA
synthesis.
Orally active
Metastatic soft tissue sarcomas
Prednimustine
Ester of prednisolone and chlorambucil
myelosuppression, fluid retention

13. Antifolates
 Trimetrexate
Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase
Lipid soluble
Crosses BBB
Bypasses membrane transport system
Leiomyosarcoma & Skin Cancer

14. Pyrimidine Analogues
 Carmofur
Oral lipophilic derivative of 5-fluorouracil
highly potent acid ceramidase (AC) inhibitor 5-fluorouracil
Manageable toxicities (hot flushes, urinary frequency)
Serious toxicity- Leucoencephalopathy
Adjuvant chemotherapy for curatively resected Colorectal Cancer

15. Newer Drug Carrier Systems
o Enhance delivery of anticancer drug to tumour tissue
o Minimize its distribution & toxicity in healthy tissue
o Effective chemotherapy requires directed action of drug
o Undirected distribution - therapeutic effectiveness toxicities
Fig. Non-targeted drug distribution leads to low tumor concentration & side effects

16. Solubilisers
o Majority anticancer drugs— poor solubility
o Newer agents - Sorporol 230 - Sorporol 120
Aceporol 345-T - Riciporol 335
Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Formulations (SEDDS)
Enhance oral absorption of poorly soluble drugs.

17. Nanotechnology
o Highly targeted therapy with high efficacy & low toxicity.
o Transport of drug across BBB.
o Deliver anticancer drugs into cells without triggering p-glycoprotein
pump
o Paclitaxel, Doxorubicin, Dexamethasone 5- FU

18. Carbon nanotubes
o CNTs have been used as nanocarriers to transport anticancer drugs,
genes & proteins for chemotherapy.
o Well ordered, hollow nanotubes
o Single or multiple graphene sheets rolled into a cylinder Single &
multiwalled carbon nanotubes
o Consist of fluorescent marker and a monoclonal antibody at non-
binding sites
o Penetrate cell membranes
o Delivery anticancer drug Eg: doxorubicin

19. Cancer Vaccine
o Cancer vaccine contain cancer cells, parts of cells or pure antigens
o immune response against cancer cells
o Autologous
Made from killed tumor cells taken from the same person
Whom they will later be used
Limitations - Expensive to create a new, unique vaccine for each patient.
- Cells tend to mutate over time.
o Allogeneic
Use cells from a stock of cancer cells
Mixture of cells removed from several patients

20. Antigen Vaccines
o Specific for specific cancer
o Boost immune system by using one antigen (or a few)
o Antigens are usually proteins or pieces of proteins called peptides
o Eg: CDK-4 & ß-catenin Melanoma,
o Prostate cancer vaccine, Sipuleucel-T (Provenge)
o Recently been approved Advanced prostate cancer Prostatic acid
phosphatase(PAP)

21. Dendritic Cell Vaccines
oDendritic cells help the immune system recognised & attack abnormal
cells, such as cancer cells.
o The vaccine stimulate immune system to attack the cancer cells.
oDendritic cells - special antigen-presenting cells
o Break down cancer cells
o Exposed to cancer cells or cancer antigens

22. DNA Vaccines
o DNA vaccines are closed circular DNA plasmids encoding
immunomodulatory molecules to induce tumor-specific responses.
o Code for Cancer cell protein antigens
o Integrated into cells - Skeletal muscle cells & adipose cells
o Altered cells would then make the antigen on an ongoing basis
o Keep the immune response strong

23. Thank you...!